脉冲流光放电激发解离H2O分子的动力学过程

采用色散荧光光谱、时间分辨光谱和空间分辨光谱方法,在标准大气压(1.013×105 Pa)下,对以N2气为载气的H2O蒸气脉冲流光放电等离子体激发解离反应动力学过程进行了实验研究.将所得色散荧光谱归属于N2(C3∏u→B3∏8)、·OH(A2 ∑=→X2∏)、H(n=3→n=2)的辐射跃迁;并对N2*、·OH*、H*三种活性粒子的指纹灵敏谱线(337.2、308.4、656.5 nm)荧光信号进行了时间分辨测量.结果表明,·OH*和H*荧光信号分别滞后N2*荧光信号7.4 ns和17.6 ns,由此推断H2O分子的激发解离通道为:H2O分子与高能电子发生非弹性碰撞激发,被激发到第一激发电子态的高振动能级,然后自解离成激发态的·OH*自由基和基态的H原子.空间分辨测量结果表明,在距负电极0.5 mm附近,活性荧光粒子浓度最高,正好对应流光放电的负辉区,该区域电子温度和电子浓度最高,更有利于活性粒子的产生.     

应用停流时间分辨光谱研究氧合血红蛋白与过氧化氢反应中间体的动力学和机理

研究血红蛋白与H2O2的相互作用过程及其反应机理具有重要的意义,关于H2O2与血红蛋白相互作用的研究已有报道,但观点不尽相同,结论各异,快速混合停流光谱是研究快速反应动力学的主要手段,在解释化学和生化反应机理方面发挥了重要的作用,本文利用停流时间分辨光谱研究了氧     

介质阻挡放电等离子体中·OH和HO2·自由基的数值模拟计算

在介质阻挡放电等离子体N2/O2/H2O/HCHO体系中通过解Boltzmann方程, 得到电子能量分布函数, 利用得到的电子能量分布函数计算电子-分子碰撞反应速率常数. 然后把有关的反应速率常数带入速率方程, 计算得到该体系在介质阻挡放电时,·OH、HO2·和电子的浓度随时间的演变以及·OH、HO2·浓度随H2O、O2摩尔分数的变化, 并将模拟结果与实验值进行了对比, 两者符合得较好.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体中·OH和HO2·自由基的数值模拟计算

在介质阻挡放电等离子体N2／O2／H2O／HCHO体系中通过解Boltzmann方程,得到电子能量分布函数,利用得到的电子能量分布函数计算电子。分子碰撞反应速率常数。然后把有关的反应速率常数带入速率方程,计算得到该体系在介质阻挡放电时,·OH、HO2·和电子的浓度随时间的演变以及·OH、HO2·浓度随H2O、O2摩尔分数的变化,并将模拟结果与实验值进行了对比,两者符合得较好。     

CCl2(A1B1)被甲烷及氯代甲烷猝灭动力学

用放电-LIF实验装置,对CCl4/Ar混合气体放电产生*CCl2,再用541.52nm激光将电子基态*CCl2激发到激发态A1B1(0,4,0)模pR1能级上,检测激发态*CCl2时间分辨荧光信号,测得室温下*CCl2(A1B1)被甲烷及氯代甲烷分子猝灭的实验结果,用三能级模型分析处理实验数据获得态分辨速率常数kq1,kq2和kq3值和*CCl2(A1B1→X1A1)及(a3B1→X1A1)自发辐射寿命分别为(0.83±0.03)μs和(3.12±0.25)μs.     

丙烯酸分子的激发态超快预解离动力学

利用飞秒泵浦-探测技术结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS),研究了丙烯酸分子被200nm泵浦光激发到第二电子激发态(S2)后的超快预解离动力学.采集了母体离子和碎片离子的时间分辨质谱信号,并利用动力学方程对时间分辨离子质谱信号进行拟合和分析,揭示了预解离通道的存在.布居在S2激发态的分子通过快速的内转换弛豫到第一电子激发态(S1),时间常数为210fs,随后再经内转换从S1态弛豫到基态(S0)的高振动态,时间常数为1.49ps.分子最终在基态高振动态势能面上发生C-C键和C-O键的断裂,分别解离生成H2C=CH和HOCO、H2C=CHCO和OH中性碎片,对应的预解离时间常数分别约为4和3ps.碎片离子的产生有两个途径,分别来自于母体离子的解离和基态高振动态势能面上中性碎片的电离.     

