软X射线晶体谱仪

描述了用于激光等离子体软Ｘ射线光谱学研究长波晶体谱仪。用具有大晶格常数的晶体，极薄的滤片和对软Ｘ射线灵敏的底片，获得了波长达５．８ｎｍ的激光等离子体软件Ｘ射线光谱。同时还给出了实验测定了谱仪光谱分辨率。     

线状等离子体测量中的晶体谱仪及其在X射线激光实验中的应用

本文讨论了两种适用于Ｘ射线激光实验的聚焦型弯晶谱仪和针孔晶体谱仪。给出了弯晶谱仪的设计参数，以及针孔晶体谱仪在实验中摄得的线状Ｍｇ和ＣａＦ２等离子体空间分辨谱；分析了晶体谱仪在Ｘ射线激光实验中的应用。     

用极化晶体谱仪探测X射线极化度

为了研究等离子体各向异性及确定高温等离子体中电子束的存在,研制了X射线极化晶体谱仪,探讨了极化光谱学的理论,推演了X射线极化度的计算方法.谱仪能够在两个相互垂直的方向分别对X射线进行探测,垂直方向晶体分析器使用云母球面晶体,水平方向为PET平面晶体,摄谱元件采用成像板.在激光聚变研究中心2×10 J激光装置上进行了摄谱实验.实验结果表明,PET晶体分光效果理想,获得了铝的类He共振线(w)、磁四级M2跃迁x线、互组合跃迁y线以及禁戒谱线z线,适合于研究X射线极化光谱学;云母晶体得到铝的类He共振线,其伴线光谱不明显.分析了谱仪垂直方向信号微弱的原因,提出了改进极化晶体谱仪的方案.     

用极化晶体谱仪探测X射线极化度

为了研究等离子体各向异性及确定高温等离子体中电子束的存在,研制了X射线极化晶体谱仪,探讨了极化光谱学的理论,推演了X射线极化度的计算方法.谱仪能够在两个相互垂直的方向分别对X射线进行探测,垂直方向晶体分析器使用云母球面晶体,水平方向为PET平面晶体,摄谱元件采用成像板.在激光聚变研究中心2×10 J激光装置上进行了摄谱实验.实验结果表明,PET晶体分光效果理想,获得了铝的类He共振线(w)、磁四级M2跃迁x线、互组合跃迁y线以及禁戒谱线z线,适合于研究X射线极化光谱学;云母晶体得到铝的类He共振线,其伴线光谱不明显.分析了谱仪垂直方向信号微弱的原因,提出了改进极化晶体谱仪的方案.     

X射线激发发射谱仪的研制

通过X射线管与光谱仪的组合,在对X射线管和光谱仪的选取、自动控制技术、数据采集和处理等多个环节进行系统论证的基础上,自行设计和研制了一台X射线激发发射谱仪。通过采用标准光源,对谱仪的波长和效率定标进行了重点研究,运用这一谱仪分别测量了BaF₂和CsⅠ(Tl)等闪烁晶体的X射线激发发射谱。实验结果表明:该谱仪具有光谱分辨高、性能稳定、操作简便、屏蔽良好等特点,可为闪烁材料的探索和开发提供一种十分有效的研究手段。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定高纯石墨中的硫

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定出口高纯石墨中的硫，代替传统的化学分析方法。原样品粉末直接压片，标准样品采用国际焦炭样品和淀粉按比例混匀经研磨后压片，采用散射线背景校正法校正基体的影响，效果良好，简便易行。本方法的精与准确度均较好。     

球面晶体分析器在X射线成像诊断中的研究

 为诊断激光等离子体X射线,研制了基于Bragg衍射原理的球面弯曲晶体。球面晶体可提高空间分辨、光谱分辨及立体角收集辐射能力。实验采用球面弯曲石英晶体作为分析器,X射线成像板作为成像器件,利用X射线衍射仪铬靶 Kα单色谱成像,验证了0.2 mm间隔双丝的单能像,球面弯晶具有较高的光谱分辨力和信噪比,谱分辨力可达1 000,聚光效率在同样距离条件下比平晶分析器高一个数量级以上。     

高定向热解石墨表面局域导电增强现象的扫描探针显微学研究

基于导电型原子力显微镜和扫描隧道显微镜的对比观察,研究高定向热解石墨表面上残留石墨片的导电增强现象.根据样品电阻的测量数据,将这种现象归结为导电针尖与石墨表面的点接触问题,并且发现接触电导和接触点处局域的电子密度成正比,从而确定石墨表面的局域导电增强现象的原因在于残留在石墨表面的石墨片具有较高的电子密度. 关键词： 扫描隧道显微镜 导电原子力显微镜 高定向热解石墨 导电性     

