甲烷-空气最小点火能量预测理论模型

 最小点火能是可燃气体危险性辨识的重要参数之一。为从理论上得到混合气体的最小点火能,建立了可燃气体火花点火的物理模型,给出了通过数值模拟得到的可燃气体最小点火能量的预测方法,采用该方法得到了甲烷-空气混合气火花点火的临界温度及最小点火能量。结果表明：甲烷-空气混合气的最小点火能量与浓度呈U型关系,浓度为8.5%的预混气的最小点火能量计算值为0.39 mJ,与实验值0.4 mJ吻合较好。     

喷粉压力及点火延迟时间对粉尘爆炸参数的影响

为进一步研究影响粉尘爆炸特性参数的因素,在5L柱形密闭爆炸容器中,以食用玉米淀粉为试样,利用高压放电火花点火,并通过压力采集系统记录容器内压力的变化,研究了不同吹粉压力下,点火延迟时间对粉尘爆炸压力参数的影响,并对实验现象进行了理论分析。实验结果表明:点火延迟时间对粉尘爆炸压力和压力上升速率影响显著;吹粉压力存在一个临界值,当吹粉压力大于临界值时,存在一个最佳点火延迟时间,使得爆炸压力峰值和压力上升速率峰值最大,且随着吹粉压力的增大,粉尘爆炸的最佳点火延迟时间缩短;当吹粉压力小于临界值时,点火延迟时间越长,粉尘爆炸压力越小。     

燃料与自由基的Lewis数对预混气体点火的影响

通过渐近理论分析研究了燃料与自由基的Lewis数对预混气体点火的影响。采用包含自由基的两步化学反应,基于火焰球模型,推导出了描述火焰球半径随点火能以及燃料与自由基的Lewis数而变化的关系式。并在此基础上发现不同参数条件下成功点火的三种情况,研究了燃料与自由基的Lewis数对最小点火能的影响。研究结果表明:随着燃料Lewis数的增大,最小点火能增大;随着自由基Lewis数的增大,最小点火能减小。     

RDX激光点火的一维气相模型

为了研究含能材料RDX在激光作用下的点火特性,在Liau等人的工作基础上,考虑了物理参数随温度和组分浓度的变化,建立了RDX激光点火的气相模型.利用有限差分方法,计算了激光功率密度为400 W/cm2、环境压力为0.1 MPa时RDX的点火过程.结果表明:约90%的RDX以蒸发的形式进入气相,另外的10%在液相中发生分...     

基于图像透光率的粉尘浓度测量算法研究

为了实时在线监测颗粒物料在装卸和运输过程中所产生粉尘的浓度,提高粉尘浓度测量结果的精确性与可靠性,提出了一种基于图像透光率特征值计算的粉尘浓度测量算法。通过搭建粉尘浓度视觉测量实验平台,采集粉尘图像,再提取粉尘图像的透光率特征,以暗通道理论为基础,结合图像饱和度与亮度信息对粉尘图像透光率值进行计算,并采用多项式拟合的方式建立了粉尘浓度与图像透光率之间的映射关系,实现了粉尘浓度的高效率、高精度测量。研究结果表明：该算法不仅能有效地测量出粉尘浓度,且平均相对误差仅为7.77%,精确度得到有效提高,测量范围更大。     

20L球型罐内不同粒径铝粉扩散的数值模拟

20L球型爆炸罐是用于测试粉尘爆炸特性参数的标准装置之一。粉尘颗粒在密闭空间内的运动规律,对于研究粉尘的最佳点火延迟时间段有重要的作用。基于计算流体力学理论,对20L球型罐内的吹粉过程进行了数值模拟,监测了不同粒径的铝粉颗粒在20L球型罐内的分散情况,对比了不同铝粉颗粒粒径在罐内的沉降时间。结果表明:粉尘沉降的时间段随粉尘粒径的增大而减小,颗粒大小超过一定尺寸时,铝粉将不能在密闭空间内均匀扩散。     

悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流模型对悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰波进行了数值模拟。RDX炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,颗粒表面发生熔化。参考液滴在高速气流作用下剥离的效应,假设炸药熔化部分在高速气流的作用下发生剥离,破碎成极小的颗粒,瞬时发生分解反应,释放出能量支持爆轰波传播。数值模拟了在不同粒径和浓度的悬浮RDX炸药粉尘中爆轰波的发展与传播过程,得到了爆轰波流场中气-固两相的物理量分布,并确定了爆轰波参数。在较低的RDX粉尘浓度条件下,爆轰波阵面压力的峰值曲线出现振荡。当RDX粉尘浓度在80~150 g/m3时,数值模拟得到的爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线的振荡是规则的;当RDX粉尘浓度为70 g/m3时,爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线出现不规则振荡。     

