Highly enantioselective vinylogous addition of 2-trimethylsilyloxyfuran to aldehydes promoted by the SiCl4/chiral Lewis base system

This paper reports the regio-, diastereo- and highly enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of 2-trimethylsilyloxyfuran (TMSOF) promoted by the SiCl₄/Lewis base catalytic system. Several electron-pair donors proved to be effective as SiCl₄ activators versus the TMSOF γ-selective addition to aldehydes giving rise to different diastereoisomeric ratios, while Denmark’s chiral bis-phosphoramide (R,R)-7 gave the highest enantioselectivity for both the anti- and syn-diastereoisomers. Furthermore, by using ambident electrophiles such as α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, the SiCl₄/Lewis base-promoted process leads exclusively to the 1,2-addition products.     

Asymmetric, catalytic, vinylogous aldol reactions using pyrrole-based dienoxy silanes. Enantioselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam synthons

A practical, catalytic and enantioselective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction between 2-silyloxypyrrole donors and aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehyde acceptors is described. Using an enantiopure bisphosphoramide catalyst in conjunction with SiCl₄, a variety of α,β-unsaturated-δ-hydroxylated γ-butyrolactam compounds were synthesized in high yields and with good to excellent levels of site-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity.     

Equilibrium between a vinylogous ylide and a phosphonium dienolate zwitterion: vinylogous Wittig olefination versus vinylogous aldol-type reaction

This paper describes the equilibrium established between a phosphonium dienolate zwitterion and a vinylogous phosphorus ylide, and their reactions with aldehydes. The reactions between ethyl 2-methyl-2,3-butadienoate and various aldehydes occur through either a phosphonium dienolate or a vinylogous ylide intermediate, depending on the presence/absence of a Lewis acid and the nature of the phosphine. We observed a rare vinylogous Wittig olefination from the reaction between ethyl 2-methyl-2,3-butadienoate and an electron-deficient aromatic aldehyde in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of an electron-deficient triarylphosphine and a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid (e.g., BF₃·Et₂O). On the other hand, the use of triphenylphosphine, in the absence of a Lewis acid, facilitated vinylogous aldol addition, accompanied by a rare 1,2-aryl phosphorus-to-carbon migration.     

Calix[n]arene/Ti(IV) complexes as active catalysts in aldol reaction of Chan's diene

The aldol condensation of Chan's diene with benzaldehyde is catalyzed by only 8% mol of the calix[n]arene/Ti(O-i-Pr)₄ complexes. Studies have revealed that the size of calixarene molecule and the number of hydroxyl groups affected the efficiency of the reaction. The reaction conditions (solvent and temperature) have been examined.     

Synthesis of the C1-C12 fragment of iriomoteolide 1a by sequential catalytic asymmetric vinylogous aldol reactions

An efficient synthesis of the C1-C12 fragment of iriomoteolide 1a has been accomplished via sequential application of two catalytic, asymmetric, vinylogous aldol reactions: a catalytic vinylogous aldol reaction was used to enantioselectively introduce the C5-C8 segment, and a second catalytic vinylogous aldol reaction was used to install the remaining two stereocenters and a stereodefined alkene in the form of an alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactone in one step.     

A new procedure for the enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene

Chiral δ-hydroxy-β-ketoesters are easily available through the enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene promoted by a SiCl₄/chiral phosphoramide catalytic system. The procedure is conveniently exploited for a very rapid approach to (+)-kavain, a natural bio-active -pyrone compound.     

One catalyst for two distinct reactions: sequential asymmetric hetero Diels-Alder reaction and diethylzinc addition

This paper describes the successful development of a series of chiral zinc catalysts containing (R)-3,3′-Br₂-BINOL ligand and various diimine activators for enantioselective HDA reaction of Danishefsky's diene with aldehydes through a combinatorial approach, affording the corresponding 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The application of this type of catalysts was also extended to the diethylzinc addition to the benzaldehyde, affording the corresponding secondary alcohol with up to 94.5% ee under optimized conditions. On the basis of these facts, the integration of two distinct enantioselective reactions, HDA and diethylzinc addition reactions, has been realized in one-pot with the promotion of a single chiral zinc catalyst in a sequential manner. The impact of diimine additive on the catalytic system of HDA reaction was also investigated by probing the nonlinear effect of reaction system. The positive nonlinear effect exhibited in the catalytic system could be attributed to the poor solubility of the heterochiral zinc species. On the basis of various experimental findings disclosed in this research, a possible mechanism for the asymmetric induction in the 3,3′-Br₂-BINOL/Zn/diimine catalyzed enantioselective HDA reaction of Danishefsky's diene with aldehydes was outlined.     

