低温液体BOG再液化系统压力及蒸发率试验研究

为研究低温液体吸热产生蒸发气(Boil-Off Gas,BOG)的动态过程,寻求合理调控低温液体压力和温度的方法,搭建了一套低温液体BOG再液化试验系统。以液氮为工质对120L高真空变密度多层绝热储罐进行了压力、温度及蒸发率测试试验,分析了以上参数与时间的变化规律,计算了储罐静态蒸发率与漏热量。结果表明:储罐压力随时间增加而逐渐上升,在480min之前压力上升速率较快,为10.9Pa/s,之后上升速率逐渐减小。从液相到气相的温度依次升高,液相内部的温度相差较小,约为1.2℃;随时间的增加,液相和气液分界面的温度逐渐升高,气相的温度逐渐降低,480min后达到相对稳定的状态。初始充装率为0.7时,自然蒸发的BOG流量随时间增加逐渐减小;经计算,储罐静态蒸发率为2.04%/d,漏热量为4.1W。试验结果为后续开展低温液体BOG再液化研究提供了相关依据。     

基于压力变化的低温储罐日蒸发率研究

通过进行低温储罐静置试验,研究不同液位条件下罐内压力随时间的变化,根据低温介质物性方程和储罐容积公式,计算得到不同液位条件下储罐日蒸发率。结果表明,静置过程中罐内压力随时间呈线性变化,压力上升速率随液位降低而逐渐增加。日蒸发率随时间动态变化,储罐液位越低日蒸发率越大。当储罐液位从85%降低至12%时,压力上升速率变为原来的3倍,日蒸发率增加40多倍。储罐低液位存储时,压力上升速度明显增加,无损储存时间大幅减小,不利于液氮的长期静置存储。     

番茄红素脂质体的制备工艺

采用逆相蒸发法和薄膜法两种方法制备番茄红素脂质体.筛选出制备高包封率脂质体的工艺为:卵磷脂与胆固醇之比为3:1,温度为35℃,番茄红素与磷脂比例为1:6,旋转速度为200r/min,此条件下番茄红素脂质体的最高包封率可达71.26%.     

燃料液滴高压蒸发理论

本文提出了一个燃料液滴在高压环境下的蒸发理论,该理论考虑了液滴表面的内移、液滴不定常加热以及高压非理想气体效应的影响等因素。计算了C_(12)H_(26)液滴在1.8—90大气压、2000—3200°K的N_2气介质中蒸发时的滴温、半径随时间变化的关系。计算结果表明,存在一个划分亚临界蒸发和超临界蒸发的压力极限,在亚临界蒸发时,液滴生存时间随压力增加而减少,超临界蒸发时,液滴生存时间随压力增加而增加,在本例情况下,此极限压力值为2.23p_c。     

氮含量对大型储罐BOG产生量的影响

为探究氮含量对大型LNG储罐内蒸发气体(BOG)产生量的影响,以某大型单容LNG储罐为例,建立BOG量计算模型,基于Aspen Plus软件,分析储罐内LNG饱和温度、密度、气化潜热随氮含量的变化规律,并与理论计算值进行对比,得出氮含量对蒸发率影响。结果表明:当压力为1.01325×10~5Pa时,随着LNG中氮含量的增加,饱和温度和汽化潜热减小,密度增大,且LNG汽化潜热和密度理论计算与软件模拟结果较为吻合,最大误差分别为7.24%和9.75%。LNG蒸发率随氮含量的增加而提高,氮含量在0~30%之间时,LNG蒸发率理论计算与软件模拟结果仅分别增加0.0018%/d、0.0003%/d。储罐BOG产生量随着氮含量的增加而增加,且理论计算与软件模拟结果较为吻合,误差不超过3.11%。     

低温液体贮箱蒸发率影响因素研究

理论分析了低温贮箱的热性能,计算并对比了低温贮箱各部分漏热情况。通过在静置状态下的蒸发率实验,测量了一定时间内的低温液体蒸发量,以此计算了液氮工质的蒸发率以及外部总漏热量,并与计算值进行了对比。通过制冷机降低贮箱内气相温度,结果表明,气枕压力及蒸发率随气相空间温度减小能够有效降低。     

超临界注汽油井中蒸汽参数的数值计算

本文通过对动量方程、能量方程、散热方程等控制方程的离散求解,用稳态和瞬态相结合的方法,计算了超临界注汽油井地下垂直段、过渡段和水平段蒸汽参数（压力、温度等）和井简散热损失、压力降等随注入时间、注入流量和压力的变化规律．计算结果表明,随着井深的增加,蒸汽压力在垂直段和过渡段的前半部分是增加的,而在过渡段后半部分和水平段则减小,且同一井深位置随流量增加蒸汽压力减小,注入蒸汽压力高于２２ ＭＰａ时,井底蒸汽出口压力比入口高。同一井深位置每公斤蒸汽散热损失随流量的增加而减少,而随压力的增加无明显变化。井底蒸汽压力和温度在注入时间大约３天左右即趋于一稳定值,而井底热损失则随注入时间的增加而减少．     

黄芪多糖脂质体的制备

采用逆相蒸发法和薄膜法制备黄芪多糖脂质体,并对脂质体的包封率进行了测定。结果表明,逆相蒸发法制备的为大单层脂质体,其包封率为44.32%;薄膜法制备的为复层脂质体,其包封率为36.28%,逆相蒸发法操作简单,所需仪器设备为常规仪器,再加上其制备的大单层脂质体包封容积大,包封率高,因此是一种黄芪多糖脂质体制备的理想方法。     

冷却方式对冻干脂质体药物的粒径和包封率影响的实验研究

衡量脂质体药物品质的两个重要指标是脂质体包裹药物的粒径分布和包封率,在冷冻干燥过程中脂质体药物的粒径分布和包封率会发生变化。本文通过实验研究了两种快慢不同冷却方式对脂质体药物冻干后粒径的分布和包封率的影响。     

基于传热窄点分析的跨临界CO2系统稳态性能研究

基于传热窄点研究了固定气体冷却器进出口水温时,高低不同的进水温度、不同的出水温度、排气压力、蒸发温度、过热度以及换热面积对于系统性能的影响。结果表明:随着进出口水温的升高和换热面积的减小,系统COP逐渐减小,并且最优高压压力逐渐升高;随着蒸发温度的升高,系统COP逐渐增加,最优高压压力逐渐升高;增加过热度只会在排气压力较低时提高系统的COP。当处于部分负荷工况时,冷端温差随负荷率的增加而减小;对于气冷器进出口水温温差大的工况,当负荷率小于1时传热窄点会位于换热器中间位置。在负荷率到达1时,传热窄点恰好移动到冷端。当负荷率大于1时,传热窄点一直稳定在冷端;对于气冷器进出口水温温差小的工况,当负荷率小于1时,传热窄点就已经到达冷端,并随着负荷率的增大一直稳定在冷端;部分负荷下的COP总是小于设计负荷下的COP,实际负荷偏离设计负荷越远,系统的COP越小。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.