Ultrasonic techniques for nondestructive testing of standing trees

The aim of this study is to assess wood quality of standing trees with ultrasonic velocity methods. The ultrasonic techniques currently used are: scattering based techniques that use travel time and other wave parameters for measuring the elastic constants of wood, and ultrasonic tomographic imaging techniques which seek to provide a high resolution picture of the defect. Scattering based techniques were firstly used as nondestructive techniques with increment cores of 5 mm diameter. On these specimens measurements with bulk waves--longitudinal and shear were used to detect the influence of sylvicultural treatment (pruning) on wood quality and also to detect defects (slope of grain, wavy figures). High resolution imaging techniques were developed for imaging abnormalities induced by biological attacks of fungi or insects in standing trees. In this case, ultrasonic tomography refers to cross-sectional imaging of trees from data collected by illuminating the tree from different directions. Ultrasonic images were reconstructed from the time of flight. The images were reconstructed from 120 measurements in situ and through the bark with direct transmission technique, using 1 MHz transducers. The resolution is 5 cm.     

Integral method of nondestructive testing of optically transparent dielectric elements of band-pass filters

The narrow and wide band-pass filters with high electrical parameters both in the centimeter and millimeter wave band developed in the Microwave laboratory are built on the basis of H- and E-plane inserts made of a high Q dielectric monocrystal leukosapphire (tg 6*10^–6 in centimeter wave band). The filters based on the E-plane inserts have a rare spectrum of parasitic modes (up to doubled working frequency and higher) and those based on the H-plane inserts have lower insertion loss in the bandwidth. Fig.1 shows the design of a band-pass filter in which the resonators of both the first and second types are used to improve stability of amplitude-frequency characteristic in response to influence of production process and climatic factors. The electrodynamic calculation of such a filter electrical parameters is carried out according to the technique analogous to the one described in [1]. The prooedure of the band-pass filter manufacture envisages the operation of determining whether a specific dielectric element fits for pasting into the filter body. The most expedient testing method for filter elements is the electromagnetic resonance method. However, since the monocrystal leukosapphire is an anisotropic, opticallytransparent material [2], there exists a possibility of using not only the traditional SHF (Super High Frequency) method but also the method of optical testing of the quality of the dielectric element by the shape of conoscopic figures that enables to increase the output of suitable products with reduction of expenditure. A new approach to the nondestructive testing of optically-transparent filter elements using both methods and their mutual dependence in technological process, has been suggested.     

Robust optical systems for nondestructive testing based on laser diodes and diffractiveoptical elements

Two robust systems for vibration measurements are presented. Both systems are based on low-cost laser diodes. The stability of the optical systems is achieved by implementing the optical system as a holographic optical element (HOE) while using a common-path interferometer concept for the measurement scheme. The former system facilitates real-time simultaneous tracking of vibrations about two axes perpendicular to the optical axis. The latter system is an electronic speckle interferometer working in a differential mode providing whole-field information on the angular deformation about one axis between two states of the object. It will be argued that these concepts will provide compact, self-aligning systems for industrial use due to the inherent possibility of mass fabrication.     

基于小波变换的红外热波无损检测融合算法

在红外热波无损检测中获取的热像序列存在着背景噪声大、缺陷边缘模糊、对比度低等特点。为了提高由红外热像序列重构的数字图像的缺陷显示能力,以小波变换为热像处理工具,采用基于像素级和特征级的图像融合算法对热像序列进行了处理,并采用基于统计学的图像评估标准对处理效果作了定量评价。通过对铝合金试件的检测实验说明该方法可用于材料内部缺陷的红外热波无损检测。研究结果表明,此种图像融合算法可对不同深度缺陷所对应的两幅最佳热像进行有效地融合,在一幅融合图像中直观地反映出全部缺陷,并能有效地减少加热不均和背景噪声对缺陷识别的不利影响。     

Optimal dense coding with thermal entangled states

We study optimal dense coding with thermal entangled states of a two-qubit Heisenberg XX chain and a two-qutrit system. For a two-qubit Heisenberg XX chain, the dense coding capacity is a function of temperature and external magnetic field. Only in the case of an external magnetic field being less than the coupling constant, the optimal dense coding can be realized with thermal entangled states. For a two-qutrit system, we consider the dense coding capacity taking into account of nonlinear coupling constant and an external magnetic field. We find that the nonlinear coupling constant must be less than 0 for dense coding. For the two models, we give the conditions that the parameters of the models have to satisfy a valid dense coding.     

Advantages of anhysteretic magnetooptic films in nondestructive testing

The potentialities provided by bismuth-containing garnet ferrite films with uniaxial anisotropy and easy-plane anisotropy for the visualization of spatially nonuniform magnetic fields in magnetooptic nondestructive testing are compared.     

二维信号分析法在超声无损检测中的应用

本文综述了近年来二维信号分析法在超声无检测（NDT）中的应用,其中包括二维快速Fourier交换（FFT）、Wigner-Ville分布（WWD）、Gabor变换（GT）和小波变换（WT）等,对它们自在NDT应用中的优缺点进行了分析比较和讨论。     

Advances of unilateral mobile NMR in nondestructive materials testing

Unilateral mobile NMR employs portable instrumentation with sensors, which are applied to the object from one side. Based on the principles of well-logging NMR, a hand-held sensor, the NMR-MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer) has been developed for nondestructive materials testing. In the following, a number of new applications of unilateral NMR in materials science are reviewed. They are the state assessment of polyethylene pipes, the characterization of wood, the in situ evaluation of stone conservation treatment, high-resolution profiling of rubber tubes and 2-D imaging for defect analysis in rubber products.     

