X-inner automorphisms of crossed products and semi-invariants of Hopf algebras

LetR*G be a crossed product of the groupG over the prime ringR and assume thatR*G is also prime. In this paper we study unitsq in the Martindale ring of quotientsQ ₀(R*G) which normalize bothR and the group of trivial units ofR*G. We obtain quite detailed information on their structure. We then study the group ofX-inner automorphisms ofR*G induced by such elements. We show in fact that this group is fairly close to the group of automorphisms ofR*G induced by certain trivial units inQ ₀(R)*G. As an application we specialize to the case whereR=U(L) is the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebraL. Here we study the semi-invariants forL andG which are contained inQ ₀(R*G) and we obtain results which extend known properties ofU(L). Finally, every cocommutative Hopf algebraH over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is of the formH=U(L)*G. Thus we also obtain information on the semi-invariants forH contained inQ ₀(H). Research supported in part by N.S.F. Grant Nos. MCS 83-01393 and MCS 82-19678.     

The character table of the group GL 2(Q) when extended by a certain group of order two

LetG denote either of the groupsGL ₂(q) or SL₂(q). Then θ :G →G given by θ(A) = (A ^t)^t, whereA ^t denotes the transpose of the matrixA, is an automorphism ofG. Therefore we may form the groupG.θ> which is the split extension of the groupG by the cyclic group θ of order 2. Our aim in this paper is to find the complex irreducible character table ofG. θ.     

Realisierbarkeit von darstellungen endlicher gruppen in einheitswurzelkörpern

Zusammenfassung LetD:G→GL(n,C) be an irreducible linear representation of a finite groupG with the characterX. IfD is realizible in Q(ξ _m ) and Q(ξ _m′ ) we give a condition for then realizability ofD in Q(ξ_(m′)). If the degreen is a prime ≠ 2, we show thatD realizible in Q(ξ _f ), wheref is the conductor of the abelian extensionQ(X)/Q.     

About the Schur Index for Ambivalent Groups

An ambivalent group is a finite group all of whose irreducible characters are real valued. By Brauer–Speiser theorem, if G is an ambivalent group, then the absolute Schur index m _Q (χ) = m(χ) ≤2. In this note we shall prove that this property is true also for the derived subgroups of ambivalent groups. Also we will prove that there is a relation between the number of conjugacy classes of 2-regular cyclic subgroups of an ambivalent group and the irreducible characters with absolute Schur index 1.     

Arithmetically Defined Representations of Groups of TypeSL(2, q)

We consider a groupGlying between the special and the general linear group of order 2 over the finite field _q. A representation which arises from a natural action ofGon a quotient graph of the Bruhat–Tits tree ofGL(2, _q((π))) is described and its irreducible components are determined.     

The computations of some Schur indices

Let χ be an irreducible character of a finite groupG. Letp=∞ or a prime. Letm _p (χ) denote the Schur index of χ overQ _p , the completion ofQ atp. It is shown that ifx is ap′-element ofG such that for all irreducible charactersX _u ofG thenm _p (χ)/vbχ(x). This result provides an effective tool in computing Schur indices of characters ofG from a knowledge of the character table ofG. For instance, one can read off Benard’s Theorem which states that every irreducible character of the Weyl groupsW(E _n), n=6,7,8 is afforded by a rational representation. Several other applications are given including a complete list of all local Schur indices of all irreducible characters of all sporadic simple groups and their covering groups (there is still an open question concerning one character of the double cover of Suz). This work was partly supported by NSF Grant MCS-8201333.     

On galois groups and their maximal 2-subgroups

LetG be a finite group of even order, having a central element of order 2 which we denote by −1. IfG is a 2-group, letG be a maximal subgroup ofG containing −1, otherwise letG be a 2-Sylow subgroup ofG. LetH=G/{±1} andH=G/{±1}. Suppose there exists a regular extensionL ₁ of ℚ(T) with Galois groupG. LetL be the subfield ofL ₁ fixed byH. We make the hypothesis thatL ₁ admits a quadratic extensionL ₂ which is Galois overL of Galois groupG. IfG is not a 2-group we show thatL ₁ then admits a quadratic extension which is Galois over ℚ(T) of Galois groupG and which can be given explicitly in terms ofL ₂. IfG is a 2-group, we show that there exists an element α ε ℚ(T) such thatL ₁ admits a quadratic extension which is Galois over ℚ(T) of Galois groupG if and only if the cyclic algebra (L/ℚ(T).a) splits. As an application of these results we explicitly construct several 2-groups as Galois groups of regular extensions of ℚ(T).     

