Modelling and design of a novel air-spring for a suspension seat

Air-springs used in conjunction with auxiliary volumes provide both spring stiffness and damping. The damping is introduced through the flow restriction connecting the two air volumes. This article presents a simplified model of an air-spring with an auxiliary volume derived from first principles for simulation and design of an air-spring coupled to an auxiliary volume for a suspension seat. Tests were performed on an experimental apparatus to validate the model. The simulation model of the air-spring and auxiliary volume followed the trend predicted by the literature but showed approximately 27% lower transmissibility amplitude and 21% lower system natural frequency than that obtained by tests when using large diameter flow restrictions. This inaccuracy is assumed to be introduced by the simplified mass transfer equations defining the flow restriction between air-spring and auxiliary volume. The model showed closer correlation to the experimental results when the auxiliary volume size was decreased by two-thirds of the volume actually used for the experiment. A procedure, using the developed simulation model, for the design of a prototype air-spring and auxiliary volume, is presented for application in a typical articulated or rigid frame dump truck. The goal of the study was to design a suspension seat for this application and to obtain a SEAT value below 1.1. The design was optimised by varying auxiliary volume size and flow restriction diameters for different loads. A SEAT value of less than 0.9 was achieved, clearly indicating the effectiveness of using an auxiliary volume with an air-spring as seat suspension.     

Synthesis and characterization of a POM-based nanocomposite as a novel magnetic photocatalyst

A novel magnetic photocatalyst, prepared by grafting polyoxometalates (POM) anions PW₁₂O₄₀³⁻ onto Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles via a layer of Ag, was synthesized and characterized. The coated Ag layer was used as an intermediate bond for anchoring POM anions onto the magnetite cores. Resulting materials have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, magnetization, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The activity of the photocatalyst was tested by the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. It was found that, compared to pure POM, the decolorization fraction of Rhodamine B in 2 h operation was 2.8-3.4 times higher by using the POM-based nanocomposite. ICP analysis of the concentration of Fe, W and P in treated water showed that photodissolution was minimal. In addition, as the synthesized composite possesses a magnetite core, it is possible to retrieve the photocatalyst by exerting an external magnetic field, which is easier than the recovery of conventional TiO₂ fine particles and homogeneous POM photocatalysts. The exhibited photocatalytic activity and magnetization of the novel photocatalyst provide a promising solution for the degradation of water contaminants and photocatalyst recovery.     

Analysis of surface and bulk polymerization of a thin film using a chemical derivatization technique and TOF-SIMS

A chemical derivatization technique in TOF-SIMS along with ultra-low angle sample cutting technique were used to perform a quantitative study of the surface and in-depth double bond profile of the photo-initiated polymerized thin film. We found out that the characteristic peaks at m/z 185 and 199 were obtained from the thin film composed of acrylate monomer and methacrylate monomer, respectively, after reaction with bromine gas. The detection sensitivity of certain chemical indicators is affected by changing the primary ion species. The Bi₃⁺ primary ion results in the best chemical sensitivity. The surface double-bond density obtained by TOF-SIMS and the Br 3d signal intensity of XPS showed a good linear relationship in the limited region due to the effect of matrix hardness.The thin film was cut with microtome about 1° angle and was left to react with bromine and was measured using TOF-SIMS. It was clearly observed from this technique that double bond of acrylate and methacrylate monomer remained much more at the surface of the photo-initiated polymerized thin film, due to the inhibition of polymerization by oxygen. From the surface to 1 μm depth, both monomers show the same behavior, but the rate of polymerization of methacrylate monomer was lower than that of acrylate in deeper layers.     

Model experiment and analysis of pressure waves emitted from portals of a tunnel with a branch

A model experiment was performed to investigate pressure waves generated by a train passing by a branch and pulse waves radiated from portals of a main tunnel and the branch. For the experiment, the train speed was set as 400–500 km/h. The cross-sectional area ratio of the branch to the main tunnel was 0–0.5. The cross-sectional area ratio of the branch to the main tunnel was identified as a dominant factor in determining the magnitude of the pressure waves in the tunnel and the pulse waves radiated from the portals. Closed form expressions for the magnitude of the pressure changes generated by a train passing by a branch were derived using low Mach number approximation. Correlation between the pressure waves in the tunnel and the pulse waves radiated from the portals was clarified using simple acoustic theory. The overall tendency of the experimental results is explainable based on analytical results.     

