确界原理的一个修正证明

分析了华东师大版《数学分析》(第四版)教材中关于确界原理证明的不足之处,给出更为细致的修正证明.     

关于函数最值的一个注记

最值是刻画函数形态的一个重要指标.本文指出《数学分析》教材(华东师范大学数学系编,第三版)函数最值例题证明过程中的一个不当之处并给出两种完善的证明方法.     

等周四边形问题

<正>"等周四边形中,正方形面积最大",是一个广为人知的结论,而且出现在了人教社B版新教材的课后题中,但教参中没有给出证明,能查到的方法几乎都是分好多步一点点证明的,非常繁琐,本文提供了这个问题的两种简要证明.1问题与简要分析(人教社B版必修一第78页习题2G2C组第6题)设桌面上有一个由铁丝围成的封闭曲线,周长是2L.     

课本一题的多种证法

高中数学《必修2》（人教版2007年2月第三版）第73页的第5题,是一道妙题．我们发现其证明的入口宽,思路广,探索后得到多种证明方法．这种发散性思维对于提高我们的思维能力起到了很好的促进作用．     

“反之亦然”在初高中数学教学衔接中存在的问题与干预示例

在教学沪教版高一数学“集合与逻辑”章节的过程中,笔者发现不少学生无法正确理解原命题与逆命题之间的区别与联系.笔者在沪教版八年级数学教材中,发现了不少“反之亦然”的表达方式.教材对某些命题的逆命题给出了详细的证明,而其余大多数却并未给出详细的证明,这对逻辑能力比较弱的学生而言便是一种理解障碍.故笔者针对初中的一些教学情境,进行教学干预的片段设计,试图促进初高中数学教学的更好衔接.     

一课本习题的三种解法

在北师大版新课标选修课本4-5,第26页,有一道不等式的证明题,结合所学三个重要不等式：均值不等式,排序不等式和柯西不等式,给出三个证明.     

一道不等式证明题证法的探究及启示

正北师大版高中数学选修4-5《不等式选讲》第22页习题1-4题5是:用求商比较法证明:当a2,b2时,a+bab.这是教材讲授不等式证明后的一道习题,此题虽然难度不大,但是如果我们不满足于用求商比较法给出证明,那么这题就可能成为一道思维训练的好题、妙题,而且能为巩固我们     

是改进论证吗?——教本小议

<正> 有一书①,(见64年第2版,77年第27次印刷)在关于二元函数极值定理的证明中,有这样的叙述,     

一教材中的四处不足及其改进

同济大学应用数学系主编《高等数学》第五版有四处存在不足,涉及到定理的证明和例题的求解.通过改换思路,可使证法或解法更加合理,简洁,且易于被理解接受.     

参与过程设计 优化学习策略——以《平行四边形的判定(1)》教学为例

一、基于参与过程设计的教学分析"平行四边形的判定方法(1)"是苏科版(2014年版)《义务教育课程标准实验教科书·数学》八年级下册第九章第3节"平行四边形(2)"的一个重要内容.由于《义务教育数学课程标准(2011年版)》的出版,平行四边形的判定的内容将3个判定一起出现修改为分两次出现,并增加了完整的证明过程,但是对3个判定的呈现方式没有改变.本课内容是平行四边形判定的第一课时,主要     

关于“费尔马最后定理的证明”一文的评注

本文对“费尔马最后定理的证明”一文作出几点评注，主要结论是该证明仅仅是对费尔马最后定理的部分情形的证明，即并没有完全证明费尔马最后定理     

Investigating undergraduate students’ proof schemes and perspectives about combinatorial proof

Combinatorics is an area of mathematics with accessible, rich problems and applications in a variety of fields. Combinatorial proof is an important topic within combinatorics that has received relatively little attention within the mathematics education community, and there is much to investigate about how students reason about and engage with combinatorial proof. In this paper, we use Harel and Sowder’s (1998) proof schemes to investigate ways that students may characterize combinatorial proofs as different from other types of proof. We gave five upper-division mathematics students combinatorial-proof tasks and asked them to reflect on their activity and combinatorial proof more generally. We found that the students used several of Harel and Sowder’s proof schemes to characterize combinatorial proof, and we discuss whether and how other proof schemes may emerge for students engaging in combinatorial proof. We conclude by discussing implications and avenues for future research.     

