负载型纳米金催化葡萄糖氧化研究进展

负载型金催化剂的制备具有重要的理论和应用价值。葡萄糖作为一种可再生资源已用于合成具有应用价值的葡萄糖酸。作为“绿色化学”反应过程,负载型金催化剂催化葡萄糖氧化已经成为热门的研究领域。负载型金催化剂具有产物专一性强、催化活性高、反应条件温和、长期催化稳定性等优点。本文主要对负载型金催化剂制备方法及其催化葡萄糖氧化方面近年来的进展进行综述。     

载金微孔分子筛催化剂研究进展

长期以来金被认为是化学惰性的,虽然早期对它的催化活性有所研究,但直到20世纪80年代中期,才相继出现了两个突破性的进展:1985年,英国威尔士大学的Hutchings教授,发现Au-Pd催化剂能够催化乙炔氢氯化反应~([1]);日本首都东京大学的Haruta教授发现,负载型纳米金催化剂具有优异的低温催化CO氧化活性~([2]).之后纳米金催化剂吸引了众多学者的目光,它的应用范围也越来越广泛.研究表明,影响纳米金催化剂催化性能的因素主要有载体的种类和性质、纳米金粒子的尺寸(常小于10 nm)形貌、氧化状态等,如何制备较小纳米金颗粒以及控制其粒径长大是获得高活性高稳定性金催化剂的关键~([3～5]).     

负载型金催化剂的制备、催化性能及应用前景

负载型金催化剂的制备、催化性能及应用前景①郝郑平安立敦②王弘立（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，兰州７３００００）关键词负载型金催化剂催化性能应用前景金历来被用作为货币保值和饰品材料．由于其化学惰性和难于高分散，一般不被用来作为催化剂．本世纪７０年代末...     

超稳纳米金催化剂—走在实用化的路上

纳米金的催化性能受载体影响巨大,选择合适的载体或设计金属-载体界面精细结构能显著影响纳米金的催化性能.迄今发现各种载体包括酸、碱金属氧化物、碳材料以及有机聚合物均可作为纳米金的有效载体.相应的各种金催化剂均展现出独特的催化活性与选择性.一个典型的例子是核壳结构的Au/NiO催化剂,基于该催化剂催化异丁烯醛制备异丁烯酸甲酯的化工厂己于2008年开始兴建.金催化剂在AsH3气体传感器和汞收集器等环境分析方面也开始实际应用.因而,金催化剂的稳定性和使用寿命成为当前关注的焦点问题.目前报道的长寿命金催化剂典型例子有MINTEK催化剂和YD-3烟台催化剂,后者是由α-Fe2O3和La2O3改性氧化铝负载的金催化剂.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所张涛院士和王军虎研究员团队在近期研究中发现高温焙烧条件下Au纳米颗粒与羟基磷灰石(HAP)载体之间会发生金属-载体强相互作用(Strong Metal-Support Interaction简称SMSI)效应.SMSI效应导致载体对Au纳米颗粒形成包裹,可以有效提升Au纳米颗粒的抗烧结性能,但其对活性位的覆盖也会导致催化剂活性的下降.最近,该团队通过向载体HAP中添加TiO2进行修饰,成功设计开发出Au/HAP-TiO2催化剂.该催化剂上Au纳米颗粒与HAP接触的一侧被HAP薄层包裹,与TiO2接触的一侧裸露,呈现出独特的半包裹结构.通过这种纳米尺度的结构设计,该金催化剂经过8000℃的高温焙烧后不仅对一系列反应均表现出可观的催化活性和优异的抗烧结性能,且在模拟汽车尾气CO消除反应中表现出优于商业三效催化剂的反应稳定性.该工作为负载型纳米金催化剂的应用,特别是在高温催化反应中的实际应用提供了新途径,因此有望促进负载型金催化剂的实用化乃至商业化进程.     

