浅海中水平线列阵深度对匹配场定位性能的影响

以浅海声传播模型为基础,通过计算机仿真观察到以下物理现象：浅海中海底水平线列阵的匹配场定位性能优于其他深度水平线列阵.利用简正波建模方法揭示了这一现象的物理机理.按照简正波理论,各号模式的形状是海水深度的函数.通过比较不同深度上各号模式幅度的变化,发现海底模式幅值接近零的模式号数明显小于其他深度.这说明海底水平线列阵可以对更多号模式进行采样,进而获得更多的目标声源信息,取得更好的匹配场定位效果. 关键词： 水平线列阵 匹配场定位 基阵深度     

Horizontal refraction of propagating sound due to seafloor scours over a range-dependent layered bottom on the New Jersey shelf

Three-dimensional propagation effects of low frequency sound from 100 to 400 Hz caused by seafloor topography and range-dependent bottom structure over a 20 km range along the New Jersey shelf are investigated using a hybrid modeling approach. Normal modes are used in the vertical dimension, and a parabolic-equation approximate model is applied to solve the horizontal refraction equation. Examination of modal amplitudes demonstrates the effect of environmental range dependence on modes trapped in the water column, modes interacting with the bottom, and modes trapped in the bottom. Using normal mode ray tracing, topographic features responsible for three-dimensional effects of horizontal refraction and focusing are identified. These effects are observed in the measurements from the Shallow Water 2006 experiment. Specifically, signals from a pair of fixed sources recorded on a horizontal line array sitting on the seafloor show an intensification caused by horizontal focusing due to the seabed topography of 4 dB along the array.     

A comparison between ultrasonic array beamforming and super resolution imaging algorithms for non-destructive evaluation

In this paper the total focusing method, the so called gold standard in classical beamforming, is compared with the widely used time-reversal MUSIC super resolution technique in terms of its ability to resolve closely spaced scatterers in a solid. The algorithms are tested with simulated and experimental array data, each containing different noise levels. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated in terms of lateral resolution and sensitivity to noise. It is shown that for the weak noise situation (SNR > 20 dB), time-reversal MUSIC provides significantly enhanced lateral resolution when compared to the total focusing method, breaking the diffraction limit. However, for higher noise levels, the total focusing method is shown to be robust, whilst the performance of time-reversal MUSIC is degraded. The influence of multiple scattering on the imaging algorithms is also investigated and shown to be small.     

基于简正波分解的不同阵列匹配场定位性能分析

针对利用不同阵列对浅海环境中水下目标的定位问题,基于简正波分解方法,对组合阵的目标声源定位性能进行了研究,着力解决在实际实验环境下定位性能不够高的问题,并降低实验设备布放难度.在浅海环境下,基于匹配场理论的声接收阵可实现目标的定位,但定位性能受阵形、阵元数目等影响.通过研究不同声接收阵的简正波分解矩阵,可以有效辨别不同阵形定位性能的优劣.仿真实验表明,当某一子阵简正波分解效果较差时,会降低组合阵的定位性能.基于实际实验的需求,在对短垂直阵和组合阵性能的研究中发现,由于水平阵对接收声场的定位模糊度函数中的旁瓣有抑制效果,从而造成模糊度函数表面上旁瓣较低,定位目标的主旁瓣比有所提升的现象.仿真实验表明,不同组合阵形的定位准确度均在90%以上,基于实际应用的考虑,组合阵无疑是对定位性能和实验复杂度的折中选择.     

经颅超声聚焦方法和声场特性研究

基于高分辨的CT数据建立了非均匀颅骨仿真模型,该模型引入了颅骨的声衰减系数,深入研究和分析了声波时间反转法和超声相控阵法在颅脑中的聚焦方法及效果。颅骨具有较强的声波衰减特性,使用时间反转聚焦时需要进行幅度补偿,对于0.7MHz的频率信号,幅度补偿后的时间反转聚焦声场主瓣宽度窄、旁瓣低,焦点处声场比无幅度补偿的时间反转法提高8.86dB,比超声相控阵聚焦法提高7.89dB,具有很好的空间聚焦精度和聚焦效率。研究了颅骨衰减系数、声场焦点位置、声波频率、换能器阵列位置和方位等参数对聚焦声场的影响,结果表明,幅度补偿时间反转法比相控阵法具有更低的旁瓣,且高频时的聚焦效果比相控阵好,相控阵聚焦对换能器阵列的位置和方位比较敏感,而时间反转经颅超声聚焦对声传播路径和入射角具有更高的鲁棒性。      