Conductance of a junction between a normal metal and a Berezinskii superconductor

The conductance of a junction between a normal metal and a superconductor having the symmetry proposed by Berezinskii is studied theoretically. The main feature of this symmetry is the odd frequency dependence of the anomalous Green’s function, which makes possible the s-wave triplet superconducting state (the Berezinskii superconductor). The Andreev reflection (which links positive and negative energies) is sensitive to the energetic symmetry; as a result, the conductance of the junction involving the Berezinskii superconductor is qualitatively different from the case of a conventional superconductor. Experimentally, the obtained results can be employed to test the possibility of the Berezinskii superconductivity proposed for Na _x CoO₂ and to identify the odd-ω component predicted for superconductor-ferromagnet systems. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Total Colorimetric Evaluation of a Set of Color Sensors for a Variety of Illuminants and Objects

Recently, a new colorimetric evaluation model for a set of color sensors was proposed by the author (N. Shimano: J. Inst. Image Electron. Eng. Jpn. 29 (2000) 506 and 517.), and the quality was shown to be defined by the ratio of the statistical mean energy of color stimuli at the retina (SMECS) to the captured energy of the SMECS by the sensors. It was also shown that the quality depends on the illuminants and objects. The experimental results agreed quite well with the proposed model. However, an extension of the model is needed to evaluate the full colorimetric quality of an image acquisition device for a variety of illuminants and objects. In this paper the extended model called the total colorimetric quality model and experimental results for sensors under such a variety are presented.     

一种蓝光发射材料的表征及发光性能研究

8-羟基喹啉铝类有机金属配合物作为一类重要的发光材料广受关注.文章合成并通过真空升华提纯得到了一种高纯度的8-羟基喹啉铝的衍生物-三(2-甲基-8-羟基喹啉)铝,通过红外光谱、核磁共振谱以及元素分析确定了三(2-甲基-8-羟基喹啉)铝的分子结构.通过热重和差示扫描量热分析研究了三(2-甲基-8-羟基喹啉)铝的热稳定性,试验结果表明:此衍生物的结晶转变温度可达158℃,分解温度为357℃;并进一步通过紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱表征了材料的带隙以及能带结构.将吸收边的线性关系延伸到与能量轴相交所得禁带宽度2.85 eV,三(2-甲基-8-羟基喹啉)铝在365 nm紫外光的激发下,在乙醇溶液体系中的荧光发射峰在479 nm处,为蓝色荧光,荧光量子效率高,是一种蓝光发射的优选材料.     

Acoustics and hydrodynamics of a drop impact on a water surface

Hydrodynamic and acoustic processes associated with a drop impact on a water surface were studied experimentally. Acoustic signals were detected underwater (with a hydrophone) and in air (with a microphone), the flow pattern was recorded with a high-speed camera, and the surface perturbation was monitored with a laser detector. The dimensionless parameters of flows (Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers) induced by the impact varied with fall height within the ranges of 5000 < Re < 20000, 20 < Fr < 350, and 70 < We < 1000. The sequence of acoustic signals incorporated an impact pulse at the moment of contact between a drop and the surface and a series of acoustic packets attributable to the resonance emission of gas cavities. The top of the impact pulse, which was detected clearly in the entire fall height range, had a complex structure with short high-frequency and longer low-frequency oscillations. The total number and the parameters of emitted acoustic packets depended to a considerable extent on the fall height. The cases of lacking, one-time, and repeated emission of packets were noted in a series of experiments performed at a constant fall height. The analysis of video data showed that the signal variability was induced by considerable differences in the scenarios of water entry of a drop, which assumed an ovoid shape at the end trajectory segment, in the mentioned experiments.     

Performance of a PIV system for a combusting flow and its application to a spray combustor model

The performance of PIV system for combusting flow was evaluated by using artificial images generated from computer graphics and experimental data. The influences of shutter speed, filter, laser power and the PIV algorithms on the measurement uncertainty were studied for optimizing the performance of the PIV system. This system was applied to the spray combustor model for boiler, and the flow patterns with and without combustion were elucidated. Results showed that the burner flow generates complex three-dimensional flow pattern, which contributes to highly mixed fuel flow in the combustor. Although the flow pattern with and without combustion is similar, the growth of burner flow area and an increase in velocity magnitude are found in the flow field by the influence of chemical reactions in combustion.     