Au/Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在CH4/CO2重整反应中的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积－沉淀法制备了四种不同的Au/Al2O3催化剂，测定了它们在氢气还原前后及催化反应后的金含量及比表面积，结果表明，制备方法明显影响催化剂的金含量，应用X－光粉末衍射技术研究了这些催化剂经还原处理及反应后的物相变化，金以Au^0物相存在，没有发现氧化态的金物相，考察了该催化剂在CH4／CO2重整反应中的催化活性，发现金催化剂的活性取决于金粒子的大小，浸渍法制备的金催化剂具有较大的金晶粒尺寸，催化活性低，沉积－沉淀法制备的金催化剂金晶粒尺寸较小，催化活性较高，以尿素为沉淀剂制备的催化剂给出1073K时的CH4和CO2转化率分别为8．1％和17．6％，高温反应不仅导致金晶粒的聚集，而且存在明显的金流失现象。     

负载型金催化剂

介绍了负载型金催化剂的制备，吸附及催化性能，反应机理及活性中心结构的研究进展，展望了金催化剂的应用前景，提出了尚待深入研究的基础理论问题。     

乙烯基乙酸酯合成钯-金催化剂中金的助催化作用

硅胶负载的钯-金双金属催化剂是乙烯乙酰氧基化制乙烯基乙酸酯(VA)的高选择性催化剂,本文应用平面和负载纳米颗粒模型催化剂体系研究金的助催化作用,应用低能离子散射谱、低能电子衍射、X射线光电子能谱、反射红外吸收光谱及程序升温脱附等技术表征这些模型催化剂.结果表明,金的主要助催化作用是隔离催化剂表面的催化活性钯原子,形成孤立的钯活性中心,从而大大抑制或消除反应物和/或产物在毗邻多原子钯中心上的深度分解,提高VA合成的选择性及活性.同时由于形成了孤立的钯原子活性中心,反应副产物或中间物之一的一氧化碳吸附较弱,避免了催化剂表面的一氧化碳中毒,进而提高催化活性.     

超稳纳米金催化剂—走在实用化的路上（英文）

纳米金的催化性能受载体影响巨大,选择合适的载体或设计金属—载体界面精细结构能显著影响纳米金的催化性能.迄今发现各种载体包括酸、碱金属氧化物、碳材料以及有机聚合物均可作为纳米金的有效载体.相应的各种金催化剂均展现出独特的催化活性与选择性.一个典型的例子是核壳结构的Au/NiO催化剂,基于该催化剂催化异丁烯醛制备异丁烯酸甲酯的化工厂已于2008年开始兴建.金催化剂在AsH_3气体传感器和汞收集器等环境分析方面也开始实际应用.因而,金催化剂的稳定性和使用寿命成为当前关注的焦点问题.目前报道的长寿命金催化剂典型例子有MINTEK催化剂和YD-3烟台催化剂,后者是由α-Fe2O3和La2O3改性氧化铝负载的金催化剂.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所张涛院士和王军虎研究员团队在近期研究中发现高温焙烧条件下Au纳米颗粒与羟基磷灰石(HAP)载体之间会发生金属-载体强相互作用(Strong Metal-Support Interaction简称SMSI)效应.SMSI效应导致载体对Au纳米颗粒形成包裹,可以有效提升Au纳米颗粒的抗烧结性能,但其对活性位的覆盖也会导致催化剂活性的下降.最近,该团队通过向载体HAP中添加Ti O2进行修饰,成功设计开发出Au/HAP-Ti O2催化剂.该催化剂上Au纳米颗粒与HAP接触的一侧被HAP薄层包裹,与Ti O2接触的一侧裸露,呈现出独特的半包裹结构.通过这种纳米尺度的结构设计,该金催化剂经过800°C的高温焙烧后不仅对一系列反应均表现出可观的催化活性和优异的抗烧结性能,且在模拟汽车尾气CO消除反应中表现出优于商业三效催化剂的反应稳定性.该工作为负载型纳米金催化剂的应用,特别是在高温催化反应中的实际应用提供了新途径,因此有望促进负载型金催化剂的实用化乃至商业化进程.     

