Lelek?s problem is not a metric problem

We show that Lelek?s problem on the chainability of continua with span zero is not a metric problem: from a non-metric counterexample one can construct a metric one.     

From the Schrödinger problem to the Monge–Kantorovich problem

The aim of this article is to show that the Monge–Kantorovich problem is the limit, when a fluctuation parameter tends down to zero, of a sequence of entropy minimization problems, the so-called Schrödinger problems. We prove the convergence of the entropic optimal values to the optimal transport cost as the fluctuations decrease to zero, and we also show that the cluster points of the entropic minimizers are optimal transport plans. We investigate the dynamic versions of these problems by considering random paths and describe the connections between the dynamic and static problems. The proofs are essentially based on convex and functional analysis. We also need specific properties of Γ-convergence which we didn?t find in the literature; these Γ-convergence results which are interesting in their own right are also proved.     

The ‘final orderrs problem

When the service department of a company selling machines stops producing and supplying spare parts for certain machines, customers are offered an opportunity to place a so-called final order for these spare parts. We focus on one customer with one machine. The customer plans to use this machine up to a fixed horizon. Based on this horizon, and on the failure rates of the components, the prices of spare components and the consequences of the machine failing before the critical lifetime is reached, the size of the final order is determined.     

The wΔ-space problem

We address the following question: “Must every wΔ-space with a G_δ-diagonal be developable?” Consistently, the answer is “no.”Example. Assume CH. There is a zero-dimensional, scattered, locally compact, wΔ-space with a G_δ-diagonal which is not developable.For normal, locally compact spaces (or slightly weaker), the answer is “yes”.Theorem. If X is ω-sCWH, locally Lindelöf, wΔ-space with a G_δ-diagonal, then X is developable.     

A genetic filtering problem ∗

Members of a population of fixed size N can be in any one of n states. In discrete time the individuals jump from one state to another, independently of each other, and with probabilities described by a homogeneous Markov chain. At each time a sample of size M is withdrawn, (with replacement). Based on these observations, and using the techniques of Hidden Markov Models, recursive estimates for the distribution of the population are obtained     

Cauchy–Gelfand problem and the inverse problem for a first-order quasilinear equation

Gelfand’s problem on the large time asymptotics of the solution of the Cauchy problem for a first-order quasilinear equation with initial conditions of the Riemann type is considered. Exact asymptotics in the Cauchy–Gelfand problem are obtained and the initial data parameters responsible for the localization of shock waves are described on the basis of the vanishing viscosity method with uniform estimates without the a priori monotonicity assumption for the initial data.     

On Kulikov’s problem

Kulikov has given an étale morphism of degree d > 1 which is surjective modulo codimension two with X simply connected, settling his generalized jacobian problem. His method reduces the problem to finding a hypersurface and a subgroup of index d generated by geometric generators. By contrast we show that if D has simple normal crossings away from a set of codimension three and meets the hyperplane at infinity transversely, then necessarily d = 1. Received: 21 November 2006     

Revisiting Fryszkowski’s problem

Professor Andrzej Fryszkowski formulated, at the 2nd Symposium on Nonlinear Analysis in Toruń, September 13–17, 1999, the following problem: given \(\alpha \in (0,1)\), an arbitrary non-empty set \(\Omega \) and a set-valued mapping \(F:\Omega \rightarrow 2^{\Omega }\), find necessary and (or) sufficient conditions for the existence of a (complete) metric d on \(\Omega \) having the property that F is a Nadler set-valued \(\alpha \)-contraction with respect to d. Com?neci (Stud. Univ. Babe?-Bolyai Math. 62:537–542, 2017) provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a complete and bounded metric d on \(\Omega \) having the property that F is a Nadler set-valued \(\alpha \)-contraction with respect to d, in case that \(\alpha \in (0,\frac{1}{2})\) and there exists \(z\in \Omega \) such that \(F(z)=\{z\}\) . We improve Com?neci’s result by allowing \(\alpha \) to belong to the interval (0, 1). In addition, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a complete and bounded metric d on \(\Omega \) such that F is a Nadler set-valued \(\alpha \)-similarity with respect to d, in case that \(\alpha \in (0,1)\), there exists \(z\in \Omega \) such that \(F(z)=\{z\}\) and F is non-overlapping.     