香豆素343敏化TiO2纳米粒子光致电子转移的荧光和拉曼光谱

通过对香豆素343(C343)染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子光致电子转移的荧光和拉曼光谱特性的研究表明,C343染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子稳态吸收光谱和稳态荧光光谱的红移归因于从被吸附的C343染料分子激发态和C343/TiO₂复合物到TiO₂纳米粒子导带的光致电子转移. 由时间分辨荧光光谱确定了C343染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子的逆向电子转移速率常数为τ₁=31 ps. C343 染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子体系拉曼光谱的研究表明, 被吸附在界面处的染料分子主链碳键的伸缩振动和碳环的呼吸运动的振动模式对超快界面光致电子转移有着重要的促进作用.     

稀土6-甲基皮考林酸氮氧化物及2,2'-联吡啶N,N'-二氧化物三元配合物的合成与性质

合成了稀土与 6 甲基皮考林酸氮氧化物 (HL)及 2 ,2′ 联吡啶 N ,N′ 二氧化物 (bipyO2 )的三元固体配合物LnL3bipyO2 ·nH2 O(Ln =La3 ,Sm3 ,Eu3 ,Gd3 ,Tb3 ,Dy3 ,Yb3 )。元素分析、差热 热重分析、红外光谱、摩尔电导及X射线粉末衍射等分析结果表明 :配合物的组成为 {Ln(C7H6 O3N) 3·(C10 H8N2 O2 )·H2 O}(n -1 )H2 O(n =2 5～ 3 0 )。荧光光谱表明 :三元配合物LnL3bipyO2 ·nH2 O的荧光强度比二元配合物LnL3·mH2 O的要弱 ,与二元配合物不同的是 :TbL3bipyO2 ·3H2 O在 4 89 3nm处峰的相对强度比 543 8nm处峰的相对强度要强。     

·OH自由基与CH3CN反应机理及动力学

在CBS-QB3水平上研究了CH3CN 和·OH反应的势能面, 其中包括两个中间体和9个反应过渡态. 分别给出了各主要物质的稳定构型、相对能量及各反应路径的能垒. 根据计算的CBS-QB3势能面, 探讨了CH3CN+·OH反应机理. 计算结果表明, 生成产物P1(·CH2CN+H2O)的反应路径在整个反应体系中占主要地位. 运用过渡态理论对产物通道P1(·CH2CN+H2O)的速率常数k1(cm3·molecule-1·s-1)进行了计算. 预测了k1(cm3·molecule-1·s-1)在250-3000 K温度范围内的速率常数表达式为k1(250-3000 K)=2.06×10^-20T^3.045exp(-780.00/T). 通过与已有的实验值进行对比得出, 在实验所测定的250-320 K 范围内, 计算得到的k1的数值与已有的实验值比较吻合. 由初始反应物生成产物P1 (·CH2CN+H2O)只需要克服一个14.2 kJ·mol-1的能垒. 而产物·CH2CN+H2O生成后要重新回到初始反应物CH3CN+·OH, 则需要克服一个高达111.2 kJ·mol-1的能垒,这就表明一旦产物P1生成后就很难再回到初始反应物.     

对苯二胺和N-取代衍生物正离子自由基的共振喇曼光谱研究

本文中报道了对苯二胺和四种N-烷基取代衍生物正离子自由基的共振喇曼光谱, 揭示了自由基是具有明显C=C和C=N双键性质的半醌式结构, N原子上给电子基团的取代引起上述化学键振动峰低频移动, 反映出结构一端N上有烷基的自由基中与取代基直接相连的N原子失去一个p电子带正电荷, 并吸引环上的π电子形成一定程度C=N双键. 共振喇曼光谱随激发光波长的变化表明, 自由基的两个可见电子吸收带分别主要产生于环结构的π→π*和包含N原子结构的n→π*电子跃迁。     

Cu_2O(111)催化水煤气变换反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论结合周期平板模型方法系统地研究了水煤气变换反应在Cu_2O(111)表面上的反应机理,包括氧化还原机理、羧基机理和甲酸根机理.结果表明,在Cu_2O(111)表面,羧基机理和甲酸根机理均可行,且甲酸根机理更为有利,其最佳反应途径为H_2O~*→H~*+OH~*;CO(g)+H~*+OH~*→trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*→CO_2~*+H_2(g).其中trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*为其决速步,该基元反应的能垒仅为59 kJ·mol~(-1).羧基机理的最优反应路径同样是以H_2O的解离反应开始,随后CO(g)+OH~*→cis-COOH~*→trans-COOH~*→CO_2(g)+H~*,最后产生的两个吸附的H原子先迁移再结合生成H_2,整个反应的控速步骤为H原子的迁移,迁移能垒为96 kJ·mol~(-1).氧化还原机理则由于OH解离需要越过一个很高的能垒(254 vs.187 kJ·mol~(-1))而不可行.     