纳米金催化剂上CO低（常）温氧化的研究

金历来被认为是催化惰性的,但近年来有关金催化剂的研究与开发引起人们的兴趣与关注。负载纳米金催化剂显示了良好的催化性能,尤其对一氧化碳氧化反应,能够在低（常）温下将CO氧化为CO₂。和其他CO氧化催化剂相比,金催化剂具有高的催化活性、稳定性和抗潮湿的性能,预示着更加广泛的应用前景。本文从制备方法、载体的性质、微粒粒径的大小、预处理、活性机理和催化反应机理等方面进行综合与评述。     

层状粘土负载的金催化剂制备及其常温催化氧化活性

为了研究粘土的性质对其负载的金催化剂在CO常温氧化反应中的催化活性的影响,将金溶胶分别负载到类水滑石(LDHs)和经过壳聚糖改性的蒙脱石(CS-MMT)表面,得到纳米金颗粒呈高度分散状态的金催化剂样品.通过XRD、XRF、TEM、XPS等手段表征了金催化剂样品的物相、金的含量、金颗粒的粒径分布及金的存在价态,测试了催化剂样品对CO的常温转化率.结果表明:Au0是粘土负载的金催化剂对CO常温氧化反应的主要活性物种,碱性载体LDHs负载的金催化剂样品1.83%Au/Mg Al-CO32--LDHs表面只检测到Au0,金颗粒的平均粒径为2.6 nm,对CO的常温转化率能够达到100%,而酸性载体CS-MMT负载的金催化剂样品1.71%Au/CS-MMT表面同时存在氧化态和金属态的金,且Auδ+/Au0=1.1,金颗粒的平均粒径为2.1 nm,对CO的常温转化率仅为25%.     

Selective Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Gold Catalysis with Alkynes and Alkenes: Similar Behavior,Different Origin

The development of new sustainable chemical processes requires the implementation of ultra‐selective reaction processes. The enormous selectivity found for gold‐based catalysts when applied in several reactions has opened new frontiers. For instance, the selective activation of alkynes is a common feature for both homogeneous and heterogeneous gold catalysts. Herein, we employ experimental and theoretical methods to assess the similarities and differences in the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous gold catalysts. Alkynophilicity, the selective activation of alkynes, is found to have a thermodynamic origin in the heterogeneous case and a kinetic one for homogeneous catalysis. Complex enyne rearrangements require the more active homogeneous (single gold) catalyst because it has more electrophilic character than its heterogeneous (nanoparticle) counterpart.     

From Thioureas to Thioquinolines through Isolated Benzothiazines by Gold Catalysis

New benzothiazine heterocycles have been formed from thiourea derivatives by using different gold catalysts. The catalyst and the conditions were optimised towards the selective synthesis of six-membered benzothiazine heterocycles, characterised by X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, these organic compounds evolved under gold catalysis in basic medium to achieve the formation of amino thioquinolines through an unprecedented aromatisation process of the heterocycle. The reaction was also carried out stoichiometrically by reaction with gold complexes to afford thioquinolines coordinated to the gold fragment. Benzothiazine, amino thioquinoline heterocycles and gold-derived species have a great potential for biological applications.     

单分子层保护纳米 Au 粒子表面配位催化剂的制备及其应用

 贵金属纳米粒子由于其小尺寸效应而表现出特殊的催化性能. 综述了纳米 Au 粒子表面配位催化剂的制备方法及其在催化中的应用. 由于 Au 可与硫化物形成配位键, 所以硫化物可在 Au 表面形成有序单分子膜. 单分子膜保护的 Au 纳米粒子具有非常好的溶解性、分散性、稳定性, 以及由不同的表面功能团而导致的不同的催化性能. 该催化体系兼具均相催化剂和多相催化剂的特点, 这对开发新型催化剂具有重要的理论和实际意义.     

Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization Processes: Pivotal Avenues for Organic Synthesis

Over the years, gold catalysis has materialized as an incredible synthetic approach among the scientific community. Due to the trivial reaction conditions and great functional compatibility, these progressions are synthetically expedient, because practitioners can implement them to build intricate architectures from readily amassed building blocks with high bond forming indices. The incendiary growth of gold catalysts in organic synthesis has been demonstrated as one of the most prevailing soft Lewis acids for electrophilic activation of carbon‐carbon multiple bonds towards a great assortment of nucleophiles. Nowadays, organic chemists consistently employ gold catalysts to carry out a diverse array of organic transformations to build unprecedented molecular architectures. Despite all these achievements and a plethora of reports, many vital challenges remain. In this account, we describe the reactivity of various gold catalysts towards cyclization processes developed over the years. These protocols give access to a wide scope of polyheterocyclic structures, containing different medium‐sized ring skeletons. This is interesting, as the quest for highly selective reactions to assemble diversely functionalized products has attracted much attention. We envisage that these newly developed chemo‐, regio‐, and diastereoselective protocols could provide an expedient route to architecturally cumbersome heterocycles of importance for the pharmaceutical industry.     

