铝-银合金在疲劳过程中所表现的一些特点

本工作进行了淬火Al-7.27％Ag合金的扭转疲劳试验,测定了各种扭应变下的△E-N曲线,并且观察了经过各种循环数以后试样的表面金相变化。实验结果指出,当扭应变较小时,△E随着循环数N的增加而逐渐下降,△E-N曲线的变化类似Al-Cu和Al-Mg合金在较低扭应变下的情况。但当扭应变较大时,△E开始略有下降,随后上升到某一较高值后再下降,直至试样断裂。△E-N曲线的形状与Al-Cu和Al-Mg合金完全不同。试样表面的金相变化分为两个明显不同的阶段。在疲劳的起始阶段,滑移痕迹细而均匀,但经过一定循环数后,少数滑移痕迹变得集中而深化。随着循环数的增加,新的滑移带在原有滑移带之间不断地出现,没有纯Al和Al-Mg合金中滑移带变宽的情况。还看到了裂纹沿晶界的形成和发展。根据溶质银原子与位错的电交互作用和位错切割银原子簇的观点,对所得到的结果进行了讨论。 关键词：     

六面顶压机上常温高压超声测量的样品组装设计

 简要介绍了高压超声测试技术中样品组装的设计原则。设计了一套新的样品组装,并测量了纯Al和纯Cu在常温下的等温状态方程。实验结果表明,新的组装能够实现较理想的准静水压加载,同时也能够测试出良好的超声信号。分析了六面顶压机上常温超声测量的主要误差来源。     

Mg2Ni纳米贮氢合金电极的制备技术

以机械合金化法制备的Mg2Ni纳米粉末为原料采用以下3种方法制备电化学测试用电极：将Mg2Ni粉末与黏结剂的混合粉末调制成浆状涂敷于泡沫镍基体的两面，以一定的压力压制成片，形成三明治式夹层电极；利用模具先将混合粉末压制成圆片状，然后将其夹在两块泡沫镍基片中间以一定的压力压制成包覆型电极；利用模具先将混合粉末压制成圆片状，直接在片材表面焊上极耳，制作成圆片型电极。制备好的3种电极如图1所示。     

套管辅助法测量异型预制棒折射率分布

基于光束扫描法的光纤预制棒折射率测试仪主要适用于直径和长度在一定范围内的圆柱形样品折射率分布的测试。提出一种套管辅助法可实现更短长度、更细直径和变直径样品的折射率测试。该方法将待测样品居中放置于一个尺寸符合测试要求的圆柱形套管内,并在套管内注入折射率匹配油,使其没过待测样品后按常规步骤进行测试。对比实验结果表明,套管辅助法与直接测量法的偏差与仪器的测量误差相当。采用套管法,获得了预制棒拉丝终止后变径区不同位置折射率的径向分布,可为拉丝过程的研究提供参考。     

纵-扭谐振超声滚压系统设计与试验

为实现6061铝合金高效优质表面强化,采用有限元仿真法优化设计了阶梯型纵-扭谐动变幅杆,设计、制造了一套纵-扭超声滚压试验装置。纵-扭谐动通过检测变幅杆输出端纵向、扭转两个方向的振幅间接验证。进行超声滚压试验,结果表明：相比普通滚压加工,纵-扭谐振超声滚压过试件表层显微硬度最高提高了41%;在所选参数范围内出现随着静压力增大表面显微硬度整体呈现局部变化整体增大趋势,随着转速增加呈现局部变化整体减小的趋势,随着进给量的增大先增大后减小的现象;相比普通滚压加工,纵-扭谐振超声滚压过的工件表面组织更细密光滑,滚痕由于扭振的高频反复挤压明显减少,形貌得到了较大改善,从而证明纵-扭超声滚压加工能更有效的实现6061铝合金的强化处理。     

超声双折射法测试铝合金的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用偏振方向平行或垂直于应力方向的超声纯横波对LY11型铝合金进行测试。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压单轴应力作用下,偏振方向平行和垂直于应力方向的超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化。实验在分析材料声各向异性的基础上计算材料声弹性双折射系数,得到测试LY11型铝合金内部应力的理论公式,并对其内部的残余应力进行评估。实验中利用双换能器回振法测量声速,时间测试精确度可达10^-11s,可精确测量声速的微小变化量。     

不含独立源的入端电阻求解方法探讨

只含有电阻或受控源,不含独立源的一端口网络,想要求解其内部的等效电阻,分为纯电阻电路和含受控源电路两类情况.对于纯电阻电路,本文提出了"打点找路"法求解;对于含受控源电路,可分别用外接激励法和内接激励法求解.外接激励法有经典的"加压求流"法和"加流求压"法;对于内接激励法,提出了"开路短路"法这一新方法.     