Overtone-induced dissociation and isomerization dynamics of the hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH and CD2OH). II. Velocity map imaging studies

The dissociation of the hydroxymethyl radical, CH(2)OH, and its isotopolog, CD(2)OH, following excitation in the 4ν(1) region (OH stretch overtone, near 13,600 cm(-1)) was studied using sliced velocity map imaging. A new vibrational band near 13,660 cm(-1) arising from interaction with the antisymmetric CH stretch was discovered for CH(2)OH. In CD(2)OH dissociation, D atom products (correlated with CHDO) were detected, providing the first experimental evidence of isomerization in the CH(2)OH ? CH(3)O (CD(2)OH ? CHD(2)O) system. Analysis of the H (D) fragment kinetic energy distributions shows that the rovibrational state distributions in the formaldehyde cofragments are different for the OH bond fission and isomerization pathways. Isomerization is responsible for 10%-30% of dissociation events in all studied cases, and its contribution depends on the excited vibrational level of the radical. Accurate dissociation energies were determined: D(0)(CH(2)OH → CH(2)O + H) = 10,160 ± 70 cm(-1), D(0)(CD(2)OH → CD(2)O + H) = 10,135 ± 70 cm(-1), D(0)(CD(2)OH → CHDO + D) = 10,760 ± 60 cm(-1).     

介质阻挡放电脱除甲醛的化学动力学模拟

对大气压介质阻挡放电脱除甲醛进行了化学动力学模拟, 建立了时空平均化的模型, 并对相关的结果进行了实验验证. 分析了各主要物种的浓度随放电时间的变化, 在模拟空气气氛下, HCHO主要由O·和OH·自由基脱除, 其中, OH·自由基的作用更为突出. 强调了氮分子的第一电子激发态N2(A3∑+u)的作用, 它与O2、H2O 分子的碰撞增加了O·和OH·自由基的浓度,在氮气气氛中, N2(A3∑+u)态是使HCHO脱除的主要物种.讨论了HCHO初始浓度、气体流量对HCHO 脱除比能耗和产物中CO2/CO 摩尔比值的影响, HCHO 初始浓度较高时, 甲醛脱除的比能耗较低, 在输入能量密度<60 J·L-1, HCHO 初始浓度较低时, 产物中nCO2 /nCO值较高.     

6-N,N-二甲基腺嘌呤激发态结构动力学的共振拉曼光谱

采用共振拉曼光谱技术和密度泛函理论方法研究了6-N,N-二甲基腺嘌呤(DMA)的A带和B带电子激发和Franck-Condon 区域结构动力学. π_H→π_L^*跃迁是A带吸收的主体, 其振子强度约占整个A带吸收的79%.由弥散轨道参与的n→Ryd 和π_H→Ryd 跃迁在B带跃迁中扮演重要角色, 其振子强度约占B带吸收的62%,而在A带吸收中占主导的π_H→π_L^*跃迁的振子强度在B带吸收中仅占33%. 嘌呤环变形伸缩+C8H/N9H面内弯曲振动ν₂₃和五元环变形伸缩+C8H弯曲振动ν₁₃的基频、泛频和合频占据了A带共振拉曼光谱强度的绝大部分, 说明¹π_Hπ_L^*激发态结构动力学主要沿嘌呤环的变形伸缩振动, N9H/C8H/C2H弯曲振动等反应坐标展开, 而ν₁₀, ν₂₉, ν₂₁, ν₂₆和ν₄₀的基频、泛频和合频占据了B带共振拉曼光谱强度的主体部分, 它们决定了B带激发态的结构动力学. A带共振拉曼光谱中ν₂₆和ν₁₂被认为与1nπ*/1ππ*势能面锥型交叉有关. B带共振拉曼光谱中ν₂₁的激活与¹ππ^*/¹πσ_N9H^*势能面锥型交叉相关.     