一种低湍流扬尘方法的实验研究

对一种新型扬尘方法在垂直管道中形成的扬尘湍流特性进行了测量,在此基础上,观察和测量了玉米粉尘火焰向上传播的过程,讨论了湍流对火焰特性的影响。新方法产生的扬尘湍流强度相当低,随时间衰减缓慢,扬尘湍流的积分尺度随着时间增大,约为2 cm到3 cm。实验中观察到两种粉尘火焰:湍流火焰和层流火焰,火焰形态转变对应的点火延迟时间约等于1．1 s,即粉尘云湍流运动强度为10 cm／s,湍流火焰传播速度明显大于层流火焰。     

甲烷-空气最小点火能与耦合系数的计算及应用

针对一种可以用于检测非金属制品在矿井下工作安全性的静电火花检测系统,研究了计算该系统中甲烷-空气引爆的最小点火能量的数学物理模型。并根据该检测系统的结构,提出了点火系统点火前后的电磁能量计算方法。通过计算系统点火前的电磁能量与最小点火能量,计算出检测样品被粉尘摩擦后的带电量,得出了点火能量耦合系数阈值与电荷阈值。结果表明,点火能量耦合系数阈值随电压升高而减小,随电极间距的增大而增大。以静电检测系统为例,当电极间距由1mm增大到5mm时,耦合阈值从0.416 3增加到0.769 1。同时,电荷阈值亦随电极间距增大而增大。研究结果可为进一步检测材料摩擦起电属性以及制定相关安全标准提供参考。     

预混气体自由基点火的机理研究

本文通过渐近理论分析研究了预混气体的自由基点火。采用包含自由基动力学的两步化学反应,基于火焰球模型,推导出了描述火焰球半径随热点火能和自由基点火能以及燃料与自由基的Lewis数的关系式。并在此基础上分别分析了不存在热点火和存在热点火时自由基点火的临界条件,研究了燃料与自由基的Lewis数对最小自由基点火能的影响。研究结果表明:仅存在自由基点火时,最小自由基点火能随着自由基Lewis数的增加而减小,但燃料Lewis数对最小自由基点火能无影响。     

Characterization of a spark discharge for dust cloud ignition

Spark discharges are widely used to ignite flammable gases, liquids, or dust. For a better understanding of the interaction between the spark discharge and the ignited media (gas, liquid, or dust), it is necessary to measure some key parameters of the spark, especially the space‐time variation of its temperature. Determination of temperature gradients would allow a more precise and realistic simulation of the ignition process. In fact, electrons and particles in the discharge zone get their energy with increasing temperature before interacting with particles of the media to ignite the flame. In this study, optical emission spectroscopy of the spark discharge between two tungsten electrodes was performed. Assuming excitation balance between the WI lines, a Boltzmann plot after an Abel inversion gives the excitation temperature and its space‐time variation. For a 100‐μs time discharge, at 80‐μs delay, we measured 7,000 K at the centre of the column zone, 4,100 K at the centre of the cathode zone, and 3,600 K at the centre of the anode zone. Assuming a singly ionized tungsten plasma and excitation equilibrium, we used also the Saha–Boltzmann equation to calculate the plasma composition. The electron density at the column zone was about 3 × 10¹⁷ cm^?3, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the rest of the spark.     

DNS and LES of spark ignition with an automotive coil

The cycle to cycle combustion variability which is observed in spark-ignition engines is often caused by fluctuations of the early flame development. LES can be exploited for a better understanding and mastering of their origins. For that purpose appropriate models taking into account energy deposition, mixture ignition and transition to propagation are necessary requirements. This paper presents first DNS and LES of spark ignition with a real automotive coil and simplified pin-pin electrodes. The electrical circuit characteristics are provided by ISSIM while the energy deposition is modelled by Lagrangian particles. The ignition model is first evaluated in terms of initial spark radius on a pin-pin ignition experiment in pure air performed at CORIA and EM2C laboratories, showing that it pilots the radius of the torus formed by the initial shock wave. DNS of a quiescent lean propane/air mixture are then performed with this ignition system and a two-step mechanism. The impact of the modelled transferred energy during glow phase as well as the initial arc radius on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) are examined and compared to experimental values. Replacing the two-step chemistry by an analytically reduced mechanism leads to similar MIE but shows a different ignition kernel shape. Finally, LES of turbulent ignition using a Lagrangian arc model show a realistic prediction of the arc shape and its important role on the energy transfer location and thus on the flame kernel shape.     

