Role of the zonal flow in multi-scale multi-mode turbulence with small-scale shear flow in tokamak plasmas

The structural characteristics of zonal flows and their roles in the nonlinear interaction of multi-scale multi-mode turbulence are investigated numerically via a self-consistent Landau-fluid model. The multi-mode turbulence here is composed of a shorter wavelength electromagnetic (EM) ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode and a Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability with long wavelengths excited by externally imposed small-scale shear flows. For strong shear flow, a prominent periodic intermittency of fluctuation intensity except for dominant ITG component is revealed in turbulence evolution, which onset time depends on the ion temperature gradient and the shear flow amplitudes corresponding to different KH instabilities. It is identified that the intermittency phenomenon results from the zonal flow dynamics, which is mainly generated by the KH mode and back-reacts on it. It is demonstrated that the odd symmetric components of zonal flow (same symmetry as the external flow) make the radial parity of the KH mode alteration through adjusting the drift velocities at two sides of the resonant surface so that the KH mode becomes bursty first. Afterwards, the ITG intermittency follows due to nonlinear mode coupling. Parametric dependences of the features of the intermittency are elaborated. Finally, associated turbulent heat transport is evaluated.     

On the generation and maintenance of waves and turbulence in simulations of free-surface turbulence

One of the challenges in numerical simulation of wave–turbulence interaction is the precise setup and maintenance of wave and turbulence fields. In this paper, we investigate techniques for the generation and suppression of specific surface wave modes, the generation of turbulence in an inhomogeneous physical domain with a wavy boundary-fitted grid, and the generation and maintenance of waves and turbulence during the complex wave–turbulence interaction process. We apply surface pressure to generate and suppress waves. Based on the solution of linearized Cauchy–Poisson problem, we derive three pressure expressions, which lead to a δ-function method, a time-segment method, and a gradual method. Numerical experiments show that these methods generate waves as specified and eliminate spurious waves effectively. The nonlinear wave effect is accounted for with a time-relaxation method. For turbulence generation, we extend the linear forcing method to an inhomogeneous physical domain with a curvilinear computational grid. Effects of force distribution and computational grid distortion are examined. For wave–turbulence interaction, we develop an algorithm to instantaneously identify specific progressive and standing waves. To precisely control the wave amplitude in a complex turbulent flow field, we further develop an energy controlling method. Finally, a simulation example of wave–turbulence interaction is presented. Results show that turbulence has unique features in the presence of waves. Velocity fluctuations are found to be strongly dependent on the wave phase; variations of these fluctuations are explained by the pressure–strain correlation associated with the wave-induced strain field.     

Turbulent propagation of premixed flames in the presence of Darrieus–Landau instability

We investigate the role played by hydrodynamic instability in the wrinkled flamelet regime of turbulent combustion, where the intensity of turbulence is small compared to the laminar flame speed and the scale large compared to the flame thickness. To this end the Michelson–Sivashinsky (MS) equation for flame front propagation in one and two spatial dimensions is studied in the presence of uncorrelated and correlated noise representing a turbulent flow field. The combined effect of turbulence intensity, integral scale, and an instability parameter related to the Markstein length are examined and turbulent propagation speed monitored for both stable planar flames and corrugated flames for which the planar conformation is unstable. For planar flames a particularly simple scaling law emerges, involving quadratic dependence on intensity and a linear dependence on the degree of instability. For corrugated flames we find the dependence on intensity to be substantially weaker than quadratic, revealing that corrugated flames are more resilient to turbulence than planar flames. The existence of a threshold turbulence intensity is also observed, below which the corrugated flame in the presence of turbulence behaves like a laminar flame. We also analyze the conformation of the flame surface in the presence of turbulence, revealing primary, large-scale wrinkles of a size comparable to the main corrugation. When the integral scale is much smaller than the characteristic corrugation length we observe, in addition to primary wrinkles, secondary small-scale wrinkles contaminating the surface. The flame then acquires a multi-scale, self-similar conformation, with a fractal dimension, for one-dimensional flames, plateauing at 1.23 for large intensities. The existence of an intermediate integral scale is also found at which the turbulent speed is maximized. When two-dimensional flames are subject to turbulence, the primary wrinkling patterns give rise to polyhedral-cellular structures which bear a very close resemblance to those observed in experiments on hydrodynamically unstable expanding spherical flames.     