一种基于模态域波束形成的水平阵被动目标深度估计

水面水下目标分辨与识别一直是被动声呐探测领域的难题.利用一种水平阵模态域波束形成算法获得己知方位目标声源的各阶模态强度,将其与不同深度的各阶参考模态强度进行匹配,最终实现了对声源的深度估计.仿真结果表明,该算法可以在信噪比为-10 dB的情况下,用300Hz带宽的信号样本,实现对声源深度的有效估计.系统分析了不同参数和不同波导条件对该方法目标深度估计性能的影响.其中,阵元数越多,模态样本数越多,计算频段越宽,方位估计精度越高,有效阵长越长,深度估计的性能越好.阵元间距和波导深度的变化不会影响该方法的深度估计性能,并且该方法的深度估计性能在声速剖面、海底参数等波导条件存在扰动时具有鲁棒性.     

Time reversal focusing with variable depth and range based on mode extraction

A method for time reversal focusing with variable depth and range based on mode extraction was proposed.First,the normal modes of acoustic propagation in the shallow water are extracted by modal decomposition from the probe signals received by a source receiver array.Furthermore,a diagonal matrix and a vector determined separately by the depth and the range of the probe source are extracted from the received acoustic field data.And time reversal focusing at different depths and ranges can be achieved by modulating the depth-dependent diagonal matrix and the range-dependent vector properly.Then the diagonal matrix and the vector are modulated separately according to the depth and the range of the expected focal location to construct a new acoustic field vector.When this new acoustic field vector is retransmitted by the source receiver array in time reversal order(or phase conjugation in frequency domain),focusing of the resulting acoustic field at the expected location rather than the origin of the probe source can be obtained.Numerical simulations in typical shallow water environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

浅海低频垂直相控阵多模声场聚焦研究*

为了提高低频垂直相控阵声场聚焦的环境适应性,增强环境失配情况下的声场聚焦效果,提出一种多模声场聚焦方法。该方法利用环境失配对低阶模态影响相对较小的特点,只利用前3阶模态进行发射权系数的计算。仿真结果表明,多模声场具有较大的聚焦跨度,在环境失配情况下仍能在期望的聚焦位置实现良好的聚焦效果。进一步地,根据巴斯微扰理论计算分析了多模声场的混响特性。由于多模声场聚焦将能量集中到了掠射角较小的低阶模态中,因此比最优权系数聚焦具有更低的混响平均强度。多模聚焦对聚焦深度进行扫描可以实现目标的深度分辨,这在水下目标探测方面具有较高的应用前景。     

Reverberation of Wideband Signals in Shallow Water when Using Sound Focusing

Within the framework of the normal mode approximation, expressions are obtained for calculating bottom reverberation signals recorded by a horizontal array in an inhomogeneous shallow-water waveguide in a wide frequency band. These expressions can be used to simulate bottom-scattered signals both for a monostatic and bistatic geometry, as well as in the case when sound focusing is applied. The constructed model is used to numerically study the structure of bottom reverberation in a waveguide with different parameters and characteristics of the receiver and source systems. The considered bottom inhomogeneities are the slope of the bottom, change in thermocline depth, and wind waves. The study demonstrates the promise of using sound focusing as time reversal using a single receiver–transmitter element to enhance the reverberation signal arriving from a given bottom area.     

Comparison of hybrid three-dimensional modeling with measurements on the continental shelf

During the CALOPS 2007 experiment, off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, three-dimensional (3D) multipath was observed using a bottom mounted horizontal line array during source tows along the 200 m isobath [Kevin D. Heaney and James J. Murray, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125(4), 1394-1402 (2008)]. In this paper a hybrid modeling approach is presented to model the 3D sound on the Florida shelf, nearly shaped like the canonical wedge. The hybrid approach combines vertical acoustic normal modes with the parabolic equation solution (in range/cross-range). The approach is shown to satisfy the 3D Cartesian-coordinate wave equation in the limit of adiabatic mode propagation. In the adiabatic mode parabolic equation (AMPE) approach modal phase speeds vs position are used as the input to the parabolic equation computation with dimensions of easting (km) and northing (km). Vertical adiabatic modes and horizontal rays are also computed to illustrate the 3D multipath arrival. The AMPE field is computed for all the modes for each element of the horizontal array. Beamforming vs source range is then conducted and excellent agreement with data is achieved.     