内压、弯扭耦合载荷下连续管疲劳寿命评估

针对连续管在作业中易出现疲劳失效等问题,进行了连续管在内压、弯扭耦合加载下疲劳寿命评估。首先分析了耦合加载下连续管低周疲劳失效机理,基于Brown-Miller疲劳寿命模型建立了连续管疲劳寿命数值计算模型,开展了内压和弯曲加载下连续管疲劳实验,实验结果证实该数值模型是可行的。计算了内压和弯曲耦合加载下连续管低周疲劳寿命,以及内压和弯扭耦合加载下连续管低周疲劳寿命。计算结果表明,连续管最大塑性应变和疲劳敏感区出现在轴向拉伸面和压缩面,与现场连续管失效情况是一致的。通过计算得到了连续管安全服役的临界扭矩值和内压值。     

多频与宽频超材料吸收器

提出了多频与宽频超材料吸收器结构模型, 该吸收器是由刻蚀在介质基板两面的金属图案组成, 其正面是由不同大小的金属铜圆片和金属铜圆环结构组合而成, 反面完全覆盖金属铜. 由于不同几何大小的圆片或圆环结构的谐振频率不同, 且是相互独立的. 因此通过将两种不同几何大小的圆片与圆环结构组合, 使其在不同频率谐振, 便可得到双频吸收器; 而将三种不同几何大小的圆片和圆环结构组合便可得到三频吸收器; 同理可得到四频吸收器. 同时, 通过研究吸收器的电场分布, 验证了不同几何大小的圆片或圆环结构在不同频率谐振. 若通过优化组合圆片和圆环结构, 使其谐振频率紧密相连则可得到宽频吸收器. 关键词： 吸收器 超材料 多频 宽频     

翠绿亚胺聚合物高压下芳环扭角和能隙的缩减

利用改进的Ginder-Epstein模型计算了翠绿亚胺聚合物在参数V4,0取值于1.8—35.8 eV的自洽变分基态，并通过芳环扭角的变化来估算聚合物压强，给出了V4,0，芳环扭角及能隙与理论压强之间的最小二乘拟合。结果表明随此参数的增大，芳环扭角和能隙都缩减而理论压强升高。当理论压强由零压增至3.0 GPa左右时，能隙先快后慢从2.0eV减小至最小值0.87eV。这理论与该聚合物的高压电导测试结果一致。     

搅拌摩擦焊准稳态热力耦合过程数值模拟研究

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料塑性变形流场与温度场对焊接接头的组织演化及最终的力学性能有着十分重要的影响,许多学者对此进行了大量的研究.近年来的研究结果表明,该过程是一个极其复杂的热力耦合过程,温度场与材料塑性变形流场之间具有相互耦合效应.运用流体力学和传热学原理对准稳态热力耦合过程进行了数值模拟研究,通过计算得到了焊件材料的流场和温度场分布,并设计了相关实验对温度场进行了验证,结果表明该计算结果可以较准确地描述搅拌摩擦焊准稳态热力耦合状态.     

白云石内衬材料在合成金刚石传压密封介质中的作用

 通过合成金刚石实验以及对经历高温高压作用前后传压密封材料中白云石内衬的薄片显微镜观测、X射线粉末衍射和化学分析等研究,发现白云石在合成金刚石的高温高压下基本稳定,但透入性劈理发育。说明高温高压下白云石易发生破碎而变形,其等静压流变特性是以透入性劈理形式表现出来的。其中的杂质SiO₂等形成科石英、普通辉石,有无定形碳质产生,没有游离CaO、MgO物相形成。依据研究结果提出白云石内衬材料在金刚石合成中起多种作用,能够提高传压密封介质材料的综合性能。     

Influence of magnetic powders on the tribological performance of a novel magnetic brake material

By adding magnetic powders into matrix material, it has been proved to be a creative approach to improve tribological properties of brake materials. In this paper, a novel magnetic brake material with Nd–Fe–B and nano-Fe₃O₄ was developed, and the influential mechanism of these two magnetic powders and their content on the friction and wear performance was deeply discussed. Firstly, some experiments were carried out to investigate the tribological performance and influential mechanisms of four groups of brake pad samples with different magnetic powders. Furthermore, based on these results, further experiments for investigating the influence that Nd–Fe–B contents have on the tribological properties were conducted. According to the theoretical analysis about experiments, it was concluded that nano-Fe₃O₄ is beneficial to promote the formation of friction film and has certain lubricant effects. However, Nd–Fe–B has double effects on the formation of friction film. It will have positive effects when its content is less than a certain value. Otherwise, it will destroy the structure of friction film. Conclusively, it is believed that this study will be significantly valuable and meaningful for developing new brake materials and improving safety reliability of mechanical brakes.     

二维晶格颗粒堆积中侧壁的压力分布与转向系数

颗粒物质是大量颗粒聚集在一起的软凝聚态物质, 其微观结构与宏观力学性质的联系非常复杂. 本文用实验的方法观测了二维竖直晶格堆积颗粒, 在竖直方向外加正压力作用下其侧壁的受力分布情况, 根据实验结果详细讨论和分析了颗粒体系中正压力的转向行为. 实验结果表明: 在缓慢压缩颗粒体系的过程中, 正压力的变化呈现非线性和线性两段不同的规律; 对于确定堆积结构的颗粒体系, 竖直方向施加的正压力通过颗粒力链转向, 且水平方向不同堆积高度处所受压力值不同, 中部的压力大于顶部和底部的压力; 转向系数k的饱和值随堆积角θ 的增大而减小. 对颗粒堆的几何结构与受力情况进行分析, 给出了转向系数与堆积角之间的数学表达式, 理论值与实验值符合较好.     