Multipoint radiation induced ignition of dust explosions: turbulent clustering of particles and increased transparency

Understanding the causes and mechanisms of large explosions, especially dust explosions, is essential for minimising devastating hazards in many industrial processes. It is known that unconfined dust explosions begin as primary (turbulent) deflagrations followed by a devastating secondary explosion. The secondary explosion may propagate with a speed of up to 1000 m/s producing overpressures of over 8–10 atm, which is comparable with overpressures produced in detonation. Since detonation is the only established theory that allows rapid burning producing a high pressure that can be sustained in open areas, the generally accepted view was that the mechanism explaining the high rate of combustion in dust explosions is deflagration-to-detonation transition. In the present work we propose a theoretical substantiation of an alternative mechanism explaining the origin of the secondary explosion producing high speeds of combustion and high overpressures in unconfined dust explosions. We show that the clustering of dust particles in a turbulent flow ahead of the advancing flame front gives rise to a significant increase of the thermal radiation absorption length. This effect ensures that clusters of dust particles are exposed to and heated by radiation from hot combustion products of dust explosions for a sufficiently long time to become multi-point ignition kernels in a large volume ahead of the advancing flame. The ignition times of a fuel–air mixture caused by radiatively heated clusters of particles is considerably reduced compared with the ignition time caused by an isolated particle. Radiation-induced multipoint ignitions of a large volume of fuel–air ahead of the primary flame efficiently increase the total flame area, giving rise to the secondary explosion, which results in the high rates of combustion and overpressures required to account for the observed level of overpressures and damage in unconfined dust explosions, such as for example the 2005 Buncefield explosion and several vapour cloud explosions of severity similar to that of the Buncefield incident.     

A numerical simulation of transient ignition and ignition limit of a composite solid by a localised radiant source

An unsteady three-dimensional numerical model has been formulated, coded, and solved to study ignition and flame development over a composite solid fuel sample upon heating by a localised radiant beam in a buoyant atmosphere. The model consists of an unsteady gas phase and an unsteady solid phase. The gas phase formulation consists of full Navier-Stokes equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species. A one-step, second-order overall Arrhenius reaction is adopted. Gas radiation is included by solving the radiation transfer equation. For the solid phase formulation, the energy (heat conduction) equation is employed to solve the transient solid temperature. A first-order in-depth solid pyrolysis relation between the solid fuel density and the local solid temperature is assumed. Numerical simulations provide time-and-space resolved details of the ignition transient and flame development and the existence of two types of ignition modes: one with reaction kernel initiated on the surface and the other with ignition kernel initiated in the gas phase. Other primary outputs of the computation are the minimum ignition energy (Joule) for the solid as a function of the external heating rate (Watt). Both the critical heat input for ignition and the optimal ignition energy are identified. Other parameters that were varied over the simulations include: sample thickness, ignition heat source spatial shape factor, and gravity level.     

Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process

Ignition energy is one of the important parameters of flammable materials, and evaluating ignition energy precisely is essential to the safety of process industry and combustion science and technology. By using electric spark discharge test system, a series of electric spark discharge experiments were conducted with the capacitor-stored energy in the range of 10 J, 100 J, and 1000 J, respectively. The evaluation method for energy consumed by electric spark, wire, and switch during capacitor discharge process has been studied respectively. The resistance of wire, switch, and plasma between electrodes has been evaluated by different methods and an optimized evaluation method has been obtained. The electric energy consumed by wire, electric switch, and electric spark-induced plasma between electrodes were obtained and the energy structure of capacitor-released energy was analyzed. The dynamic process and the characteristic parameters(the maximum power, duration of discharge process) of electric spark discharge process have been analyzed. Experimental results showed that, electric spark-consumed energy only accounts for 8%–14% of the capacitor-released energy. With the increase of capacitor-released energy, the duration of discharge process becomes longer, and the energy of plasma accounts for more in the capacitor-released energy. The power of electric spark varies with time as a damped sinusoids function and the period and the maximum value increase with the capacitor-released energy.     

典型静电放电火花点燃能力测试研究

通过对静电放电火花点火过程的物理特征研究，分析与总结了典型静电放电火花的点燃能力．根据放电火花的产生条件和形状特点，静电放电火花分为电晕放电、刷形放电、料仓堆表面放电、人体放电、火花放电和传播型尉形放电6种典型放电类型．根据静电放电火花的火花空间分布范围和火花持续时间，研究了静电放电火花点燃可燃物的能力．典型静电放电火花的实际点火能量为：电晕放电不大于0．025mJ，刷形放电不大于3mJ，料仓堆表面放电不大于10mJ．人体放电不大于30mJ，火花放电不大于1J，传播型刷形放电不大于10J．     

Energy measurement of spark discharge using different triggering methods and inductance loads

Spark discharge experiments with different nominal energy (100–1000 mJ) and inductance loads (0.024 or 1.454 mH) were carried out using different trigger methods. A Tektronix oscilloscope with a high-voltage probe and a current probe was used to record the dynamic voltage and current. The influence of inductance and trigger method on the discharge efficiency and discharge time were investigated. It was found that, when the discharge was triggered by electrode movement, the discharge efficiency ranged from 78.2% to 90.1% in case of without inductor, and ranged from 41.1% to 59.3% in case of with inductor.