应用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式数值模拟RAE2822翼型绕流

应用Gao-Yong可压缩湍流模式,数值模拟RAE2822二维翼型在两种不同来流情况下的跨音速粘性绕流问题.湍流模式的对流项用ROE格式离散,扩散项用中心差分格式离散,空间离散后的控制方程用多步Runge-Kutta显式时间推进格式求解.计算结果预测了翼型表面的压力系数的分布、平均速度剖面、激波的位置、马赫数等值线等情况.同时,对翼型表面激波与边界层相互干扰以及转捩问题进行分析计算,结果表明,Gao-Yong可压缩湍流模式结合适当的数值方法能够成功地模拟翼型跨音速粘性流动.最后,基于Gao-Yong可压缩湍流模式各项异性湍流粘性的机理,初步提出一种预测转捩起始位置的方法.     

Universal spectrum of two-dimensional turbulence on a rotating sphere and some basic features of atmospheric circulation on giant planets

The Kolmogorov-Batchelor-Kraichnan (KBK) theory of two-dimensional turbulence is generalized for turbulence on the surface of a rotating sphere. The energy spectrum develops considerable anisotropy; a steep -5 slope emerges in the zonal direction, while in all others the classical KBK scaling prevails. This flow regime in robust steady state is reproduced in simulations with linear drag. The conditions favorable for this regime may be common for giant planets' atmospheric circulations; the same steep spectra are found in their observed zonal velocity profiles and utilized to explain their basic characteristics.     

Noise due to turbulent flow past a trailing edge

A theoretical method [I] for calculating far field noise from an airfoil in an incident turbulent flow is extended to apply to the case of noise produced by turbulent flow past a trailing edge, and some minor points of the theory in reference [1] are clarified. For the trailing edge noise, the convecting surface pressure spectrum upstream of the trailing edge is taken to be the appropriate input. The noise is regarded as generated almost totally by the induced surface dipoles near the trailing edge and thus equal, but anticorrelated, noise is radiated into the regions above and below the airfoil wake, respectively. The basic assumption of the analysis, from which these concepts of appropriate input and dominance of dipole sources follow, is that the turbulence remains stationary in the statistical sense as it moves past the trailing edge. The results show that such trailing edge noise often is quite small, compared say to that produced by typical oncoming turbulence levels of one percent, but that it might be appreciable for an airfoil with a flow separation, or for a blown flap.     

聚变堆液态包层准二维磁流体湍流模型研究

为研究聚变堆氚增殖包层中液态金属湍流磁流体动力学(MHD)效应,开发了一种新的准二维单方程 MHD 湍流模型,并进行了相关数值模拟程序的编制及验证。对于矩形管道中的准二维 MHD 湍流流动,三维流 动主要发生在哈德曼层中,中心的主流区呈现出二维流动。为了反映这种特殊的流动特征,新湍流模型在标准 k-ε 模型的基础之上去掉了传统的耗散项,代之以电磁耗散项来模拟湍流 MHD 效应。同时,采用 Bradshaw 假设来对 湍流涡粘系数进行模化。为验证该湍流模型是否合理,编制了相关数值模拟程序,并利用直接数值模拟(DNS)结 果对该程序进行了校正,数值模拟结果与 DNS 结果吻合较好。计算结果表明,该湍流模型可应用于聚变堆液态 包层 MHD 湍流流动的数值模拟。     

几种典型流动条件对平板转捩过程影响的数值模拟

采用作者构造的k方程转捩湍流模型，数值模拟了较大跨度来流湍流度情况、不同来流湍流度时几种不同顺、逆压梯度存在情况、壁面存在不同热交换强度情况下平板的转捩流动过程．与实验结果对比表明，新模型具有较好地模拟转捩流动能力。     

Adsorption of O on Mo(110) surface from first-principles calculation

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been performed to study O adsorption in on-surface and subsurface sites. For different coverages, hollow site is found to be the most stable on-surface adsorption site. For the subsurface adsorption at the bare Mo surface, the adsorption energies are found to be higher than those at the on-surface sites, suggesting that these sites are less stable. However, the presence of preadsorbed O overlayer enhances the binding energy of subsurface adsorption, particularly for the adsorption of O at octahedral site. Further, vibrational frequencies, work-function and density of states are presented for O adsorption in on-surface sites.     

抛光表面的亚表层损伤检测方法研究

光学元件磨削加工引入的亚表面损伤威胁着光学元件的使用性能及寿命,成为现阶段高能激光发展的瓶颈问题,特别是抛光表面光学元件的亚表面损伤检测已成为光学元件制造行业的研究热点和难点.本文结合光学共聚焦成像、层析技术、显微光学、光学散射以及微弱信号处理等技术,给出了基于光学共焦层析显微成像的光学元件亚表面损伤检测方法.分析了不同针孔大小对测量准确度的影响,并首次给出了亚表面损伤的纵向截面分布图.与腐蚀法比较结果显示:针对自行加工的同一片K9玻璃,采用本文提出的方法测得的亚表面损伤深度45 μm左右;采用化学腐蚀处理技术,对光学元件逐层刻蚀,观察得到的亚表面损伤深度50~55 μm.两者基本一致,进一步验证了本文采用的方法可以实现对光学元件亚表面损伤的定量、非破坏检测.     