基于超指向性多极子矢量阵的水下低频声源方位估计方法研究

针对水下低频声源的方位估计问题,基于基元紧密排列的二维矢量阵,建立了一种超指向性波束形成方法.根据矢量基元差分运算构建各阶多极子模型,获得了几乎与频率无关的模态函数,并经加权计算可在低频条件下实现超指向性波束,以解决阵列孔径对波束性能的限制.同时,结合输出信噪比最大准则所得波束,分析了超指向性波束形成算法的稳定性与波导的影响程度,探索模态阶数与阵列参数的选取原则.通过阵列性能的仿真计算与实际阵列的测量数据表明,该算法可在小尺寸阵列孔径下获得良好的阵列波束,兼具了水下线型超指向性阵和环形超指向性阵的优点,可有效实现水下低频声源的水平方位估计;且波束性能可通过调节模态阶数与基元间距以达到最佳,并受水下声波导多途与频散效应影响有限.     

Selection of modes in a shallow sea by using a vertical antenna array

The experimental data on selecting the modes in a shallow sea (the Barents Sea) on 17-and 8-km-long paths are presented. The data are obtained with the use of a 93-m-long vertical receiving array of 32 hydrophones and a point sound source transmitting a pulsed signal with linear frequency modulation in a frequency band of 100–300 Hz. The experimental selection of modes is based on the structure of normal waves in a waveguide with a perfectly reflecting impedance bottom. The bottom impedance for different modes is determined from the experiment. A pressure-release bottom and a bottom with an impedance that is intermediate between the pressure-release and rigid cases correspond to the first mode and the higher modes, respectively. The amplitudes of the modes and their directivity are determined. On the basis of the mode dispersion data and the comparison of the mode contents observed at distances of 8 and 17 km, it is concluded that higher modes are generated at the distances from 8 to 17 km.     

Theoretical study of two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on ferrite substrate

The radiation characteristics of a two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on a ferrite substrate are studied theoretically by considering the presence of bias magnetic field in the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. It is found that the natural modes of propagation in the direction of magnetic field are left- and right-circularly polarized waves and these modes have different propagation constants. In loss-less isotropic warm plasma, this array antenna geometry excites both electromagnetic (EM) and electroacoustic plasma (P) waves in addition to a nonradiating surface wave. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the EM- and P-waves can be decoupled into two independent modes, the electroacoustic mode is longitudinal while the electromagnetic mode is transverse. The far-zone EM-mode and P-mode radiation fields are derived using vector wave function techniques and pattern multiplication approaches. The results are obtained in both plasma medium and free space. Some important antenna parameters such as radiation conductance, directivity and quality factor are plotted for different values of plasma-to-source frequency.     

表面声道对深海风成噪声垂直空间特性的影响规律

水下风成噪声的垂直空间特性包括噪声垂直方向性和垂直相关性,研究海洋环境对其影响规律对提升声呐性能、增加海洋环境参数反演的准确性具有重要意义.本文利用Pekeris割线下的简正波理论描述噪声的传播过程,研究了深海环境下存在表面声道时,表面声道以下噪声垂直空间特性的变化规律及其原因.研究表明,在临界深度以上,表面声道的存在导致噪声垂直方向性在水平凹槽边缘靠近海底方向上的峰值升高,噪声垂直相关性随垂直距离增加先后周期地向正相干和负相干方向偏移;在临界深度以下,表面声道的存在导致水平方向上的噪声能量增强,噪声垂直相关性整体向正相干方向偏移.当表面声道的参数变化时,表面声道的厚度变化对噪声垂直空间特性影响较大,而表面声道内的声速梯度变化对噪声垂直空间特性几乎没有影响.结合各类简正波的变化分析表明,存在表面声道时,噪声源激发的折射简正波阶数增加,强度增强,是表面声道引起噪声垂直空间特性变化的主要原因.     

