Sulfonamides of homoproline and dipeptides as organocatalysts for Michael and aldol reactions

Sulfonamides of the non-natural amino acid homoproline and the dipeptide Pro-Phe were synthesised and evaluated for their catalytic activity in Michael and aldol reactions. Sulfonamides of homoproline outperform proline and Pro-Phe in the Michael reaction, whereas sulfonamides of Pro-Phe lead to better results in the aldol reaction. The results of the present study show that the conversion of the carboxylic group of either homoproline or dipeptide Pro-Phe to the bioisosteric acyl sulfonamide group lead to improved organocatalysts.     

Selective Michael Reaction Controlled by Supersilyl Protecting Group

Selective Michael reaction of organolithium reagents to supersilyl methacrylate is reported. The method was able to control a single and double Michael addition. The successful termination of the process using the supersilyl protecting group allows for the controlled, chemoselective, and diastereoselective Michael reaction.     

迈克尔反应受体分子化学生物学研究

迈克尔受体是烯键或炔键与吸电子基团共轭相连形成的官能团,含有这样官能团的化学小分子能与亲核试剂发生迈克尔加成反应,因此称为迈克尔反应受体分子。迈克尔反应受体分子是一类重要的生理活性分子,它们直接或间接参与许多生命过程,同时也是细胞中许多信号转导途径的调节者,在化学生物学研究中起着重要的作用。本文对迈克尔反应受体分子化学生物学研究进展进行了综述。     

硫化氢对二茂铁乙烯基芳酮亲核加成反应的研究

关于二茂铁基与羰基相连的α,β-不饱和劳酮和硫化氢的亲核加成反应,我们曾有过报导。研究表明,由于二茂铁基的影响使该类加成反应与Michael加成反应规则不同。本文继续研究三茂铁基与烯基相连的α,β-不饱和芳酮和硫化氢的亲核加成反应,制得了四种尚未见报导的β-二茂铁基-β-或α-巯基丙酰基芳烃:     

Tandem Michael imino–aldol reactions catalyzed by samarium diiodide

Samarium diiodide catalyzes a one-pot procedure allowing to perform sequentially the Michael addition of a ketene silyl acetal on a cyclic ,β-unsaturated ketone, followed by the addition of a glyoxylic or aromatic imine. The presence of a coordinating group on the imine increases the rate of the reaction.     

Squaramide‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions

Bifunctional squaramides have emerged as powerful hydrogen‐bonding catalysts for promoting a wide array of useful asymmetric reactions, which provides convenient methods for the construction of complex molecular structures and chiral biologically active compounds. This review highlights the recent advances of our research group in the chiral squaramide‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions, including Michael addition, Mannich reaction, aza‐Henry reaction, Strecker reaction as well as cascade or sequential reactions.     

Insight into the Mechanism of the Michael Reaction

The mechanism for the nucleophilic addition step of the Michael reaction between methanethiol as a model Michael donor and several α‐substituted methyl acrylates (X=F, Cl, Me, H, CN, NO₂) as model Michael acceptors is described in detail. We suggest a novel way to condense electrophilic Fukui functions at specific atoms in terms of the contributions from the atomic orbitals to the LUMO or, more generally, to the orbital controlling the reaction. This procedure correctly associates activation energies to local electrophilic Fukui indices for the cases treated in this work. The calculated reaction barriers strongly depend on the nature of the substituent. As a general rule, activation energies are governed by structural changes, although electronic factors are significant for electron‐withdrawing groups. Nucleophilic addition to Michael receptors is best described as a highly nonsynchronous process, in which the geometry of the transition state comprises a nonplanar six‐membered ring. Formation of the S ??? C bond, which defines the interaction between the reactants, progresses ahead of all other primitive processes in the early stages of the transformation. In view of our results, we postulate that highly complex chemical reactions, as is the case for the nucleophilic addition step studied herein, that involve cleavage/formation of a total of six bonds, lower their activation energies by favoring nonsynchronicity, that is, for these types of systems, primitive changes should advance at different rates.     