A physical interpretation of softening of pressure-sensitive and anisotropic materials

Several new dynamic models are proposed to explain the mechanical behaviour of softening of pressure-sensitive and anisotropic materials at a macroscopic level. If a pressure-sensitive material is loaded by a force and a variable pressure or an anisotropic material is subjected to a load with a changeable loading direction relative to the material frame, their stress–strain relationships become more complicated. Mechanical behaviours of these stress–strain relationships have to cover the feature concerning the change of pressure or loading direction, i.e. mechanical properties of pressure-sensitive material corresponding to different pressure state or anisotropic material relating to different loading direction will play an important role in deciding their stress–strain relationships. Such shift of material properties due to the variable pressure or loading history may significantly expand the traditional concept of the stability of material deformation, and the second order of plastic work being negative may be a response of stable plastic deformation, which is commonly called softening.     

Ultrasonic excitation affects friction interactions between food materials and cutting tools

In the food industry, ultrasonic cutting is used to improve separation by a reduction of the cutting force. This reduction can be attributed to the modification of tool–workpiece interactions at the cutting edge and along the tool flanks because of the superposition of the cutting movement with ultrasonic vibration of the cutting tool. In this study, model experiments were used to analyze friction between the flanks of a cutting tool and the material to be cut. Friction force at a commercial cutting sonotrode was quantified using combined cutting–friction experiments, and sliding friction tests were carried out by adapting a standard draw-off assembly and using an ultrasonic welding sonotrode as sliding surface. The impact of material parameters, ultrasonic amplitude, and the texture of the contacting food surface on friction force was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic vibration significantly reduces the sliding friction force. While the amplitude showed no influence within the tested range, the texture of the contact surface of the food affects the intensity of ultrasonic transportation effects. These effects are a result of mechanical interactions and of changes in material properties of the contact layer, which are induced by the deformation of contact points, friction heating and absorption heating because of the dissipation of mechanical vibration energy.     

Effect of the Rubber Components on the Mechanical Properties and Braking Performance of Organic Friction Materials

Vegetable oil modified phenolic resin (PF) mixed with four kinds of rubber modifiers, i.e., styrene butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene 2-vinyl pyridine rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, and carboxyl nitrile butadiene rubber (CNBR), were used as matrices for organic friction materials. The mechanical and thermal degradation properties of all of the blends were investigated. Friction and braking tests of the organic friction materials based on the different matrices and reinforced with hybrid fibers were carried out. The results showed that the resin was most compatible with CNBR; the CNBR/PF blend possessed much higher impact and toughness, and the friction material based on this blend as a matrix exhibited better friction and braking performance. It was concluded that CNBR, the rubber with the most reactive groups, resulted in better mechanical properties of the friction material, and hence optimized the friction, wear and braking performances.     

模拟细观非均质材料破坏演化的物理元胞自动机理论

根据非均质材料的细观特征,从基本的能量传递定律出发,建立了一种新的描述细观非均质材料破坏演化的物理元胞自动机(PCA)理论.该理论能够对岩石、混凝土等非均质材料破坏演化进行有效模拟,突破了传统元胞自动机仅限于数学规则运算的框架,使之成为一种有效的物理力学方法.与岩石力学实验结果对比分析表明,PCA模拟结果与实验结果基本符合 关键词： 元胞自动机 细观非均质材料     

Effect of elastic excitations on the surface structure of hadfield steel under friction

The structure of the Hadfield steel (H13) surface layer forming under dry friction is examined. The deformation of the material under the friction surface is studied at a low slip velocity and a low pressure (much smaller than the yields stress of H13 steel). The phase composition and defect substructure on the friction surface are studied using scanning, optical, and diffraction electron microscopy methods. It is shown that a thin highly deformed nanocrystalline layer arises near the friction surface that transforms into a polycrystalline layer containing deformation twins and dislocations. The nanocrystalline structure and the presence of oxides in the surface layer and friction zone indicate a high temperature and high plastic strains responsible for the formation of the layer. It is suggested that the deformation of the material observed far from the surface is due to elastic wave generation at friction.     

温度对微界面摩擦影响的研究

以微观界面摩擦为研究对象,分析了温度变化对材料摩擦性能的影响.基于Towle剪切强度-温度经验公式和晶格热动力学理论,推导出摩擦力与温度之间的理论计算公式.理论分析表明:当界面温度低于材料的德拜温度时,摩擦力随着温度的增加而降低.理论计算结果与原子力显微镜实验结果对比,发现二者趋势一致,表明本文提出的理论和方法可行. 关键词： 界面摩擦 真实接触面积 温度 摩擦力