两相催化体系中双子表面活性剂对1-十二烯氢甲酰化反应的促进作用

报道了水溶性铑膦配合物组成的复合催化体系催化1-十二烯氢甲酰化反应中,双子表面活性剂[二溴化-(N,N,N′,N′-四甲基)-N,N′-二(十六烷基)-乙二铵]形成胶束的助催化作用.结果表明,在水/有机两相中,双子表面活性剂比单链表面活性剂CTAB具有更好加速催化反应的作用,并使烯烃氢甲酰化的区域选择性显著提高.这归因于双子表面活性剂有较低的cmc,可形成更加紧密规整的胶束结构,有利于增溶在胶束中的烯烃与铑催化剂配位和生成正构醛.     

水-有机两相体系中钌络合物催化肉桂醛选择性加氢瓜研究

对RuCl3·XH2O和TPPTS[P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3]原位合成的水溶性钌膦络合物在水-有机两相体系中对肉桂醛的选择性加氢反应,考察了反应温度时间、膦配体浓度、搅拌速度、底物和催化剂之比等条件对反应活性和选择性的影响.对比了单长工链阳离子表面活性剂CTAB和双长链阳离子表面活性剂DCMAB(dicetyldimethylammonium)的助催化作用,发现DCMAB化作用明显优于CTAB,在DCMAB助催化作用下,转化率98.3%,选择性96.9%.     

反相微乳液中苯酚硝化反应选择性的研究

采用气相色谱内标法研究了苯酚在AOT/异辛烷/水、CTAB/正癸醇/异辛烷/水、DBSA/异辛烷/水3种反相微乳液中进行硝化反应的选择性;考察了表面活性剂种类、反应时间、反应温度以及反相微乳液的含水量等因素对反应选择性的影响.研究结果表明,苯酚在微乳液体系中的硝化反应具有明显的邻位选择性,阴离子表面活性剂DB-SA体系的邻位选择性最高,这与它同时具有微乳催化和酸催化作用有关.     

胶束催化作用下实现聚苯乙烯的氯甲基化

用紫外分光光度法测定了离子型表面活性剂胶束溶液对聚苯乙烯四氯化碳溶液的增溶性能; 用胶束催化法实现了聚苯乙烯的氯甲基化, 用红外光谱法和佛尔哈德法表征了氯甲基化聚苯乙烯的化学结构与组成; 通过比较阴、 阳离子表面活性剂及结构不同的阳离子表面活性剂的催化效果, 探索了胶束催化的作用机理, 考察了表面活性剂结构对催化作用的影响规律. 结果表明, 表面活性剂胶束溶液可增溶聚苯乙烯的四氯化碳溶液, 随着四氯化碳在胶束中的增溶, 聚苯乙烯可转移至表面活性剂的胶束中; 胶束催化是实现聚苯乙烯的氯甲基化的有效途经, 仅用3.35 g/L的十六甲基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),  于65 ℃， 5 h内即可使聚苯乙烯大分子链中的苯环氯甲基化程度达到37%; 聚苯乙烯与甲醛、 氯化氢的反应过程由亲电取代和亲核取代串联而成, 阳离子表面活性剂比阴离子表面活性剂的催化作用更加有效, 说明亲核取代是慢步骤; 阳离子表面活性剂疏水链越长, 对聚苯乙烯的增溶效果越好, 催化作用越强.     

表面活性剂在水-有机两相体系中对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天苷的影响

采用缓冲液/正己烷为反应体系,比较了几类表面活性剂(CTAB,SDS,SDBS,Tween 20)对酶活的影响.并在该反应体系中,考察了表面活性剂对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天苷的反应中底物转化率以及初始反应速率的影响,确定了反应混合体系的适宜含水量.结果表明,在水/有机两相体系中,HLB值较高的SDS对酶的失活体现出了一定的抑制作用,其余表面活性剂均对酶失活起了不同程度的加速作用.在几类表面活性剂各自最适添加浓度下,CTAB,SDS,Tween 20三组均将底物转化率从9.2%提高到11%左右.不添加表面活性剂所测得的初始反应速率最高,Tween 20组次之,离子型表面活性剂添加组最低.对于SDS添加组,当其含水量为10%时,底物转化率可以达到22.3%.     

