Detection of spatial correlations in an ultracold gas of fermions

Spatial correlations are observed in an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms close to a Feshbach resonance. The correlations are detected by inducing spin-changing rf transitions between pairs of atoms. We observe the process in the strongly interacting regime for attractive as well as for repulsive atom-atom interactions and both in the regime of high and low quantum degeneracy. The observations are compared with a two-particle model that provides theoretical predictions for the measured rf transition rates.     

Magnetic phase transitions in one-dimensional strongly attractive three-component ultracold fermions

We investigate the nature of trions, pairing, and quantum phase transitions in one-dimensional strongly attractive three-component ultracold fermions in external fields. Exact results for the ground-state energy, critical fields, magnetization and phase diagrams are obtained analytically from the Bethe ansatz solutions. Driven by Zeeman splitting, the system shows exotic phases of trions, bound pairs, a normal Fermi liquid, and four mixtures of these states. Particularly, a smooth phase transition from a trionic phase into a pairing phase occurs as the highest hyperfine level separates from the two lower energy levels. In contrast, there is a smooth phase transition from the trionic phase into a normal Fermi liquid as the lowest level separates from the two higher levels.     

Probing nearest-neighbor correlations of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice

We demonstrate a probe for nearest-neighbor correlations of fermionic quantum gases in optical lattices. It gives access to spin and density configurations of adjacent sites and relies on creating additional doubly occupied sites by perturbative lattice modulation. The measured correlations for different lattice temperatures are in good agreement with an ab initio calculation without any fitting parameters. This probe opens new prospects for studying the approach to magnetically ordered phases.     

Contact correlations in one-dimensional systems of interacting fermions and the photoluminescence from quantum wires

We calculate the dependence of the carriers lifetime with the wire width in quantum wires by considering a strictly one-dimensional system of interacting electrons and holes. Confinement effects are taken into account through a width-dependent pair-potential proposed by Hu and Das Sarma. The carriers lifetime is then obtained from the inverse of the contact electron–hole correlations. We explain the change in the sign of the derivative at a critical temperature, as it is observed in photoluminescence experiments from In Ga As/InP quantum wires, by taking into account the carriers density dependence with temperature and assuming that the contact correlations are either just a two-body quantity or a many-body one for the lower and higher densities, respectively. In the former case, the system is viewed as an ionized excitonic gas, the pair correlation being the square of the two-body wave function for unbound states. In the latter, we have a metallic electron–hole system and we calculate the contact pair correlation in the many-body ladder approximation.     

Signature of Mott-insulator transition with ultracold fermions in a one-dimensional optical lattice

Using the exact Bethe ansatz solution of the Hubbard model and Luttinger liquid theory, we investigate the density profiles and collective modes of one-dimensional ultracold fermions confined in an optical lattice with a harmonic trapping potential. We determine a generic phase diagram in terms of a characteristic filling factor and a dimensionless coupling constant. The collective oscillations of the atomic mass density, a technique that is commonly used in experiments, provide a signature of the quantum phase transition from the metallic phase to the Mott-insulator phase. A detailed experimental implementation is proposed.     

冷原子物理中的一维少体问题

作为构成量子多体系统的基本单元,一维少体系统的研究不仅可以在理论上为多体系统的量子关联及动力学等性质提供更为基本的理解,也可以为实验上制备多体系统提供更加方便和功能更加全面的方法.本文回顾了冷原子物理中一维少体系统最新的实验和理论进展.首先介绍了少体实验中实现的谐振子势阱中确定原子数的精确制备,亚稳态势阱和双阱系统中原子的隧穿,以及强相互作用下等效自旋链的实验结果.然后深度解析了理论研究方面,特别是基于精确可解模型的一些重要结果,包括亚稳态势阱中相互作用原子的隧穿概率,以及相应实验上常见势阱的能谱分析、密度分布、隧穿动力学以及强相互作用极限下的有效自旋链模型等.     

BKT phase in systems of spinless strongly interacting one-dimensional fermions

We present the ground-state wavefunctions for a system of spinless one-dimensional fermions in the limit of an infinitely strong interaction, and we demonstrate explicitly that the system symmetry is lower than the original symmetry of the Hamiltonian. As a result, the system in this limit undergoes a second-order phase transition into a phase with finite density of chiral pairs. The phase transforms continuously into a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase if the interaction in the model decreases. Therefore, just the BKT phase is realized in nature. The temperature of the smearing phase transition is calculated. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Noise and conductance in one-dimensional systems

Summary We derive an explicit form for the current correlation function of a Fermi gas in a finite sample at arbitrary degree of degeneracy. The expression so found enables a continuous investigation from diffusive to ballistic transport regimes to be carried out. For degenerate one-dimensional conductors under ballistic regime we find that the noise spectral density exhibits characteristic geometrical resonances and its low-frequency value has the universal formS _I (0)=8e ² KT/h, implying a universal conductanceG=2e ²/h.     

Noise correlations of fermions and hard core bosons in a quasi-periodic potential

We use Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry (HBTI) to study various quantum phases of hard core bosons (HCBs) and ideal fermions confined in a one-dimensional quasi-periodic (QP) potential. For HCBs, the QP potential induces a cascade of Mott-like band-insulator phases in the extended regime, in addition to the Mott insulator, Bose glass, and superfluid phases. At critical filling factors, the appearance of these insulating phases is heralded by a peak to dip transition in the interferogram, which reflects the fermionic aspect of HCBs. On the other hand, ideal fermions in the extended phase display various complexities of incommensurate structures such as devil’s staircases and Arnold tongues. In the localized phase, the HCB and the fermion correlations are identical except for the sign of the peaks. Finally, we demonstrate that HBTI provides an effective method to distinguish Mott and glassy phases.     