Intramolecular Michael reactions of aliphatic aldehyde enolates generated by imidazolium carbenes

Due to the high reactivity of the formyl group under either basic or acidic reaction conditions required for the direct generation of aldehyde enolates, intramolecular Michael additions of aldehyde enolates to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds have been underexplored for the stereoselective synthesis of carbocyclic compounds. The intramolecular Michael reaction of aldehyde enolates generated by imidazolium carbenes was explored for the synthesis of cyclopentane aldehydes. The imidazolium carbenes were used as Brønsted bases to directly generate the aldehydes enolates.     

Asymmetric Michael reactions of α-substituted acetates with cyclic enones catalyzed by multifunctional chiral Ru amido complexes

Well-defined 16-electron chiral Ru amido complexes, Ru[(R,R)-diamine](η⁶-arene), efficiently catalyze asymmetric Michael additions of Michael donors to cyclic enones to give adducts in high yields and with excellent ee’s. β-Ketoesters or nitroacetate as Michael donors react with 2-cyclopentenone in toluene or t-butyl alcohol containing the Ru amido catalyst (S/C=50) to afford the Michael adduct in 99% yield and with up to 92% ee. The outcome of the reaction was delicately influenced by the structures of the diamine and arene ligands as well as reaction conditions.     

冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与谷胱苷肽的迈克尔加成反应

采用紫外光谱动力学方法测定了抗肿瘤对映贝壳杉烯二萜冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应的级数、速率常数和平衡常数.结果表明,冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应符合二级动力学方程,25℃下的速率常数分别为16.196 0L·(mol·s)-1和7.480 5L·(mol·s)-1,平衡常数分别为177.98L/mol和85.60L/mol.冬凌草甲素与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应速率和反应程度均比冬凌草乙素的大得多,反应活性更好.对映贝壳杉烯二萜通过与机体发生迈克尔加成反应而产生抗肿瘤作用;因此,冬凌草甲素可能比冬凌草乙素具有更好的抗肿瘤活性.     

Synthesis of Biphenyl-Based Ligand: Application in Copper-Mediated Chemoselective Michael Reaction

A biphenyl-based ligand attached was synthesized and screened in copper-mediated Michael reaction. The catalyst system works well with carbon or sulfur nucleophiles as Michael donors and cyclohexenone or chalcones as the acceptors under mild and neutral reaction conditions in a chemoselective manner.     

脯氨酸催化的不对称有机反应

脯氨酸作为一种结构简单、商品化的、廉价小分子手性催化剂,在多种不对称催化反应中表现出非常好的催化性能,本文综述了近年来脯氨酸直接催化的不对称有机反应涉及Aldol反应,Mannich反应,Michael反应,Diels-Alder反应,直接α-胺化反应,α-氧胺化反应,Baylis-Hillman反应,还原反应和氧化反应的进展并展望了其应用前景。     

One-Pot,Three-Component Synthesis of Dialkyl 1,2-Dihydroquinoline-2,3-Dicarboxylates from Triphenylphosphine,Acetylenic Esters,and Amide Derivatives of 2-Aminobenzaldehyde in Aqueous Acetone

Abstract

Protonation of the highly reactive 1:1 intermediates, produced in the reaction between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates by amide derivatives of 2-aminobenzaldehyde in the mixture of acetone-water (3:1) leads to vinyltriphenylphosphonium salts, which undergo a Michael addition reaction with a conjugate base to produce the corresponding stabilized phosphorus ylides. An intramolecular Wittig reaction of the stabilized phosphorus ylide group with the aldehyde group leads to the corresponding dialkyl 1,2-dihydroquinoline-2,3-dicarboxylates.     

TiCl2(OTf)-SiO2: A solid stable lewis acid catalyst for Michael addition of α-Aminophosphonates,Amines, Indoles and Pyrrole

TiCl₂(OTf)-SiO₂ is simply prepared by immobilization of TiCl₃(OTf) on silica gel surface and introduced as a non-hygroscopic Lewis acid catalyst for C-N and C-C bond formation via Michael addition reaction. A variety of structurally diverse nitrogen nucleophiles including α-aminophosphonates, aliphatic and aromatic amines and imidazole were evaluated as Michael donors. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles and pyrrole was also investigated through Michael addition reaction in the presence of TiCl₂(OTf)-SiO₂ as a catalyst. The reactions were conducted at room temperature or 60 °C under solvent-free conditions and the desired Michael adducts were obtained in high to excellent yields.     