Z箍缩等离子体X射线凸晶谱仪

针对波长为0.3~0.5 nm的喷气箍缩等离子体X射线诊断,研制了一种适用的高空间分辨的晶体谱仪。色散元件采用云母（002）凸面晶体,布拉格角为37°,信号采用X射线胶片进行接收,有效接收面积为30 mm×80 mm。物理实验在“阳”加速器装置上进行,胶片获得了氩喷气K,L壳层光谱信号,其光谱范围较宽,为0.31~0.40 nm。经解谱发现,类氦谱线有明显的基底,用最小二乘法拟合包络曲线去噪处理后,得到类氦谱线光谱分辨力为200~300。实验结果表明,该谱仪获得的X射线测量值与理论值相符,适合喷气箍缩等离子体X射线光谱的诊断。     

Z箍缩等离子体X射线凸晶谱仪

 针对波长为0.3~0.5 nm的喷气箍缩等离子体X射线诊断,研制了一种适用的高空间分辨的晶体谱仪。色散元件采用云母（002）凸面晶体,布拉格角为37°,信号采用X射线胶片进行接收,有效接收面积为30 mm×80 mm。物理实验在“阳”加速器装置上进行,胶片获得了氩喷气K,L壳层光谱信号,其光谱范围较宽,为0.31~0.40 nm。经解谱发现,类氦谱线有明显的基底,用最小二乘法拟合包络曲线去噪处理后,得到类氦谱线光谱分辨力为200~300。实验结果表明,该谱仪获得的X射线测量值与理论值相符,适合喷气箍缩等离子体X射线光谱的诊断。     

基于激光等离子体研究的高性能扫描晶体谱仪（英）

在激光等离子体研究中,电磁脉冲干扰对实验结果影响很大,为了减小这一影响,设计一款新的扫描晶体谱仪,整个机身设计成几乎全密闭的良导体。该晶体谱仪通过更换晶体和调整入射角可以获得较宽范围的测量窗口。在X光光谱为2.5~3.5 keV范围内的测量试验中,该扫描晶体谱仪的谱分辨能力为13（在2960 eV）,时间分辨率为10 ps。其谱分辨和时间分辨可以满足对激光等离子体的研究。     

Effects of Mn doping on BaTiO3 thin films grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrates

We report multiferroelectric properties of Mn-doped BaTiO₃ (MBTO) thin films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. The MBTO thin films were grown on the HOPG substrate by pulse laser deposition. For comparison purpose, undoped BaTiO₃ (BTO) thin films were also prepared under same experimental conditions. The BTO and MBTO thin films were polycrystalline, indicating that the MBTO thin film has better crystallinity than the BTO thin film. The leakage current of the MBTO thin film was reduced due to the Mn doping substitution. In addition, the MBTO thin film exhibited better than the BTO thin film in ferroelectric and magnetic behaviors. We suggest that the Mn doping bring about the improvements of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties of the BTO thin films. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and conducting AFM (CAFM) studies, the grain size of MBTO thin film was much larger than that of BTO thin film.     

Visualization of human plasma fibrinogen adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by scanning probe microscopy

Human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) conducted in non-contact mode. The HPF was adsorbed on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate as single molecules, as aggregated bundles, and as aggregated fibers. Topographic and phase images confirmed structural changes in the HPF after exposure to air, while topographic and KPFM images confirmed fibers with the width of a single HPF molecule. Additionally, KPFM confirmed the surface potential difference between the HPF and the HOPG, and periodical potential drop reflecting the E and D domains in the fiber.     

Simultaneous observation of the triangular and honeycomb structures on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at room temperature: An STM study

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to study the surface structures of dry-prepared and di-chloroethane-treated HOPG samples. Both triangular and honeycomb structures were simultaneously observed with the same tip at room temperature around a strand (grain boundary) on the HOPG surface. This observation did not support the tip effect in STM imaging explanation for HOPG in literature. A general layer-sliding model was utilized to explain the experimental results: sliding of the HOPG topmost layer was used to explain the origins of the triangular and honeycomb structures, and molecule intercalation into inter-layer spacing between the first and second layers of HOPG induced inhomogeneous deformation of the HOPG topmost layer that accordingly generated the Moiré patterns of the HOPG sample in di-chloroethane.     