界面条件下线型超声相控阵声场特性研究

开展了界面条件下线型超声相控阵声场特性的研究.将带有楔块的超声相控阵问题合理简化为液固界面的情况进行讨论.根据射线声学理论,计算了单阵元在液固界面存在时的辐射声场,进而推导了聚焦法则,得到了超声线型阵在液固界面存在时的声场、位移场表达式.对安装在楔块上的相控阵换能器的辐射声场进行了仿真,并讨论了聚焦对换能器轴向和横向声场的影响,结果表明利用聚焦能提高分辨率和灵敏度,但聚焦区域之外声束性能更差,在实际检测中要合理利用聚焦. 关键词： 超声相控阵 界面 声场 聚焦     

水平阵信号压缩感知用于简正波分离

针对水平阵信号简正波分离过程中常规波束形成分辨率低以及warping模态滤波不适用于复杂声信号的问题,提出水平阵信号压缩感知用于简正波分离的方法。利用压缩感知在方位估计中的高分辨特性,通过估计水平阵接收信号在频率方位角上的二维分布,分离得到各阶简正波的方位谱,并逆Fourier变换得到时域波形。仿真孔径1 km、阵元间隔10 m水平阵接收20~200 Hz伪随机声信号和脉冲声信号,所提方法分离出的各阶简正波与理论波形的相关系数在0.97~1.0。对2011年北黄海声学实验中的海底28元水平阵接收的气枪信号,在合成至1 km孔径后使用压缩感知方法分离简正波,其与warping模态滤波分离得的前5阶简正波相关系数在0.82~0.93。仿真与实验都说明了水平阵信号压缩感知简正波分离方法的有效性。      

Estimating the acoustic characteristics of surface layers of the sea bottom using four-component vector-scalar receivers

It is shown that scalar, horizontal, and vertical vector receivers efficiently split modes of different numbers, which makes it possible to analyze the mode structure and estimate the characteristics of surface layers of a shallow sea bottom. To analyze the mode structure of propagating pulses from a towed pneumatic source, Winger transform was applied, with which seven modes were isolated by vertical vector receivers, whereas the scalar receivers and horizontal vector receivers isolated only three modes. It is established that the use of four-component vector-scalar receivers makes it possible to increase the accuracy in estimating the parameters of a layered bottom model.     

三维绝热简正波-抛物方程理论及应用

复杂海域通常存在环境参数的水平变化,这会导致声波在传播过程中发生水平折射,呈现出三维效应.利用绝热简正波-抛物方程理论进行三维声场建模,在垂直方向上使用标准简正波模型KRAKEN求解本征值和本征函数,水平方向上使用宽角抛物方程模型RAM求解简正波幅度.该模型物理意义清晰,计算效率高,但由于忽略了各号简正波之间的耦合,只适用于环境参数水平变化缓慢的问题.使用该模型分析了内波环境和大陆架楔形波导中的声波水平折射现象,结果表明,声波的水平折射将水平平面分为不同区域,每个区域内的声场结构明显不同.此外,声强在水平平面内的分布与声源频率和简正波号数有关,这种依赖关系是导致声信号频谱变化、波形畸变以及声场时空扰动的主要原因.     

钢轨缺陷的超声相控阵波数成像算法*

该文应用超声相控阵全矩阵捕获的波数成像算法,检测带有通孔缺陷的钢轨和B型相控阵试块。以实验获取的全矩阵数据为基础,研究了自发自收模式和全矩阵模式的波数成像算法,理论上分析了全聚焦方法和波数算法的计算性能,取得波数成像的结果并与全聚焦方法的成像结果做了对比。实验结果表明:波数成像算法具有更快的计算速度和更高的横向分辨率,且能够更加精准地还原钢轨中缺陷大小和形状,而传统的全聚焦方法计算耗时长,聚焦点分布不均匀,重建较大的缺陷出现了纵向拉长的现象,不能够较好地反映钢轨中的大缺陷。波数成像算法在各向同性材料实时检测中有很大的应用潜能。     

基于远场时间反演的亚波长天线阵列研究

基于远场时间反演, 从信号处理角度对亚波长阵列的超分辨率聚焦特性进行了理论分析. 提出了一种新型的微结构刻蚀亚波长阵列, 通过时间反演聚焦实验表明, 该阵列具有远场超分辨聚焦特性, 各单元间信道相互独立. 将这种亚波长阵列应用在时间反演镜天线上, 通过实验验证了可以获得更好的超分辨率聚焦效果. 所提出的亚波长天线阵列对多天线超宽带无线通信具有潜在的应用价值. 关键词： 时间反演 亚波长 天线阵列 超分辨率