乳化炸药爆轰合成纳米氧化铈及表征

为通过爆轰法合成纳米氧化铈,设计并制备了以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O为主要氧化剂的5种乳化炸药。综合考虑Ce(NO3)3含量对乳化炸药爆速的影响和纳米氧化铈的得率,筛选出适用于爆轰法制备纳米氧化铈的乳化炸药配方。通过在爆炸罐中起爆乳化炸药,制备得到了纳米氧化铈。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品进行表征。XRD测试结果表明,乳化炸药爆轰法合成的纳米氧化铈属于立方晶系,理论粒径为74nm。TEM测试结果表明,合成的纳米氧化铈外观呈球形,具有较好的分散性和粒度均一性,平均粒径为70nm。     

玻璃微球基乳化炸药及其在爆炸焊接中的应用

爆速是爆炸复合的主要参数之一。采用玻璃微球作为敏化剂和稀释剂,研究玻璃微球尺寸、含量对乳化炸药爆速的影响,然后调配爆速为2.230km/s的低爆速乳化炸药,利用铝蜂窝板配置蜂窝结构炸药,进行铝-钢复合板的爆炸焊接。试验结果表明:炸药密度随着玻璃微球含量的增加而减小;小尺寸玻璃微球含量(质量分数)小于2%或者大于35%时,乳化炸药发生拒爆现象;玻璃微球含量大于7%且小于35%时,炸药爆速随着玻璃微球含量的增大而减小。小尺寸(5~100μm)玻璃微球的敏化效果和调节爆速效果比大尺寸(70~200μm)玻璃微球好,铝蜂窝结构炸药用于铝-钢爆炸焊接可以获得良好的结合质量。     

气相爆轰反应中纳米TiO2颗粒的动态收集及微观生长机制

在气相爆轰制备纳米TiO_2实验中,将设计的可移动纳米粉体收集网台内置于爆轰管内,收集到了爆轰反应过程中生成的纳米TiO_2,首次采用实验的方法探讨了气相爆轰制备纳米颗粒的生长机制。经分析发现,网台上与爆轰管壁收集的粉体为金红石相与锐钛矿相TiO_2,且网台上TiO_2的粒径明显小于管壁上收集的TiO_2粒径。网台到爆轰管尾端的距离对颗粒尺寸影响非常显著,距离越近,纳米TiO_2的粒径越小。结合爆轰波/冲击波在爆轰管中的传播规律,基于实验观察,进一步揭示了气相爆轰合成纳米颗粒的生长机制。     

气-液-固三相体系云雾爆轰特性的实验研究

在内径为0.2m、高5.4m的大型立式激波管内,同时对液体燃料和黑索金(RDX)粉末进行抛撒,采用底部直接起爆,得到了RDX-液体燃料-空气三相体系的爆压和爆速,利用烟熏技术得到了爆轰波的胞格结构、尺寸及长宽比。结果表明:90#溶剂油-空气两相体系的平均爆压为5~6 MPa,可以将其作为燃料-空气炸药的主燃料;向该燃料中添加硝酸异丙酯(IPN)可以降低其临界起爆能,添加RDX能够提高体系的爆速和爆压。此外,通过理论分析结合实验验证得出,多相爆轰的临界起爆能和爆轰胞格尺寸之间存在与气相爆轰类似的关系。     

炸药爆轰法制备的纳米石墨粉的拉曼光谱

负氧平衡炸药爆轰法合成的纳米石墨粉,是一种新型的具有良好实用前景的纳米粉体材料。采用负氧平衡炸药梯恩梯(TNT),在分别充有氮气、氩气、二氧化碳等保护性气体、压力为0.25～2 atm的密闭容器内爆轰制备了纳米石墨粉。用激光拉曼光谱对制备的样品进行了测试,结果表明样品为石墨结构。纳米石墨粉的Raman峰与块体石墨相比,其峰位向高波数方向偏移了约5 cm-1。纳米石墨粉Raman峰的半高宽约为22 cm-1,由此可计算出纳米石墨粉的颗粒大小为2.97～3.97 nm。与高纯石墨Raman峰相比,纳米石墨粉的Raman峰由于尺寸效应出现了蓝移现象, 并对此现象进行了讨论。用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定了纳米石墨粉的物相,并对其颗粒粒径进行了估算,其结果为2.58 nm(酸处理前)和1.86 nm(酸处理后),与Raman光谱的结果基本吻合。     