A convenient approach to δ-amino-β-ketoesters by vinylogous Mannich reaction of masked acetoacetates

SiCl₄ is an efficient and selective catalyst for the vinylogous Mannich reaction of linear and cyclic synthetic equivalents of acetoacetate dianion, leading to δ-amino-β-ketoesters in moderate to high yields and complete γ-selectivity; anti-diastereoselectivity was observed by using a γ-methyl-substituted cyclic silyloxydiene.     

Highly enantio- and diastereoselective vinylogous aldol reaction by LiCl-assisted BINOL-titanium species

The first highly enantio- and diastereoselective vinylogous aldol reaction between propionyl acetate-derived Brassard's diene and aldehydes was accomplished by titanium-lithium combined Lewis acid, affording δ-hydroxy-γ-methyl-β-methoxy acrylates. This methodology was utilized in convenient and concise construction of the polypropionate moiety in cystothiazole A and melithiazole C.     

First total synthesis of salinipyrone A using highly stereoselective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction

A synthetic approach for the total synthesis of salinipyrone A has been developed. Key steps involve the TiCl₄-mediated vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction (VMAR) of chiral ketene silyl N,O-acetal with propionaldyhyde, an aldol condensation, Witting olefination, and a cyclization. The synthesis proceeds in eight steps.     

Highly enantioselective homogeneous catalysis of chiral rare earth phosphates in the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction

Two types of novel rare earth (RE) complexes were synthesized and used as a chiral Lewis acid catalyst for the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of carbonyl compounds with the Danishefsky's diene under homogeneous conditions. The Y[(R)-H₈-BNP]₃ (3-Y)-catalyzed reaction of aromatic aldehydes and the Yb[(R)-BNP]₃ (1-Yb)-catalyzed reaction of phenylglyoxylates afforded the corresponding cycloadducts with excellent optical purities (up to 99% ee) in high yields at room temperature. The successful recycling uses of the scandium catalyst (3-Sc) are also described.     

High-pressure Diels-Alder approach to natural kainic acid

The first Diels-Alder based synthesis of (-)-kainic acid is described. Danishefsky's diene and a vinylogous malonate derived from 4-hydroxyproline combine under high pressure to afford a key bicyclic intermediate with virtually no loss of enantiopurity. This adduct can be converted into the natural product with complete stereocontrol. [reaction: see text].     

Highly enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes catalyzed by Yb(III)-BINAMIDE complexes

1-Methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene (Danishefsky's diene) is recognized as a synthetically useful diene due to its high reactivity in the Diels-Alder reaction with electron-deficient alkenes to give oxygen-functionalyzed cyclohexenes and substituted cyclohexenones, which are important building blocks for the total synthesis of natural products. However, the development of catalytic enantioselective versions of Diels-Alder reactions using Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes has been difficult because of the instability of the dienes under Lewis acidic conditions. Only highly reactive CO and CN double bonds are employed in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction which proceeds under catalysis of chiral Lewis acids. We have developed a new chiral ligand, BINAMIDE, which is easily prepared from 1,1'-binaphtyl-2,2'-diamine by acylation. The highly diastereo- and enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes in the presence of an Yb(III)-BINAMIDE complex has been developed. The reaction proceeded in an exoselective mode and gave chiral highly functionalized cyclohexene derivatives in good yields.     

Highly enantioselective formal aza-Diels-Alder reactions with acylhydrazones and Danishefsky's diene promoted by a silicon Lewis acid

Silicon Lewis acid 3 is effective for the promotion of highly enantioselective cycloaddition reactions of acylhydrazones with Danishefsky's diene (formal aza-Diels-Alder reactions). The reactions are conducted at ambient temperature for 15 min, and produce the products in good yield and with high levels of enantioselectivity. A remarkable solvent-dependent reversal in the sense of absolute stereochemical induction has been observed. The method has been applied to an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist casopitant.     

Chiral hetero Diels-Alder products by enantioselective and diastereoselective zirconium catalysis. Scope,limitation, mechanism,and application to the concise synthesis of (+)-Prelactone C and (+)-9-deoxygoniopypyrone

Catalytic asymmetric hetero Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions using a chiral zirconium complex have been developed. The reactions of aldehydes with Danishefsky's dienes proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding pyranone derivatives in high yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities in the presence of a chiral zirconium complex, which was prepared from zirconium tert-butoxide, (R)-3,3'-diiodobinaphthol or its derivative, a primary alcohol, and a small amount of water. It is noted that 2,3-trans-pyranone derivatives were obtained with remarkably high diastereo- and enantioselectivities in the reaction with 4-methyl Danishefsky's diene. This is the first example of catalytic asymmetric trans-selective hetero Diels-Alder reactions of aldehydes. Furthermore, asymmetric HDA reactions with 4-benzyloxy Danishefsky's dienes were conducted to afford 2,3-cis-pyranone derivatives in high selectivities. Isolation of an intermediate of this asymmetric hetero Diels-Alder reaction indicated that the reaction proceeded in a stepwise cycloaddition pathway. Finally, these catalytic, asymmetric hetero Diels-Alder reactions were successfully applied to concise syntheses of biologically important natural pyranone derivatives, (+)-Prelactone C and (+)-9-deoxygoniopypyrone.     