Homology of free Lie powers and torsion in groups

LetG be a group that is given by a free presentationG=F/R, and let_γ4 R denote the fourth term of the lower central series of R. We show that ifG has no elements of order 2, then the torsion subgroup of the free central extensionF/[_γ4 R,F] can be identified with the homology groupR _γ6(G, ℤ/2ℤ). This is a consequence of our main result which refers to the homology ofG with coefficients in Lie powers of relation modules.     

Groups with few characters of small degrees

Letd>1 be a proper divisor of the order of a finite groupG and let σ _d (G) be the sum of squares of degrees of those irreducible characters whose degrees are not divisible byd. It is easy to see thatd divides σ _d (G). The groupsG such that σ _d (G) =d coincide with Frobenius groups whose kernel has indexd (see G. Karpilovsky,Group Representations, Volume 1, Part B, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992, Theorem 37.5.5). In this note we study the case σ _d (G) = 2d in some detail. In particular, ifG is a 2-group, it is of maximal class (Remark 3(b)). The author was supported in part by the Ministry of Absorption of Israel.     

Homomorphisms between the chevalley groups over any fields of characteristic zero

Given an irreducible root system ∑, let G(F,L) denote the Cheval- ley group over a field F corresponding to a lattice L between the root lattice and the weight lattice of ∑,. We will determine all nontnvial homomorphisms from G(k,L ₁) to G(K,L ₂when k and K are any fields of characteristic zero, and we will verify that any nontrivial homomorphism from G(k,L ₁) to G(K,L ₂are induced by a field homomorphism from k to K by multiplying an automorphism of G(K,L ₂.     

On Thompson's Theorem

Let p be a prime divisor of the order of a finite group G. Thompson (1970, J. Algebra14, 129–134) has proved the following remarkable result: a finite group G is p-nilpotent if the degrees of all its nonlinear irreducible characters are divisible by p (in fact, in that case G is solvable). In this note, we prove that a group G, having only one nonlinear irreducible character of p′-degree is a cyclic extension of Thompson's group. This result is a consequence of the following theorem: A nonabelian simple group possesses two nonlinear irreducible characters χ₁ and χ₂ of distinct degrees such that p does not divide χ₁(1)χ₂(1) (here p is arbitrary but fixed). Our proof depends on the classification of finite simple groups. Some properties of solvable groups possessing exactly two nonlinear irreducible characters of p′-degree are proved. Some open questions are posed.     

Prime ideals in the C*-algebra of a nilpotent group

We say that a locally compact groupG hasT ₁ primitive ideal space if the groupC ^*-algebra,C ^*(G), has the property that every primitive ideal (i.e. kernel of an irreducible representation) is closed in the hull-kernel topology on the space of primitive ideals ofC ^*(G), denoted by PrimG. This means of course that every primitive ideal inC ^*(G) is maximal. Long agoDixmier proved that every connected nilpotent Lie group hasT ₁ primitive ideal space. More recentlyPoguntke showed that discrete nilpotent groups haveT ₁ primitive ideal space and a few month agoCarey andMoran proved the same property for second countable locally compact groups having a compactly generated open normal subgroup. In this note we combine the methods used in [3] with some ideas in [9] and show that for nilpotent locally compact groupsG, having a compactly generated open normal subgroup, closed prime ideals inC ^*(G) are always maximal which implies of course that PrimG isT ₁.     

Weak Cayley Table Groups II: Alternating Groups and Finite Coxeter Groups

A weak Cayley table isomorphism is a bijection φ: G → H of groups such that φ(xy) ～ φ(x)φ(y) for all x, y ∈ G. Here ～denotes conjugacy. When G = H the set of all weak Cayley table isomorphisms φ: G → G forms a group 𝒲(G) that contains the automorphism group Aut(G) and the inverse map I: G → G, x → x ^?1. Let 𝒲₀(G) = ?Aut(G), I? ≤ 𝒲(G) and say that G has trivial weak Cayley table group if 𝒲(G) = 𝒲₀(G). We show that all finite irreducible Coxeter groups (except possibly E ₈) have trivial weak Cayley table group, as well as most alternating groups. We also consider some sporadic simple groups.     