多孔材料负载金催化剂的制备与应用*

本文综述了微孔材料和介孔材料负载型金催化剂的制备、表征与应用研究的最新进展,从多孔载体的选择（氧化物、微孔分子筛、介孔氧化物、介孔分子筛和介孔碳材料）、金的最新负载方法（沉积-沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、原位法/一步法和化学气相沉积法）与表征及其催化性能（一氧化碳低温氧化、氢气/氧气直接合成过氧化氢、直接合成环氧丙烷和有机物的选择性氧化）等方面详尽地评述了微孔材料和介孔材料负载型金催化剂研究概况。同时,提出了多孔材料负载金催化剂存在的一些问题,并展望了其研究和发展的方向。     

New Pathways for the Dual Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Diynes

The reaction of thiophene‐based diynes with dual‐activation gold catalysts can provide cyclobutene derivatives or different polycycles by selective C?H insertion reactions. Also, the first σ,π‐digold diyne complex was obtained in a stoichiometric reaction, providing insight into the dual activation mechanism. The new products were unambiguously identified by X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis.     

Dual Gold Catalysis: σ,π‐Propyne Acetylide and Hydroxyl‐Bridged Digold Complexes as Easy‐To‐Prepare and Easy‐To‐Handle Precatalysts

A series of dinuclear gold σ,π‐propyne acetylide complexes were prepared and tested for their catalytic ability in dual gold catalysis that was based on the reaction of an electrophilic π‐complex of gold with a gold acetylide. The air‐stable and storable catalysts can be isolated as silver‐free catalysts in their activated form. These dual catalysts allow a fast initiation phase for the dual catalytic cycles without the need for additional additives for acetylide formation. Because propyne serves as a throw‐away ligand, no traces of the precatalyst are generated. Based on the fast initiation process, side products are minimized and reaction rates are higher for these catalysts. A series of test reactions were used to demonstrate the general applicability of these catalysts. Lower catalyst loadings, faster reaction rates, and better selectivity, combined with the practicability of these catalysts, make them ideal catalysts for dual gold catalysis.     

Industrial Applications of Gold Catalysis

Gold catalysis has recently found its first large‐scale applications in the chemical industry. This Minireview provides a critical analysis of the success factors and of the main obstacles that had to be overcome on the long way from the discovery to the commercialization of gold catalysts. The insights should be useful to researchers in both academia and industry working on the development of tomorrow's gold catalysts to tackle significant environmental and economic issues.     

Permethylated NHC-Capped α- and β-Cyclodextrins (ICyDMe) Regioselective and Enantioselective Gold-Catalysis in Pure Water

A series of water-soluble encapsulated copper(I), silver(I) or gold(I) complexes based on NHC-capped permethylated cyclodextrins ( ICyD^Me ) were developed and used as catalysts in pure water for hydration, lactonization, hydroarylation and cycloisomerization reactions. ICyD^Me ligands gave cavity-based high regioselectivity in hydroarylations, and high enantioselectivities in gold-catalyzed cycloisomerizations reactions giving up to 98 % ee in water. These ICyD^Me are therefore useful ligands for selective catalysis in pure water.     

Catalyst parameters determining activity and selectivity of supported gold nanoparticles for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols: the molecular reaction mechanism

As previously reported for for solventless reactions, gold nanoparticles supported on ceria are also excellent general heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic oxidations of alcohols in organic solvents. Among organic solvents it was found that toluene is a convenient one. A systematic study on the influence of the particle size and gold content on the support has established that the activity correlates linearly with the total number of external gold atoms, and with the surface coverage of the support. Amongst catalysts with different supports, but similar gold particle size and content, gold on ceria exhibits the highest activity. By means of a kinetic study (influence of sigma+ parameter, kinetic isotopic effect, temperature, alcohol concentration and oxygen pressure) a mechanistic proposal consisting of the formation of metal-alcoholate, beta-hydride shift from carbon to metal and M--H oxidation has been proposed that explains all experimental results.