The Formation of OH*(<Superscript>2</Superscript>Σ<Superscript>+</Superscript>) Radical in the Reaction of Hydrogen with Oxygen behind a Shock Wave in Nonequilibrium Conditions

The mechanism of formation of the electronically excited radical OH*(A²Σ⁺) has been studied by analyzing calculations quantitatively describing the results of shock wave experiments carried out in order to determine the moment of maximum OH* radiation at temperatures T < 1500 K and pressures P ≤ 2 atm in the H₂ + O₂ mixtures diluted by argon when the vibrational nonequilibrium is a factor determining the mechanism and rate of the overall process. In kinetic calculations, the vibrational nonequilibrium of the initial H₂ and O₂ components, the HO₂, OH(X²Π), O₂*(¹Δ) intermediates, and the reaction product H₂O were taken into account. The analysis showed that under these conditions the main contribution to the overall process of OH* formation is caused by the reactions OH + Ar → OH* + Ar, H₂ + HO₂ → OH* + H₂O, H₂ + O*(¹D) → OH* + H, HO² + O → OH* + O² and H + H²O → OH* + H², which occur in the vibrational nonequilibrium mode (their activation barrier is overcome due to the vibrational excitation of reactants), and by H + O₃ → OH* + O₂ and H + H₂O₂ → OH* + H₂O, which are reverse to the reactions of chemical quenching.     

Hydroxyl radical reactions with adenine: reactant complexes, transition states, and product complexes

In order to address problems such as aging, cell death, and cancer, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind reactions causing DNA damage. One specific reaction implicated in DNA oxidative damage is hydroxyl free-radical attack on adenine (A) and other nucleic acid bases. The adenine reaction has been studied experimentally, but there are few theoretical results. In the present study, adenine dehydrogenation at various sites, and the potential-energy surfaces for these reactions, are investigated theoretically. Four reactant complexes [A···OH]* have been found, with binding energies relative to A+OH* of 32.8, 11.4, 10.7, and 10.1 kcal mol(-1). These four reactant complexes lead to six transition states, which in turn lie +4.3, -5.4, (-3.7 and +0.8), and (-2.3 and +0.8) kcal mol(-1) below A+OH*, respectively. Thus the lowest lying [A···OH]* complex faces the highest local barrier to formation of the product (A-H)*+H(2)O. Between the transition states and the products lie six product complexes. Adopting the same order as the reactant complexes, the product complexes [(A-H)···H(2)O]* lie at -10.9, -22.4, (-24.2 and -18.7), and (-20.5 and -17.5) kcal mol(-1), respectively, again relative to separated A+OH*. All six A+OH* → (A-H)*+H(2)O pathways are exothermic, by -0.3, -14.7, (-17.4 and -7.8), and (-13.7 and -7.8) kcal mol(-1), respectively. The transition state for dehydrogenation at N(6) lies at the lowest energy (-5.4 kcal mol(-1) relative to A+OH*), and thus reaction is likely to occur at this site. This theoretical prediction dovetails with the observed high reactivity of OH radicals with the NH(2) group of aromatic amines. However, the high barrier (37.1 kcal mol(-1)) for reaction at the C(8) site makes C(8) dehydrogenation unlikely. This last result is consistent with experimental observation of the imidazole ring opening upon OH radical addition to C(8). In addition, TD-DFT computed electronic transitions of the N(6) product around 420 nm confirm that this is the most likely site for hydrogen abstraction by hydroxyl radical.     

Fragmentation energetics of the phenol(+)···Ar(3) cation cluster

The various dissociation thresholds of phenol(+)···Ar(3) complexes for the consecutive loss of all three Ar ligands were measured in a molecular beam using resonant photoionization efficiency and mass analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy via excitation of the first excited singlet state (S(1)). The adiabatic ionization energy is derived as 68077 ± 15 cm(-1). The analysis of the dissociation thresholds demonstrate that all three Ar ligands in the neutral phenol···Ar(3) tetramer are attached to the aromatic ring via π-bonding, denoted phenol···Ar(3)(3π). The value of the dissociation threshold for the loss of one Ar ligand from phenol(+)···Ar(3)(3π), ～190 cm(-1), is significantly lower than the binding energy measured for the π-bonded Ar ligand in the phenol(+)···Ar(π) dimer, D(0) = 535 ± 3 cm(-1). This difference is rationalized by an ionization-induced π → H isomerization process occurring prior to dissociation, that is, one Ar atom in phenol(+)···Ar(3)(3π) moves to the OH binding site, leading to a structure with one H-bonded and 2 π-bonded ligands, denoted phenol(+)···Ar(3)(H/2π). The dissociation thresholds for the loss of two and three Ar atoms are also reported as 860 and 1730 cm(-1). From these values, the binding energy of the H-bound Ar atom can be estimated as 870 cm(-1).     