Rational matrix groups of a special type

Let G be a finite group having a faithful irreducible character χ for which χ(1) is prime to ¦G¦/χ(1). Let n=[$\text{Q}$(χ):$\text{Q}$]χ(1), and assume that the factors are not both even. Then G can be embedded in GL_n($\text{Q}$) in such a way that its normalizer therein splits over its centralizer.     

A construction of two distinct canonical sets of lifts of Brauer characters of a p-solvable group

In [5], Navarro defines the set , where Q is a p-subgroup of a p-solvable group G, and shows that if δ is the trivial character of Q, then Irr(G|Q, δ) provides a set of canonical lifts of IBr_p(G), the irreducible Brauer characters with vertex Q. Previously, in [2], Isaacs defined a canonical set of lifts B_π(G) of I_π(G). Both of these results extend the Fong-Swan Theorem to π-separable groups, and both construct canonical sets of lifts of the generalized Brauer characters. It is known that in the case that 2∈π, or if |G| is odd, we have B_π(G) = Irr(G|Q, 1_Q). In this note we give a counterexample to show that this is not the case when . It is known that if and χ∈B_π(G), then the constituents of χ_N are in B_π (N). However, we use the same counterexample to show that if , and χ∈Irr(G|Q, 1_Q) is such that θ ∈Irr(N) and [θ, χ _N] ≠ 0, then it is not necessarily the case that θ ∈Irr(N) inherits this property. Received: 17 October 2005     

Explicit norm one elements for ring actions of finite abelian groups

It is known that the norm map N _G for the action of a finite groupG on a ringR is surjective if and only if for every elementary abelian subgroupU ofG the norm map N _U is surjective. Equivalently, there exists an elementx _G ∈R satisfying N _G (x _G )=1 if and only if for every elementary abelian subgroupU there exists an elementx _U ∈R such that N _U (x _U )=1. When the ringR is noncommutative, it is an open problem to find an explicit formula forx _G in terms of the elementsx _U . We solve this problem when the groupG is abelian. The main part of the proof, which was inspired by cohomological considerations, deals with the case whenG is a cyclicp-group. Supported by TMR-Grant ERB FMRX-CT97-0100 of the European Union.     

A Classification of Fully Residually Free Groups of Rank Three or Less

A groupGisfully residually freeprovided to every finite setS ⊂ G\{1} of non-trivial elements ofGthere is a free groupF_Sand an epimorphismh_S:G → F_Ssuch thath_S(g) ≠ 1 for allg ∈ S. Ifnis a positive integer, then a groupGisn-freeprovided every subgroup ofGgenerated bynor fewer distinct elements is free. Our main result shows that a fully residually free group of rank at most 3 is either abelian, free, or a free rank one extension of centralizers of a rank two free group. To prove this we prove that every 2-free, fully residually free group is actually 3-free. There are fully residually free groups which are not 2-free and there are 3-free, fully residually free groups which are not 4-free.     

On Brauer’s problem 21

For ap-blockB of a finite groupG, we give a bound of the order of its defect groupD in terms ofk(B), the number of the irreducible ordinary characters inB.     

On based-free actions of compact lie groups on the hilbert cube

It is proved that a based-free action α of a given compact Lie groupG on the Hilbert cubeQ is equivalent to the standard based-free action σ if and only if the orbit spaceQ ₀/α of the free partQ ₀=Q* is aQ-manifold having the proper homotopy type of the orbit spaceQ ₀/σ. The existence of an equivariant retraction (Q ₀, σ)→(Q ₀, α) is established. It is proved that for any TikhonovG-spaceX the family of all equivariant mapsX→ conG separates the points and the closed sets inX. Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 163–174, February, 1999.     

Reflection subgroups and sub-root systems of the imprimitive complex reflection groups

Based on a graph-theoretic analysis, we determine all the irreducible reflection subgroups of the imprimitive complex reflection groups G(m, p, n), and describe the irreducible subsystems of all possible types in the root system R(m, p, n) of G(m, p, n).