高线密度X光透射光栅衍射效率

高线密度X光透射光栅是各种高分辨光栅摄谱仪的核心色散元件,为了获得较高的光谱分辨率,工作在2~5 keV能区的光谱仪需要使用5000 l/mm的X射线透射光栅。为了获得光栅的绝对衍射效率,采用同步辐射光在多个能点对5000 l/mm的X光透射光栅进行衍射效率实验标定,通过光栅相对衍射效率拟合获得了光栅结构参数,与光栅结构测量结果非常接近。然后,采用衍射效率的矩形栅线模型,计算得到了光栅的绝对衍射效率。     

高功率密度软X射线在X光导管中传输效率测量

为优化软X射线聚束透镜设计参数,使之与等离子体辐射源组合来获得洁净的高功率密度宽能带的软X光束,在西北核技术研究所的强光一号加速器装置上,对高功率密度的软X射线（6×10^6～1．5×10^7W／cm^2）在X光导管中的传输特性进行研究。研究结果表明：对于DM308型号玻璃材料拉制成的X光导管,在该功率密度范围内,软X射线在X光导管中的传输没有出现非线性效应,随着入射软X射线功率密度的提高,出射软X射线功率密度基本成线性增大;当入射软X射线的功率密度为1．2×10^7W／cm^2时,实验中获得X光导管的平均传输效率达到了16．3％。在强光一号加速器装置上,使用由该规格X光导管制作的软X射线聚柬透镜与钨丝阵Z-pinch等离子体辐射源组合,获得了功率密度达2．1×10^9W／cm^2的宽能带的软X光源。     

EAST高时空分辨极向弯晶谱仪系统的升级及初步实验结果

为了拓宽等离子体参数测量范围,对EAST极向弯晶谱仪(PXCS)进行了升级改造。配合高通量大面积水冷固体探测器,提高了极向弯晶谱仪系统的光子计数率、时间分辨率、空间探测范围以及长时间运行稳定性,并在EAST装置上成功运行。实验结果表明,升级后的谱仪获得了高信噪比的类氦氩离子的母线及其一系列伴线谱,通过光谱拟合分析给出了等离子体温度时间演化及其剖面信息,测量结果与切向弯晶谱仪的数据一致,验证了极向弯晶谱仪的升级结果和数据测量的可靠性,并且在EAST长脉冲实验运行也能够稳定地提供全时间的参数分布。     

A high resolution X-ray crystal spectrometer to study electron and heavy-ion impact atomic collisions

We have studied fast ion-atom and electron-atom collision processes using a reconditioned high resolution X-ray spectrometer. The X-rays, generated by the collisions, are dispersed by a curved ADP crystal (Johansson geometry) and detected by a gas proportional counter. A self-written LabVIEW based program has been used to give precise and controlled movement to the crystal and for data acquisition. The performance was tested by detecting the Kα diagram and satellite lines of several elements. The Kα satellite lines of Al have been studied in collision with 3–12 keV electrons and 40 MeV C⁴⁺ ions. In ion collisions as large as four L-vacancies are created simultaneously with the K-vacancy, compared to two satellites in case of the e-impact. In addition, we have measured the X-rays from H-, He- and Li-like Si ions which arise due to the electron loss/capture process in highly charged 80 MeV Si⁷⁺ ions in collision with thin carbon foil. Approximate charge state distribution has been obtained using this new technique.      

高功率密度软X射线在X光导管中传输效率测量

为优化软X射线聚束透镜设计参数,使之与等离子体辐射源组合来获得洁净的高功率密度宽能带的软X光束,在西北核技术研究所的强光一号加速器装置上,对高功率密度的软X射线（6×106～1.5×107 W/cm2）在X光导管中的传输特性进行研究。研究结果表明：对于DM308型号玻璃材料拉制成的X光导管,在该功率密度范围内,软X射线在X光导管中的传输没有出现非线性效应,随着入射软X射线功率密度的提高,出射软X射线功率密度基本成线性增大;当入射软X射线的功率密度为1.2×107 W/cm7时,实验中获得X光导管的平均传输效率达到了16.3%。在强光一号加速器装置上,使用由该规格X光导管制作的软X射线聚束透镜与钨丝阵Z-pinch等离子体辐射源组合,获得了功率密度达2.1×109 W/cm2的宽能带的软X光源。