一种废束站束窗结构设计与优化

废束站束窗是废束站的重要部件。利用束流的束斑尺寸及功率确定束窗能量的高斯分布方式;通过蒙特卡罗方法计算束窗的沉积能量。利用ANSYS稳态分析确定束窗的材料、截面形状和厚度。通过计算比较束窗在不同材料、截面形状和厚度条件下的温度、应力和变形,得出合适的束窗材料、截面形状和厚度,从而确定束窗的最终结构。最后利用瞬态方法模拟束窗调束时的温度分布情况。     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Fluorescent Water-Borne Polyurethane Based on a Novel Naphthalimide Dye

A waterborne-polyurethane (WPU) dye, based on the fluorescent dye 4-diamino propane-N-allyl-1,8- naphthalimide (WPU-DAN), was synthesized by attaching 4-diamino propane-N-allyl-1,8- naphthalimide (DAN) onto both ends of the polyurethane (PU) chains according to a prepolymer?ionomer process. The synthetic process was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible absorption. The glass transition temperature, molecular weight and average particle sizes were measured. The glass transition temperatures of WPU and WPU-DAN were 46.6 and 49.8°C, respectively. In addition, the particle size distributions of WPU-DAN and WPU were 140 and 134 nm, respectively. The thermal behaviour of WPU-DAN showed improvement compared to WPU. The fluorescence intensity of WPU-DAN was enhanced more than DAN due to the naphthalimide groups attached to the chains, and the fluorescence intensity of WPU-DAN and DAN were increased by increasing temperature. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of WPU-DAN emulsion was stable during 30 days and no loss of fluorescence intensity occurred for these days.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel luminescent nanoparticles

In this paper, a new kind of fluorescent nanomaterial with morin modified alumina core and silica shell was prepared. Samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy and fluorescence microscope. TEM results indicated that this material could be synthesized in nanometer range. PL spectra suggested that this new synthesized material was photostable and it showed nearly no dye leakage. This was because the dye molecules could form stable complex with the reactive aluminum cations on the surfaces of the alumina particles. The excitation and emission maxima of this new luminescent material were located at 420 and 493 nm, respectively. This new kind of luminescent nanomaterial was prepared by morin, AlCl₃ and tetraethyl orthosilicate, which was very important for the large-scale and economic preparation luminescent nanoparticles because these precursors were inexpensive and the preparation process was convenient.     

一种新型四硫富瓦烯衍生物的合成与表征

以二硫化碳和金属钠为基础物质合成了四硫富瓦烯（TTF）锌的配合物（TTF）Zn（NBu4）2。利用该化合物与苯甲酰氯反应得到的稳定化合物C17H10O2S5在甲醇钠溶液中与2,3-二溴丙醇反应成功合成出目标化合物（一种新配体）,其化学组成为C6H6OS5。利用IR谱、^1HNMR谱及元素分析对此化合物进行了表征。     

Properties of a two-beam laser diode and focusing characteristics of a two-beam optical head

Dynamic wavelength shifts of a monolithic, two-beam laser diode for a two-beam optical head in optical disk drives were analyzed with a streak camera system. The wavelength shift did not exceed 3 nm for the recording beam which was operated in a series of pulses, and the reproducing beam which was operated continuously showed no shift. The focusing characteristics on the basis of the wavelength shift and specifications of the optical head were also calculated. The dynamic displacement of the focal points caused by the wavelength shifts was so small as compared with the depth of focus in the optical head that the recording and reproducing characteristics were hardly influenced.     

Instability and mode transition analysis of a hydrogen-rich combustion in a model afterburner