复合材料脱粘缺陷的红外热像无损检测

以固体火箭发动机中的玻璃纤维复合材料壳体/绝热层试件的脱粘缺陷为研究对象,利用脉冲闪光灯热激励方式对试件进行加热,用红外热像仪实时监测试件的表面温度场,由表面温度差异来判定试件内部缺陷,然后通过对热像图进行图像增强处理和分割以定量识别缺陷。将实验结果与超声C扫描检测结果进行的对比分析表明:红外热像无损检测方法能够快速直观地发现深度5 mm以内、直径10 mm以上的脱粘缺陷,而超声C扫描检测更适合于对特定缺陷进行准确定量检测。     

Development and properties of nanostructured thermal spray coatings

Nanostructured thermal spray coatings have been intensively studied because of their potential in a wide variety of industrial applications. In the present paper, current development status of nanostructured thermal spray coatings is presented, mainly based on the results of the authors. In the nanostructured WC–Co wear-resistant coatings, the influence of feedstock characteristics on the coating properties was discussed to suggest the desirable morphology of feedstock for thermal spraying. For the nanostructured Cr₂O₃ based solid-lubricant coatings, the advanced feedstock has been developed in order to solve the inhomogeneity problem of the conventional coatings. Various properties of the nanostructured coatings were evaluated and compared with those of the conventional counterparts. These results clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating performance can be achieved by utilizing proper nanostructured coatings.     

Photothermal techniques applied to the study of thermal properties in biodegradable films

The objective of the present work was to determine the thermal diffusivity and effusivity of biodegradable films by using photothermal techniques. The thermal diffusivity was studied by using the open photoacoustic cell technique. On the other hand the thermal effusivity was obtained by the photopyroelectric technique in a front detection configuration. The films were elaborated from mixtures of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and corn starch. The results showed that at high moisture values, the thermal diffusivity increased as the starch concentration was higher in the film. However at low moisture conditions (<9%) the thermal diffusivity diminished when the starch content in the sample was increased. On the other hand the thermal effusivity has a behavior in opposition to the thermal diffusivity. The thermal effusivity increased with the increase of the starch content in the film, at low extrusion moisture conditions (6.55%). As the moisture and starch concentration in the films were increased, the thermal effusivity diminished.     

Analytical methods for modeling of ultrasonic nondestructive testing of anisotropic media

Many modern structural materials exhibit anisotropic elastic behavior leading to complicated wave propagation phenomena. To ensure the reliability of ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques, these material properties as well as the influence of microstructural inhomogeneities and the effects of interfaces on ultrasonic wave propagation have to be taken into account. In this respect, mathematical modeling provides an efficient method of assisting analysis. Two computationally efficient analytical approaches--a Gaussian beam and a point source superposition technique--are presented, which are well-suited for performing ultrasonic wave propagation and scattering simulations for anisotropic media. Results for homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous anisotropic media like composites and weld material are presented.     

Rheological properties of dense granular flows

Recent progresses in understanding the behavior of dense granular flows are presented. After presenting a bulk rheology of granular materials, I focus on the new developments to account for non-local effects, and on ongoing research concerning the surface rheology and the evolution of mechanical properties for heterogeneous systems.     

Optical properties of dense exciton-biexciton systems

We investigate in the framework of the dielectric formalism the anomalies which have been observed in high intensity excitonic polariton-polariton scattering experiments. The anomalies are due to the virtual formation of biexcitons. Our results are in quantitative agreement with the experimental observations of Itoh et al. for CuCl.     

Elastic properties of dense nanotube layers

The Young modulus of a thin layer consisting of densely packed carbon nanotubes oriented normally to a substrate is measured using a scanning probe atomic force microscope. It is found that the adhesion of the film and the silicon substrate is not very strong, and, at certain conditions, this may lead to an intense energy dissipation in an oscillatory system loaded by the film.     

Optical properties of dense exciton-biexciton systems

We investigate in the framework of the dielectric formalism the anomalies which have been observed in high intensity excitonic polariton-polariton scattering experiments. The anomalies are due to the virtual formation of biexcitons. Our results are in quantitative agreement with the experimental observations of Itoh et al. for CuCl.Project of the Sonderforschungsbereich Frankfurt/Darmstadt, financed by special funds of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

The influence of optical properties of paints and coatings on the efficiency of infrared nondestructive testing applied to aluminum aircraft structures

IR NDT (Infrared Nondestructive Testing) is a popular method for detecting defects in composite, ceramic, and metallic structures. The effectiveness of IR NDT depends on various thermal and optical properties of the material being tested. The thermal properties, including thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and density are important and have been discussed extensively in many treatises on IR NDT. However the optical properties of the surface are equally important and while the thermal properties cannot be changed, sometimes the optical properties can be.Bare metal surfaces have high reflectivities and low emissivities, and as a result, they are generally not good candidates for IR NDT. Painted, coated, anodized, and oxidized metal surfaces can, in some cases, be successfully tested with IR NDT, but the effectiveness depends on the optical properties of the surface. It is well known by IR NDT practitioners that the easy solution to the testing of reflective materials is to paint the surface black. However, this is not always practical and it may not be permitted by the “owner” of the part.This paper demonstrates a process of analyzing the interaction of spectral curves that are relevant to the IR NDT process. This process can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an IR NDT process for use on real parts with specific coatings and can help select a coating that may improve the effectiveness. This paper shows examples of optical properties for some typical paints and coatings that may be used on aluminum aircraft structures. It shows the spectrum of a generic incandescent radiant heat source and how the energy from this source is absorbed by several of these paints. Further, it shows the interaction between an IR camera detector response curve and the other curves. And finally, it shows how these three can be combined to produce an “IR NDT” efficiency rating for several examples.