有机电解质在胶束催化聚苯乙烯氯甲基化反应中的作用

在实施聚苯乙烯氯甲基化反应的胶束催化体系中加入四丁基溴化铵 ((Bu)₄NBr, TBAB), 研究了有机电解质TBAB对胶束催化反应的影响规律. 实验结果表明, 在非离子表面活性剂NP-10及阴离子表面活性剂SDS的胶束催化体系中, TBAB的加入使聚苯乙烯氯甲基化反应的速率明显增大, 前者尤为突出；而在阳离子表面活性剂CTAB的胶束催化体系中, TBAB的加入几乎对反应速率无促进作用. 这种结果一方面归因于加入电解质TBAB会降低SDS的临界胶束浓度, 从而增强对聚苯乙烯四氯化碳溶液的增溶能力；更主要的原因是TBAB的丁基与表面活性剂碳氢链间的疏水相互作用会使季铵离子(Bu)₄N⁺嵌入SDS的胶束之中, 结合到NP-10的胶束表面, 使SDS胶束的阴离子头基对亲核取代反应(控制步骤)的禁阻作用得以减缓, 使NP-10的胶束表面携带了正电荷, 显著促进亲核取代反应的进行, 而对于CTAB的胶束, 由于静电排斥作用, 季铵离子(Bu)₄N⁺不能接近CTAB的胶束, 故TBAB的加入对聚苯乙烯氯甲基化反应不产生作用.     

胶束溶液中金属卟啉Fe(TEPyP)催化H2O2氧化降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚的动力学研究

合成了四(4-N-乙基吡啶基)卟啉铁（Fe(TEPyP)）,并用紫外-可见分光光度法研究了Fe(TEPyP)分别与表面活性剂LSS、CTAB和Brij35形成的金属胶束催化H2O2氧化2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)反应的动力学,探讨了体系酸度、H2O2/催化剂摩尔比、温度对催化降解反应速率的影响,提出了催化氧化机理,建立了反应的动力学数学模型。研究结果表明：Fe(TEPyP)和胶束形成的金属胶束表现出过氧化物酶的催化氧化特性,其中阴离子表面活性剂LSS形成的金属胶束的催化作用最显著。     

新型表面活性膦在长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的助催化作用

 考察了新型表面活性膦配体DPPTS(对-十二烷基苯基二苯基膦的磺酸钠盐)和OPPTS(对-辛基苯基二苯基膦的磺酸钠盐)在铑络合物催化的水/有机两相长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的助催化作用. 在催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应时,观察到烯烃与膦配体之间有一定的链长匹配效应; 含DPPTS的催化剂体系在低膦/铑比条件下表现出比含表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和水溶性配体三苯基膦三磺酸钠的催化剂体系高得多的催化活性,而且铑流失到有机相极少,仅为加入总铑量的0.8%. 这种亲水基团和磷原子处于碳链同一端的表面活性膦配体比文献报道的亲水基团和磷原子分别处于碳链两端的表面活性膦配体具有更好的助催化活性.     

直链醇对反胶束体系中木素过氧化物酶催化活性的影响

根据研究发现, 在有醇作助表面活性剂的CTAB反胶束中木素过氧化物酶(LiP)不能表现活力, 而在水介质中CTAB对LiP的催化活性影响又不是很大. 为了揭示其中醇的影响, 本工作就不同碳链长度的醇对LiP酶催化性能的影响进行了研究. 由于CTAB反胶束体系中醇浓度较高, 且碳原子数大于4的直链醇在水中的溶解度又很小, 为此采用了LiP可在其中显示催化活性的CTAB正胶束、AOT反胶束和Brij30反胶束作介质, 通过研究这些介质中不同链长的醇对LiP催化活力的影响, 来探讨CTAB反胶束中木素过氧化物酶(LiP)不能表现活力的原因. 结果表明, 不管表面活性剂聚集体的结构、电性质及反胶束大小如何, 只要醇的浓度超过500 mmol•L^－1 (丁醇≥1200 mmol•L^－1), LiP在上述原本可显示活力的介质中均无催化活性. 据此推测CTAB反胶束中木素过氧化物酶(LiP)不能表现活力的原因主要是由助表面活性剂醇造成的.     

多功能臂大环多胺La(Ⅲ)配合物的合成及其对PNPP催化水解研究

本文合成了一个多功能臂大环多胺La(Ⅲ)配合物,通过光谱法研究了pH值、温度以及表面活性剂对α-吡啶甲酸对硝基苯酚酯(PNPP)催化水解反应的影响。结果表明非离子表面活性剂Brij35胶束体系的催化活性比阳离子表面活性剂CTAB胶束体系高。前者加速催化,后者则禁阻催化。     

Biphasic Catalytic Hydroformylation of 1-Dodecene in Micellar System with Cationic Gemini Surfactants

The promotion effect of cationic gemini surfactants for the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene in the organic/aqueous biphasic catalytic system is reported. The hydroformylation reaction in the presence of gemini surfactant occurred with higher turnover frequency and higher selectivity for linear aldehyde than using conventional monomeric surfactant CTAB.     