Hydrogen adsorption,absorption and diffusion on and in transition metal surfaces: A DFT study

Periodic, self-consistent DFT-GGA(PW91) calculations are used to study the interaction of hydrogen with different facets of seventeen transition metals—the (100) and (111) facets of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals, the (0001) facet of hexagonal-close packed (hcp) metals, and the (100) and (110) facets of body-centered cubic (bcc) metals. Calculated geometries and binding energies for surface and subsurface hydrogen are reported and are, in general, in good agreement with both previous modeling studies and experimental data. There are significant differences between the binding on the close-packed and more open (100) facets of the same metal. Geometries of subsurface hydrogen on different facets of the same metal are generally similar; however, binding energies of hydrogen in the subsurface of the different facets studied showed significant variation. Formation of surface hydrogen is exothermic with respect to gas-phase H₂ on all metals studied with the exception of Ag and Au. For each metal studied, hydrogen in its preferred subsurface state is always less stable than its preferred surface state. The magnitude of the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion from the surface layer into the first subsurface layer is dominated by the difference in the thermodynamic stability of these two states. Diffusion from the first subsurface layer to one layer further into the bulk does not generally have a large thermodynamic barrier but still has a moderate kinetic barrier. Despite the proximity to the metal surface, the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion from the first to the second subsurface layer is generally similar to experimentally-determined activation energies for bulk diffusion found in the literature. There are also some significant differences in the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion into the bulk through different facets of the same metal.     

Subsurface strain in the Ge(001) and Ge(111) surfaces and comparison to silicon

The subsurface strain associated with surface reconstruction was measured for the Ge(001)-c(4×2) and Ge(111)-c(2×8) surfaces using high energy ion scattering. In the case of the Ge(001) surface we find the equivalent of ∼3 monolayers displaced by more than 0.12 Å, in accord with dimer models of the surface reconstruction. For the Ge(111) surface displacements are observed in off-normal incidence, indicating large displacements perpendicular to the surface or other reconstructions, such as a stacking fault configuration. The relationship between subsurface strain and stacking fault models is also discussed. The subsurface strain in these two Ge surfaces is remarkably similar to that of the corresponding Si surfaces, even though the details of the surface reconstruction are different. Measurements at low temperature indicate that the strain is essentially temperature independent, as expected. Measurements of the hydrogen covered surfaces show little change is strain, a surprising result when compared to the behavior of Si(001).     

On MRI turbulence quantification

Turbulent flow, characterized by velocity fluctuations, accompanies many forms of cardiovascular disease and may contribute to their progression and hemodynamic consequences. Several studies have investigated the effects of turbulence on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal. Quantitative MRI turbulence measurements have recently been shown to have great potential for application both in human cardiovascular flow and in engineering flow. In this article, potential pitfalls and sources of error in MRI turbulence measurements are theoretically and numerically investigated. Data acquisition strategies suitable for turbulence quantification are outlined. The results show that the sensitivity of MRI turbulence measurements to intravoxel mean velocity variations is negligible, but that noise may degrade the estimates if the turbulence encoding parameter is set improperly. Different approaches for utilizing a given amount of scan time were shown to influence the dynamic range and the uncertainty in the turbulence estimates due to noise. The findings reported in this work may be valuable for both in vitro and in vivo studies employing MRI methods for turbulence quantification.     

Controlling subsurface damage in neodymium-doped phosphate glass

We investigate the removal mechanism of neodymium-doped phosphate glass dominated in loose abrasive grinding and bound abrasive grinding. Moreover, we investigate the surface roughness and subsurface damage change with optical fabrication parameters, such as different spindle speed, load and abrasive size under different grinding processes in details. For a range of experimental conditions, we find that fracture is the principal removal mechanism for loose abrasive grinding, while plastic scratching is the dominating mechanism for bound abrasive grinding. The load has more influence on subsurface damage for bound abrasive grinding than for loose abrasive grinding. However, the spindle speed has different effect on subsurface damage produced with loose abrasive grinding and bound abrasive grinding. Moderate spindle speed and low load is preferred to produce smaller subsurface damage for loose abrasive grinding. Moreover, higher spindle speed and lower load are preferred to plastic scratching for bound abrasive grinding. Bound abrasive grinding produces 4 times lower surface roughness and 3 times lower subsurface damage than loose abrasive grinding.     

HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT DUE TO TURBULENCE INDUCED BY PARTICLE MOTION IN GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BEDS

Heat transfer augmentation due to turbulence in the gaseous flow of a gas-solid fluidized bed is analyzed. Since the heat transfer in such beds is enhanced by various mechanisms, each mechanism's contribution can only be separately evaluated using special means. Therefore, we employed a new mass transfer measurement technique to measure the contribution of the turbulence induced by particle motion on the total heat transfer occurring around a horizontal test cylinder immersed in a fluidized bed. Results indicate that the mass transfer, i.e., analogous to convective heat transfer to or from the gaseous flow, is enhanced by the turbulence produced from particle motion on the front side of the cylinder surface, but that other heat transfer mechanisms besides turbulence contribute to the heat transfer augmentation taking place on the cylinder side walls and back-side surface.     

Wind noise measured at the ground surface

Measurements of the wind noise measured at the ground surface outdoors are analyzed using the mirror flow model of anisotropic turbulence by Kraichnan [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28(3), 378-390 (1956)]. Predictions of the resulting behavior of the turbulence spectrum with height are developed, as well as predictions of the turbulence-shear interaction pressure at the surface for different wind velocity profiles and microphone mounting geometries are developed. The theoretical results of the behavior of the velocity spectra with height are compared to measurements to demonstrate the applicability of the mirror flow model to outdoor turbulence. The use of a logarithmic wind velocity profile for analysis is tested using meteorological models for wind velocity profiles under different stability conditions. Next, calculations of the turbulence-shear interaction pressure are compared to flush microphone measurements at the surface and microphone measurements with a foam covering flush with the surface. The measurements underneath the thin layers of foam agree closely with the predictions, indicating that the turbulence-shear interaction pressure is the dominant source of wind noise at the surface. The flush microphones measurements are intermittently larger than the predictions which may indicate other contributions not accounted for by the turbulence-shear interaction pressure.     

Large-eddy simulation of impinging jets on smooth and rough surfaces

We performed large-eddy simulations (LES) of forced impinging jets over smooth and rough surfaces, containing large-scale, azimuthal vortices generated by the enhanced primary instability in the jet shear layer. The interaction between these vortices and the turbulence in the wall jet that is formed downstream of the impingement region determines their rate of decay. To explore the surface-roughness effects on the evolution of the vortices, sand-grain-like surfaces are generated using uniformly distributed but randomly oriented ellipsoids. The flow is compared to our previous LES of jets impinging on a smooth surface. In spite of the severe modification caused by the roughness on the near-wall flow, the vortex development is not significantly altered. Slightly faster decay of the primary vortices is observed in the rough-wall case compared to the smooth-wall one; the secondary vortex that detaches from the wall and is lifted up has larger vorticity. The highly disturbed near-wall flow is advected outward and affects the evolution of the primary vortex for a longer period during the vortex interaction. The robust turbulent generation mechanism in the outer shear layer, however, mitigates the changes in vortex behaviour. The momentum deficit and the enhancement of turbulence due to the surface roughness play a key role during this process.     

高超声速平板边界层/圆柱粗糙元非定常干扰

以高超声速表面湍流控制为应用背景,平板/粗糙元干扰流动为模型,采用大涡模拟方法研究粗糙元流场干扰作用机理.分析粗糙元外形特征对于流动稳定性影响,给出其引起的流动表面参数的变化规律.结果显示超声速边界层在粗糙元作用下产生强逆压梯度并发生分离,粗糙元高度对高位自由剪切层失稳有明显影响,低粗糙元干扰下游流动稳定性,而高粗糙元剪切层发生流向失稳,形成涡串结构;同时粗糙元干扰导致下游摩阻和热流系数较平板略低,可能应用在进气道降热和减阻中.     

叶栅内定常及非定常粘性流动数值模拟

本文给出了一个模拟叶栅内准三维定常和非定常粘性流动的数值方法。对于定常流动,采用ＴＶＤ Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆｆ格式和代数湍流模型求解雷诺平均Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程,使用当地时间步长和多网格技术使计算加速收敛到定常状态;对于非定常流动,使用双时间步长和全隐式离散,采用与求解定常流动相似的多网格方法求解隐式离散方程。文中给出了ＶＫＩ透平叶栅内的定常流结果和１．５级透平叶栅内的非定常数值结果。