Combustion instabilities were investigated experimentally for a hydrogen-rich combustion in a model afterburner installed at the end of a high-enthalpy wind tunnel. Air was supplied at 0.3 MPa and 950 K. The combustion instabilities were studied with the time-resolved measurements of a near-infrared (NIR) emission from water molecules over 780 nm using a high-speed video camera. Pressure was also measured in the combustor. The pressure and the NIR images were analyzed by data-driven approach, which include the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the wavelet transform, the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and the Gaussian process latent variable methods (GP-LVM). Thermoacoustic instability was observed under a rich condition, and the amplitude of the pressure oscillation was the maximum at the overall equivalence ratio of approximately 2.4 or 2.7 as a result of the FFT. The combustion dynamics were investigated in detail for an experimental run at the equivalence ratio of 2.4. A pressure spectrogram indicated a flame–vortex interaction with a Strouhal number of 0.5 (2300 Hz), thermoacoustic instability (560 Hz), and their transitions with the wavelet transform. For NIR images, the same tendency was also observed in the spectrogram of the modes obtained by the Gabor-filtered DMD, which could clearly resolve the high-order harmonic modes of the flame–vortex interaction and the thermoacoustic instability. Furthermore, NIR images were analyzed with GP-LVM to study the evolution of the combustion dynamics in a three-dimensional latent space. Recurrence plots with the Euclidean distance function were used to visualize the evolutions of the combustion dynamics. A limit cycle behavior of the flame–vortex interaction was clearly observed, whereas the limit cycle of the thermoacoustic instability showed more complicated behaviors. The transition behaviors of the instabilities were observed in the recurrence plots in detail, indicating that the flame–vortex interaction excited the fourth harmonic mode of the thermoacoustic instability, followed by the basic mode.     

The spectral broadening of a blue optical pulse and the modulation of a pulse waveform in a photonic crystal fiber by induced-phase modulation

By copropagating a fundamental pulse and a blue second-harmonic pulse from a Ti:Sapphire oscillator in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), the spectral broadening of the blue second-harmonic pulse from 380 to 600 nm has been observed by use of induced-phase modulation (IPM) at a 78-MHz repetition rate. From the experimental and the calculated delay time dependence of spectral intensities, it was inferred that the largest spectral broadening was observed when the second-harmonic pulse interacted with the fundamental pulse near the input end of a PCF, where the fundamental pulse was compressed temporally due to self-phase modulation and negative group velocity dispersion. From the simulation, the mechanism of spectral broadening was clarified and the fission process of the fundamental pulse was shown to be influenced strongly by IPM.     

Study of a multi-wire proportional chamber with a cathode strip and delay-line readout

The design principle for a multi-wire proportional chamber with a cathode strip and delay-line readout is described. A prototype chamber of a size of 10 cm ～ l0 cm was made together with the readout electronics circuit. A very clean signal with very low background noise was obtained by applying a transformer between the delay-line and the pre-amplifier in order to match the resistance. Along the anode wire direction a position resolution of less than 0.5 mm was achieved with a 55Fe-5.9 keV X ray source. The simple structure, large effective area and high position resolution allow the application of a gas chamber of this kind to many purposes.     

Susceptibility and magnetisation of a random ising model

The susceptibility of a bond disordered Ising model is calculated by configurationally averaging an Ornstein-Zernike type of equation for the two spin correlation function. The equation for the correlation function is derived using a diagrammatic method due to Englert. The averaging is performed using bond CPA. The magnetisation is also calculated by averaging in a similar manner a linearised molecular field equation. Part of the work was done, while one of the authors (DK) was visiting International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.     

蓝色有机电致发光材料OXD-7的合成及性能

重点研究了蓝色有机电致发光材料OXD-7的合成路线及提高产率的方法,并用自行设计加工的升华提纯装置进行两次OXD-7的升华提纯,可使产物纯度达到99.2%。通过真空镀膜制作出结构为ITO/CuPc/NPB/OXD-7/Alq₃/Mg-Ag/Al的器件,器件采用透明ITO导电玻璃作正极,依次真空蒸镀酞菁铜、NPB、OXD-7、Alq₃、Mg-Ag电极,最后在合金电极上覆盖一层很薄Al膜。膜厚由频率震荡计监测,测试了器件的光电性能以及寿命,研究并讨论了材料的纯度对器件寿命的影响。     

负电性纳米银的制备及性质研究

制备了一种表面带负电的胶态纳米银,用透射电镜,吸收光谱,SERS谱对该纳米银进行了研究,发现纳米银的粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为11nm,吸收峰为422nm,常温下放置7个月仍具有较强的SERS活性,当阴离子型分子吲哚丁酸,阳离子型分子碱性品红,亚甲兰及中性分子邻菲罗邻分别吸附在其上时,观察到阳离子型分子碱性品红和亚甲兰及中性分子邻菲罗邻的SERS谱,而阴离子型分子吲哚丁酸则无SERS谱出现。