Chowla’s cosine problem

A continuous linear map T from a Banach algebra A into another B approximately preserves the zero products if ‖T(a)T(b)‖ ≤ α‖a‖‖b‖ (a,b ∈ A, ab = 0) for some small positive α. This paper is mainly concerned with the question of whether any continuous linear surjective map T: A → B that approximately preserves the zero products is close to a continuous homomorphism from A onto B with respect to the operator norm. We show that this is indeed the case for amenable group algebras.     

Isotropic bodies and Bourgain''''s problem

Let K (?) Rn be a convex body of volume 1 whose barycenter is at the origin, LK be the isotropic constant of K. Finding the least upper bound of LK , being called Bourgain's problem, is a well known open problem in the local theory of Banach space. The best estimate known today is LK < cn1/4 log n, recently shown by Bourgain, for an arbitrary convex body in any finite dimension. Utilizing the method of spherical section function, it is proven that if K is a convex body with volume 1 and r1Bn2 (?) K (?) r2Bn2,(r1≥1/2, r2≤(?)/2), then (?) ≤(?) and find the conditions with equality. Further, the geometric characteristic of isotropic bodies is shown.     

General páley problem

In the class of functionsu of finite lower order subharmonic in ? ^p+2,p ∈ ? we establish an exact upper bound for $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty } \inf \frac{{m_q (r,u^ + )}}{{T(r,u)}}, 1< q \le \infty ,$$ whereT(r, u) is a Nevanlinna characteristic of the functionu andm _q (r, u ⁺) is the integralq-mean of the functionu ⁺,u ⁺ = max(u,0), on the sphere of radiusr.     

The γ-connected assignment problem

Given a graph and costs of assigning to each vertex one of k different colors, we want to find a minimum cost assignment such that no color q induces a subgraph with more than a given number (γ_q) of connected components. This problem arose in the context of contiguity-constrained clustering, but also has a number of other possible applications. We show the problem to be NP-hard. Nevertheless, we derive a dynamic programming algorithm that proves the case where the underlying graph is a tree to be solvable in polynomial time. Next, we propose mixed-integer programming formulations for this problem that lead to branch-and-cut and branch-and-price algorithms. Finally, we introduce a new class of valid inequalities to obtain an enhanced branch-and-cut. Extensive computational experiments are reported.     

The Müntz-Szasz problem

A condition is obtained on the placement of point _n (in some sense, the final point) with which completeness of the system of functionsexp (– _n x), Re_n>0, in spaces L^p, 1p<2. is equivalent to divergence of the series re_n(1+¦_n¦²)^–1.Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 91–103, January, 1978.Deceased.     

Blaschke’s problem for hypersurfaces

We solve Blaschke’s problem for hypersurfaces of dimension . Namely, we determine all pairs of Euclidean hypersurfaces that induce conformal metrics on M ⁿ and envelop a common sphere congruence in .     

A geometric Ginzburg–Landau problem

For surfaces embedded in a three-dimensional Euclidean space, consider a functional consisting of two terms: a version of the Willmore energy and an anisotropic area penalising the first component of the normal vector, the latter weighted with the factor ${1/\epsilon^2}$ . The asymptotic behaviour of such functionals as ${\epsilon}$ tends to 0 is studied in this paper. The results include a lower and an upper bound on the minimal energy subject to suitable constraints. Moreover, for embedded spheres, a compactness result is obtained under appropriate energy bounds.     

Using Table to Solve a problem

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On the Cauchy–Gelfand problem

The problem posed by Gelfand on the asymptotic behavior (in time) of solutions to the Cauchy problem for a first-order quasilinear equation with Riemann-type initial conditions is considered. By applying the vanishing viscosity method with uniform estimates, exact asymptotic expansions in the Cauchy–Gelfand problem are obtained without a priori assuming the monotonicity of the initial data, and the initial-data parameters responsible for the localization of shock waves are described.