Impacts of inquiry pedagogy on undergraduate students conceptions of the function of proof

Mathematicians and mathematics educators agree that proof is an important tool in mathematics, yet too often undergraduate students see proof as a superficial part of the discipline. While proof is often used by mathematicians to justify that a theorem is true, many times proof is used for another purpose entirely such as to explain why a particular statement is true or to show mathematics students a particular proof technique. This paper reports on a study that used a form of inquiry-based learning (IBL) in an introduction to proof course and measured the beliefs of students in this course about the different functions of proof in mathematics as compared to students in a non-IBL course. It was found that undergraduate students in an introduction to proof course had a more robust understanding of the functions of proof than previous studies would suggest. Additionally, students in the course taught using inquiry pedagogy were more likely to appreciate the communication, intellectual challenge, and providing autonomy functions of proof. It is hypothesized that these results are a response to the pedagogy of the course and the types of student activity that were emphasized.     

Cognitive trajectory of proof by contradiction for transition-to-proof students

History and research on proof by contradiction suggests proof by contradiction is difficult for students in a number of ways. Students’ comprehension of already-written proofs by contradiction is one such aspect that has received relatively little attention. Applying the cognitive lens of Action-Process-Object-Schema (APOS) Theory to proof by contradiction, we constructed and tested a cognitive model that describes how a student might construct the concept ‘proof by contradiction’ in an introduction to proof course. Data for this study was collected from students in a series of five teaching interventions focused on proof by contradiction. This paper will report on two participants as case studies to illustrate that our cognitive trajectory for proof by contradiction is a useful model for describing how students may come to understand the proof method.     

Pool resolution is NP-hard to recognize

A pool resolution proof is a dag-like resolution proof which admits a depth-first traversal tree in which no variable is used as a resolution variable twice on any branch. The problem of determining whether a given dag-like resolution proof is a valid pool resolution proof is shown to be NP-complete.     

Integrating Algebra and Proof in High School: Students' Work with Multiple Variables and a Single Parameter in a Proof Context

In the United States, researchers argue that proof is largely concentrated in the domain of high school geometry, thus providing students a distorted image of what proof entails, which is at odds with the central role that proof plays in mathematics. Despite the centrality of proof, there is a lack of studies addressing how to integrate proof into other mathematical domains. In this article, we discuss a teaching experiment designed to integrate algebra and proof in the high school curriculum. Algebraic proof was envisioned as the vehicle that would provide high school students the opportunity to learn not only about proof in a context other than geometry but also about aspects of algebra. Results from the experiment indicate that students meaningfully learned about aspects of both algebra and proof in that they produced algebraic proofs involving multiple variables and a single parameter, based on conjectures they themselves generated.     

Proof validation in real analysis: Inferring and checking warrants

In the study reported here, we investigate the skills needed to validate a proof in real analysis, i.e., to determine whether a proof is valid. We first argue that when one is validating a proof, it is not sufficient to make certain that each statement in the argument is true. One must also check that there is good reason to believe that each statement follows from the preceding statements or from other accepted knowledge, i.e., that there is a valid warrant for making that statement in the context of this argument. We then report an exploratory study in which we investigated the behavior of 13 undergraduates when they were asked to determine whether or not a particular flawed mathematical argument is a valid mathematical proof. The last line of this purported proof was true, but did not follow legitimately from the earlier assertions in the proof. Our findings were that only six of these undergraduates recognized that this argument was invalid and only two did so for legitimate mathematical reasons. On a more positive note, when asked to consider whether the last line of the proof followed from previous assertions, a total of 10 students concluded that the statement did not and rejected the proof as invalid.     

A survey of mathematics undergraduates' interaction with proof: some implications for mathematics education

Proving is an essential activity in mathematics but there are serious difficulties encountered by mathematics undergraduates in engaging with proof in the intended way. This article presents an initial analysis of (i) a quantitative study of a large sample of UK mathematics undergraduates which describes their declared perceptions about proof, and (ii) a qualitative study of a subsample of these students which analyses their actual proof perceptions as well as their actual proof practices. A comparison is also made between their publicly declared perceptions of proof and their personal proclivities in proving.     

对一个基于身份的代理签名方案的密码学分析和改进

分析了一个在格理论框架下构建的基于身份的代理签名方案,指出方案的安全性证明存在缺陷,并没有实现其所声称的签名不可伪造性的证明,针对方案证明中存在的问题,引入新的参量,重新设定系统参数,改变相应的查询应答方式,弥补了证明缺陷,完成了签名不可伪造性的证明。     

Finite quaternion-free 2-groups

We present an elementary proof of the classification theorem for finite nonmodular quaternion-free 2-groups. This proof does not involve the structure theory of powerful 2-groups. Such a new proof is also necessary, since there are several gaps in the original proof given in [5].