Water/Oil Diphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh/SiO_2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous high-surface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of mass transfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performance for hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of the traditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersed Rh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Water/Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous highsurface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of mass transfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performance for hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of the traditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersed Rh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Water／Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh／SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous high-surface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of masstransfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performancefor hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of thetraditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersedRh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation ofhigher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Hydroformylation of 2,5‐norbornadiene in organic/aqueous two‐phase system and acceleration by cationic surfactants

The organic/aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of 2,5‐norbornadiene (NBD) was investigated for the first time using HRh(CO)(TPPTS)₃ (TPPTS: trisodium salt of tri(m‐sulphonylphenyl)phosphine) as the catalyst precursor. A comparison was made of homogeneous and biphasic systems. The optimum reaction parameters are discussed and the reaction mechanism is presented. In order to ensure the process attained high activity under moderate conditions, the effect of various cationic surfactants was tested in the biphasic hydroformylation of NBD. The results indicated that the hydroformylation of NBD in the biphasic system exhibited high activity and high selectivity to dialdehyde products under mild conditions. The addition of cationic surfactants markedly accelerated the reaction. A single long‐chain surfactant seemed to exert a greater impact on the hydroformylation of NBD than a double long‐chain surfactant. Moreover, the recycling of aqueous solution containing catalyst with or without surfactant was investigated. In the absence of the surfactant, the aqueous catalyst could be recycled six times without a significant decrease in activity and selectivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gemini imidazolium surfactants: synthesis and their biophysiochemical study

New gemini imidazolium surfactants 9-13 have been synthesized by a regioselective epoxy ring-opening reaction under solvent-free conditions. The surface properties of these new gemini surfactants were evaluated by surface tension and conductivity measurements. These surfactants have been found to have low critical micelle concentration (cmc) values as compared to other categories of gemini cationic surfactants and also showed the tendency to form premicellar aggregates in solution at sufficiently low concentration below their cmc values. The thermal degradation of these surfactants was determined by thermograviometry analysis (TGA). These new cationic surfactants have a good DNA binding capability as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide exclusion experiments. They have also been found to have low cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on the C6 glioma cell line.     

水/有机两相体系 1-癸烯氢氨甲基化反应中 TPPTS 和TPPDS 的协同效应

 在 RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2-TPPTS[P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3]/TPPDS[C6H5P(m-C6H4 SO3Na)2]-CTAB (十六烷基三甲基溴化铵) 水-有机两相催化体系中, 系统考察了 TPPTS/TPPDS 摩尔比、反应压力、阳离子表面活性剂结构及其浓度对 1-癸烯氢氨甲基化反应区域选择性的影响. 结果表明, TPPDS 的加入对生成胺的区域选择性的影响非常大. 当 TPPTS/TPPDS 摩尔比为 4 时, 直链胺和支链胺之比由不加 TPPDS 时的 8.2 增加到 21.0. 可见, TPPTS 和 TPPDS 存在着明显的协同效应. 阳离子表面活性剂的结构对生成胺的区域选择性影响也很大, 加入双长链阳离子表面活性剂时区域选择性远低于单长链阳离子表面活性剂, 且形成的聚集体越紧密, 越有利于提高产物正/异比.     

Mixed micelles of amphiphilic drug promethazine hydrochloride and surfactants (conventional and gemini) at 293.15K to 308.15K: Composition, interaction and stability of the aggregates

Micellization of an amphiphilic phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) in presence of conventional (CTAB and TTAB) as well as gemini (16-s-16 and 14-s-14, s=4-6) cationic surfactants has been studied conductometrically at different temperatures. Critical micelle concentration values (cmc and cmc(id)) indicate mixed micelle formation among the two components. Micellar mole fractions of surfactants (X(1), X(1)(M) and X(1)(id)) show greater contribution of surfactants. Interaction parameter, β, suggests attractive interactions in the mixed systems. The thermodynamic parameters suggest dehydration of hydrophobic part of the drug at higher temperatures.     

Surface tension and aggregation properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with diethylammonium headgroups and a diamido spacer

A series of novel cationic gemini surfactants with diethylammonium headgroups and a diamido spacer were synthesized, and their surface and bulk properties were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity, fluorescence, viscosity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. An interesting phenomenon, that is, the obvious decline in surface tension upon increasing concentration above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), was found in these gemini surfactant solutions, and two explanations were proposed. This surface tension behavior could be explained by the rapid increase in the counterion activity in the bulk phase or the continued filling of the interface with increasing surfactant concentration above the cmc. More interestingly, not only vesicles but also the surfactant-concentration-induced vesicle to larger aggregate (spongelike aggregate) transition and the salt-induced vesicle and spongelike aggregate to micelle transition were found in the aqueous solutions of these gemini surfactants. The spongelike aggregate that is first reported in the cationic gemini surfactant-water binary system is probably caused by the adhesion and fusion of vesicles at high surfactant concentration.