Reaction of α-ethoxyarolein with diethyl malonate

The reaction of α-ethoxyacrolein with diethyl malonate in the presence of EtONa, lithium diisopropylamide, or the Na₂CO₃−benzene−Et₃(PhCH₂)NCl catalytic system proceeds as the Michael addition. In the presence of an equimolar amount of triethylamine, selective 1,2-addition followed by dehydration of the 1,2-adduct occurs. Owing to the strong +M effect of the EtO group, α-ethoxyacrolein is a substantially less active Michael acceptor than acrolein. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2508–2510, December, 1998.     

Organocatalytic activity of 4-hydroxy-prolinamide alcohol with different noncovalent coordination sites in asymmetric Michael and direct aldol reactions

4-Hydroxy-prolinamide alcohol with different noncoordination sites as a molecule showed excellent asymmetric catalytic activity in both the Michael reaction (up to 98% ee) and the direct aldol reaction (up to >99% ee), and the catalyzing reactions with high enantioselectivity are supported by a DFT theoretical study of their transition state.     

A facile method for synthesis of polysubstituted naphthalene derivatives through pyrrolidine catalyzed domino reaction

A novel synthetic method for polysubstituted naphthalene derivatives via a pyrrolidine-mediated cascade Michael/Henry reaction was developed, in which easily prepared 2-(2-oxoethyl)benzaldehydes and nitroalkenes were employed as the starting materials. The reaction consists of four consecutive reactions that include a cascade Michael/Henry reaction, a dehydration reaction, and an aromatization reaction in one pot to afford synthetically important naphthalene derivatives with moderate yields.     

Novel Octapeptide as an Asymmetric Catalyst for Michael Reaction in Aqueous Media

In this work, three forms of a novel octapeptide have been evaluated as asymmetric catalysts for the Michael reaction. Low quantity catalyst loading, ecofriendly solvents, and reusability of organocatalyst successfully applied to attain excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities in the Michael reaction.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resources: Full experimental and spectral details.]     

One‐Pot Synthesis of (−)‐Oseltamivir and Mechanistic Insights into the Organocatalyzed Michael Reaction

The one‐pot sequential synthesis of (?)‐oseltamivir has been achieved without evaporation or solvent exchange in 36 % yield over seven reactions. The key step was the asymmetric Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide, catalyzed by a diphenylprolinol silyl ether. The use of a bulky O‐silyl‐substituted diphenylprolinol catalyst, chlorobenzene as a solvent, and HCO₂H as an acid additive, were key to produce the first Michael adduct in both excellent yield and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Investigation into the effect of acid demonstrated that an acid additive accelerates not only the E–Z isomerization of the enamines derived from pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with diphenylprolinol silyl ether, but also ring opening of the cyclobutane intermediate and the addition reaction of the enamine to (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide. The transition‐state model for the Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide was proposed by consideration of the absolute configuration of the major and minor isomers of the Michael product with the results of the Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with phenylmaleimide and naphthoquinone.     

A convenient stereoselective synthesis of β-lactams from β-hydroxy-α-thioalkylesters prepared from Michael/aldol tandem reaction or stereoselective addition of thiols to the Baylis-Hillman adducts

A convenient stereoselective synthesis of β-lactams from thio-Michael/aldol tandem adduct is described. syn-Selective tandem reaction followed by amidation and intramolecular S_N2 reaction provided β-lactams in diastereomerically pure form. The tandem reaction with aliphatic aldehydes, on the other hand, afforded a mixture of diastereomers of corresponding tandem adducts in about 3:1 ratio so that the conversion to β-lactams afforded a diastereomeric mixture. As an alternative approach to prepare the tandem adducts, the stereoselective Michael addition of aliphatic thiols to Baylis-Hillman adduct was developed. The stereoselectivity was sensitive to the protective group at the hydroxyl group and TBS protection brought the most successful syn-selective formation of the tandem adducts. The procedure could be applied to the ketone derivatives of the Baylis-Hillman adduct but no selectivity was observed for the nitrile-Baylis-Hillman adducts. A similar conversion of the adduct provided desired β-lactams stereoselectively.