Atmospheric chemistry of a model biodiesel fuel, CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3: kinetics, mechanisms, and products of Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation in the presence and absence of NOx

Relative rate techniques were used to study the kinetics of the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with ethylene glycol diacetate, CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3, in 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 296 K. The rate constants measured were k(Cl + CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3) = (5.7 +/- 1.1) x 10(-12) and k(OH + CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3) = (2.36 +/- 0.34) x 10(-12) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Product studies of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate in the absence of NO in 700 Torr of O2/N2 diluent at 296 K show the primary products to be CH3C(O)OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH3, CH3C(O)OC(O)H, and CH3C(O)OH. Product studies of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate in the presence of NO in 700 Torr of O2/N2 diluent at 296 K show the primary products to be CH3C(O)OC(O)H and CH3C(O)OH. The CH3C(O)OCH2O* radical is formed during the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate, and two loss mechanisms were identified: reaction with O2 to give CH3C(O)OC(O)H and alpha-ester rearrangement to give CH3C(O)OH and HC(O) radicals. The reaction of CH3C(O)OCH2O2* with NO gives chemically activated CH3C(O)OCH2O* radicals which are more likely to undergo decomposition via the alpha-ester rearrangement than CH3C(O)OCH2O* radicals produced in the peroxy radical self-reaction.     

Overtone-induced dissociation and isomerization dynamics of the hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH and CD2OH). I. A theoretical study

The dissociation of the hydroxymethyl radical, CH(2)OH, and its isotopolog, CD(2)OH, following the excitation of high OH stretch overtones is studied by quasi-classical molecular dynamics calculations using a global potential energy surface (PES) fitted to ab initio calculations. The PES includes CH(2)OH and CH(3)O minima, dissociation products, and all relevant barriers. Its analysis shows that the transition states for OH bond fission and isomerization are both very close in energy to the excited vibrational levels reached in recent experiments and involve significant geometry changes relative to the CH(2)OH equilibrium structure. The energies of key stationary points are refined using high-level electronic structure calculations. Vibrational energies and wavefunctions are computed by coupled anharmonic vibrational calculations. They show that high OH-stretch overtones are mixed with other modes. Consequently, trajectory calculations carried out at energies about ~3000 cm(-1) above the barriers reveal that despite initial excitation of the OH stretch, the direct OH bond fission is relatively slow (10 ps) and a considerable fraction of the radicals undergoes isomerization to the methoxy radical. The computed dissociation energies are: D(0)(CH(2)OH → CH(2)O + H) = 10,188 cm(-1), D(0)(CD(2)OH → CD(2)O + H) = 10,167 cm(-1), D(0)(CD(2)OH → CHDO + D) = 10,787 cm(-1). All are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. For CH(2)OH, the barriers for the direct OH bond fission and isomerization are: 14,205 and 13,839 cm(-1), respectively.     

Two photon dissociation dynamics of NO2 and NO2 + H2O

To explore the dynamics of OH formation from two photon absorbed NO(2) with H(2)O, a high-level multiconfigurational perturbation theory was used to map the potential energy profiles of NO(2) dissociation to O ((1)D) + NO (X(2)Π), and subsequent hydrogen abstraction producing 2OH (X(2)Π) + NO (X(2)Π) in the highly excited S(PP) (?(2)A', (2)ππ*) state. The ground state NO(2) is promoted to populate in the S(NP1) (?(2)A", (2)nπ*) intermediate state by one photon absorption at ~440 nm, one thousandth of which is further excited to S(PP) (?(2)A', (2)ππ*) state and undergoes a medium-sized barrier (~11.0 kcal/mol) to give rise to OH radicals. In comparison with the hydrogen abstraction reaction in highly vibrationally excited NO(2) ground state, two photon absorption facilitates NO(2) dissociation to O ((1)D) and O ((1)D) + H(2)O → 2OH (X(2)Π) but results in low quantum yield of NO(2)** since there is a weak absorption upon the second beam light at ~440 nm. It can be concluded that the reaction of two photon absorbed NO(2) with H(2)O makes negligible contributions to the formation of OH radicals. In contrast, single photon absorption at <554 nm is a possible process on the basis of the present and previous computations.