Superfluidity and magnetism in multicomponent ultracold fermions

We study the interplay between superfluidity and magnetism in a multicomponent gas of ultracold fermions. Ward-Takahashi identities constrain possible mean-field states describing order parameters for both pairing and magnetization. The structure of global phase diagrams arises from competition among these states as functions of anisotropies in chemical potential, density, or interactions. They exhibit first and second order phase transition as well as multicritical points, metastability regions, and phase separation. We comment on experimental signatures in ultracold atoms.     

BCS theory for trapped ultracold fermions

We develop an extension of the well-known BCS-theory to systems with trapped fermionic atoms. The theory fully includes the quantized energy levels in the trap. The key ingredient is to model the attractive interaction between two atoms by a pseudo-potential which leads to a well defined scattering problem and consequently to a BCS-theory free of divergences. We present numerical results for the BCS critical temperature and the temperature dependence of the gap. They are used as a test of existing semi-classical approximations. Received 18 December 1998     

Universal diffusive decay of correlations in gapped one-dimensional systems

We apply a semiclassical approach to express finite temperature dynamical correlation functions of gapped spin models analytically. We show that the approach of [á. Rapp, G. Zaránd, Phys. Rev. B 74, 014433 (2006)] can also be used for the S = 1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain, whose lineshape can be measured experimentally. We generalize our calculations to O(N) quantum spin models and the sine-Gordon model in one dimension, and show that in all these models, the finite temperature decay of certain correlation functions is characterized by the same universal semiclassical relaxation function.     

Stability of superflow for ultracold fermions in optical lattices

We investigate the stability of superflow of paired fermions in an optical lattice. We show that there are two distinct dynamical instabilities which limit the superflow in this system. One dynamical instability occurs when the superfluid stiffness becomes negative; this evolves, with increasing pairing interaction, from the fermion pair breaking instability to the well-known dynamical instability of lattice bosons. The second, more interesting, dynamical instability is marked by the emergence of a transient atom density wave. Both dynamical instabilities can be experimentally accessed by tuning the pairing interaction and the fermion density.     

Three ultracold fermions in a two-dimensional anisotropic harmonic confinement

We calculate the energy spectrum of three identical fermionic ultracold atoms in two different internal states confined in a two-dimensional anisotropic harmonic trap. Using the solutions of the corresponding two-body problems obtained in our previous work (Chen et al 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101, 053624), we derive the explicit transcendental equation for the eigen-energies, from which the energy spectrum is derived. Our results can be used for the calculation of the 3rd Virial coefficients or the studies of few-body dynamics.     

Probing non-abelian statistics of Majorana fermions in ultracold atomic superfluid

We propose an experiment to directly probe the non-abelian statistics of Majorana fermions by braiding them in an s-wave superfluid of ultracold atoms. We show that different orders of braiding operations give orthogonal output states that can be distinguished through Raman spectroscopy. Realization of Majorana states in an s-wave superfluid requires strong spin-orbital coupling and a controllable Zeeman field in the perpendicular direction. We present a simple laser configuration to generate the artificial spin-orbital coupling and the required Zeeman field in the dark-state subspace.     

从一维光晶格中释放的任意子噪声关联函数研究

首先求解具有delta函数型相互作用的任意子气体的含时薛定谔方程,给出了其多体波函数的解析解,并在此基础上详细分析了无相互作用情形和有相互作用情形下任意子噪声关联函数的特性.对于有相互作用的任意子气体,其噪声关联呈现出与无相互作用情形下不同的特性:散射相位具有一定的空间分布,一系列线性而不是尖峰出现在噪声关联函数中;线性的宽度、取向以及位置与任意子的统计参数和粒子间相互作用强度的关系都非常密切.特别地,在TG极限下,也就是相互作用趋于无限大的情形下,粒子间散射相位变为,任意子的噪声关联函数图样与无相互作用情形下的图样完全相反.     

从一维光晶格中释放的任意子噪声关联函数研究

首先求解具有delta函数型相互作用的任意子气体的含时薛定谔方程,给出了其多体波函数的解析解,并在此基础上详细分析了无相互作用情形和有相互作用情形下任意子噪声关联函数的特性。对于有相互作用的任意子气体,其噪声关联呈现出与无相互作用情形下不同的特性：散射相位具有一定的空间分布,一系列线性而不是尖峰出现在噪声关联函数中;线性的宽度、取向以及位置与任意子的统计参数和粒子间相互作用强度的关系都非常密切。特别地,在TG极限下,也就是相互作用趋于无限大的情形下,任意子的噪声关联函数图样与无相互作用情形下的图样完全相反。     

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations of ultracold atomic gases

We demonstrate that collective continuous variables of two species of trapped ultracold bosonic gases can be Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-correlated (entangled) via inherent interactions between the species. We propose two different schemes for creating these correlations--a dynamical scheme and a static scheme analogous to two-mode squeezing in quantum optics. We quantify the correlations by using known measures of entanglement and study the effect of finite temperature on these quantum correlations.     

Dynamic response of one-dimensional interacting fermions

We evaluate the dynamic structure factor S(q, omega) of interacting one-dimensional spinless fermions with a nonlinear dispersion relation. The combined effect of the nonlinear dispersion and of the interactions leads to new universal features of S(q, omega). The sharp peak S(q, omega) approximately q(delta(omega -uq), characteristic for the Tomonaga-Luttinger model, broadens up; for a fixed becomes finite at arbitrarily large . The main spectral weight, however, is confined to a narrow frequency interval of the width deltaomega approximately q(2)/m. At the boundaries of this interval the structure factor exhibits power-law singularities with exponents depending on the interaction strength and on the wave number q.