A highly enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of aldehydes with Danishefsky's diene catalyzed by chiral titanium(IV) 5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol complexes

The catalytic effect of chiral Lewis acids on the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between aldehydes and Danishefsky's diene (1) has been investigated. A variety of combinations of different ligands and Lewis acids have been examined as catalysts for the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between benzaldehyde and 1, and it has been found that the readily accessible Ti(IV)-H(8)-BINOL (TiHBOL) complex is a very effective catalyst for the reaction, leading to products with very high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) and yield (92%). The hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of other aldehydes with 1 under the catalysis of TiHBOL is a general reaction which proceeds well with very high enantioselectivity and isolated yield for various aldehydes at 0 degrees C to room temperature. Based on the experimental results, the proposed mechanism of the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction and the dihedral angle effects of ligands are discussed.     

Synergistic Effects of the ZnCl2-SiCl4 Modified TiCl4 /MgCl2 /THF Catalytic System on Ethylene/1-Hexene and Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerizations简

The copolymerizations of ethylene with 1-hexene or 1-octene by using TiCl4 /MgCl2 /THF catalysts modified with different metal halide additives(ZnCl2, SiCl4, and the combined ZnCl2-SiCl4) were investigated based on catalytic activity and copolymer properties. It was found that the catalyst modified with mixed ZnCl2-SiCl4 revealed the highest activities for both ethylene/1-hexene and ethylene/1-octene copolymerization. The increase in activities was due to the formation of acidic sites by modifying the catalysts with Lewis acids. Based on the FTIR measurements, the characteristic C―O―C peaks of the catalysts modified with metal halide additives were slightly shifted to lower wavenumber when compared to the unmodified catalyst. This showed that the modified catalysts could generate more acid sites in the TiCl4 /MgCl2 /THF catalytic system leading to an increase in activities as well as comonomer insertion(as proven by13C-NMR). However, Lewis acidmodifications did not affect the microstructure of the copolymers obtained. By comparison on the properties of copolymers prepared with the unmodified catalyst, it was found that polymers with ZnCl2 and/or SiCl4 modification exhibited a slight decrease in melting temperature, crystallinity and density. It is suggested that these results were obtained based on the different amount of α-olefins insertion, regardless of the types of Lewis acids and comonomer.     

Liquid-phase synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones: one-pot three-component aza Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky's diene with aldehydes and PEG-supported amine

An efficient liquid-phase synthesis technique for the construction of 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones on soluble polymer support has been developed, which utilized one-pot reaction of Danishefsky's diene with aldehydes and polymer-supported amine.     

SiCl4-catalyzed/PR3-mediated β-C(sp3)−H functionalization of nitrones to α,β-unsaturated imines and aromatic heterocycles

A novel method of SiCl₄-catalyzed/PR₃-mediated β-C(sp³)?H functionalization of nitrones with aldehydes/ketones to α,β-unsaturated imines was developed. The synthesis of α,β-unsaturated imines mainly invovles deoxygenation and aldol condensation, each proceeding under a cooperation effect between Lewis acid and Lewis base. In addition, both the acidity and hydrolytic stability of the weak SiCl₄ were supposed to be enhanced by coordination with phosphine oxide (R?=?Et) or phosphoric triamide (R?=?NMe₂) that originated from deoxygenation of nitrones by PR₃. In the case of 6-membered nitrone, a [1,3]-hydride shift within the resulted α,β-unsaturated imines renders the aromatization leading to 3,5-dialkylpyridines.     

Direct asymmetric aldol reaction co-catalyzed by l-proline and group 12 elements Lewis acids in the presence of water

An approach based on combinations of various water compatible Lewis acids and l-proline co-catalysts has been evaluated for the direct asymmetric aldol reaction. From this broad screening, chloride salts from group 12 elements (ZnCl₂, CdCl₂, HgCl₂) lead to the highest stereoselectivities. Optimized catalytic conditions (catalytic system: l-proline: 20%/ZnCl₂: 10%; solvent mixture: DMSO/H₂O, 8:2) gave anti aldol products with improved enantioselectivity (>99% ee) compared to a moderately stereoselective procedure based on proline activation only.