多元混合炸药爆轰驱动圆筒膨胀规律的理论确定方法

为快速预估任意配比的多元混合炸药爆轰产物的JWL(Jones-Wilkins-Lee)参数,提出了快速确定多元混合炸药爆轰驱动圆筒膨胀规律的理论方法,即在给定各组分爆轰产物JWL参数的前提下,根据能量守恒定律,采用Gurney模型,确定圆筒试验中多元混合炸药爆轰驱动圆筒膨胀距离随时间变化的曲线。同时,利用能量守恒原理以及经典爆轰理论中通过常γ状态方程得到的爆速、爆压和爆热之间的关系式,提出了确定多元混合炸药爆速和爆压的方法。采用该理论方法,分别计算了多元混合炸药PBXC03和PBXC10爆轰驱动圆筒膨胀规律及爆速和爆压,计算结果与前人的实验结果符合较好,验证了该理论方法的可行性和有效性。     

气相/凝聚炸药爆轰合成的碳包铜纳米颗粒特征

采用凝聚炸药爆轰和气相爆轰分别制备碳包铜纳米颗粒,并利用XRD,Raman和TEM等方法对合成纳米产物进行对比分析。其中凝聚炸药爆轰法以柠檬酸铜干凝胶、油酸和黑索金为原料按照一定比例配成爆炸源,在氮气的保护氛围中引爆；而气相爆轰法以乙酰丙酮铜为原料,分别以H2和O2,H2和空气为爆炸源,在负氧条件下引爆。通过XRD,Raman和TEM分析结果表明,两类爆轰法均可得到分散性良好的碳包覆铜纳米颗粒,碳壳石墨化程度较高。气相爆轰可以合成10 nm以下的纳米晶粒,而凝聚炸药爆轰合成的晶粒尺寸在20~40 nm,且存在较多空壳结构；气相爆轰产物其碳壳尺寸在2~3 nm,凝聚炸药爆轰产物其碳壳尺寸在2~5 nm。     

RDX炸药爆轰产物物态方程

采用基于统计物理的爆轰产物物态方程模型,研究了不同初始密度下RDX炸药爆轰产物性质,发现炸药初始密度小于1.20g/cm3时,炸药爆轰后只有气相产物生成,随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,爆轰后有固相碳析出。炸药初始密度小于1.60g/cm3时,各气相产物按均匀混合处理,计算的爆速、爆压和实验值符合较好。随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,计算的爆速、爆压与实验值出现较大的偏差,经分析发现此处可能出现了超临界流体相分离现象,在物态方程模型中考虑了这种效应后,得到较好的结果。     

爆轰法制备纳米TiO2及其参数控制

 采用偏钛酸与炸药混合进行爆轰合成，制备出晶粒尺寸在10 nm到60 nm之间的纳米TiO₂粉末。结合XRD、TEM、BET等表征手段，研究了纳米TiO₂的制备参数与其晶粒尺寸和晶相结构之间的关系。发现当炸药含量增加时，产物晶粒尺寸增大，同时晶相结构随炸药量的增加逐渐由低温的锐钛矿型和板钛矿型向高温的金红石型转变，爆轰温度在这种转变过程中起着极为重要的作用。     

不同粒径CeO_2纳米粒子的控制合成

通过水热合成方法合成了粒径分布窄、大小不同的立方萤石结构的CeO_2纳米粒子。研究了沉淀剂的浓度和水热处理温度对合成的CeO_2纳米粒子的粒径分布的影响,合成产物的物相和粒径分别通过XRD、TEM表征,FTIR结果表明,二氧化铈的表面吸附的大量硫酸根可能是导致氧化铈纳米粒子聚集长大的根源。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.