Whole field spatial frequency analysis of double-or multiple-exposed PIV images

Speckle Velocimetry or high-image density PIV gives a velocity vector map of a twodimensional flow field by point-by-point spatial frequency analysis of local pattern at an interrogation spot in a double- or a multiple-exposed image of laser speckle or pseudo-speckle pattern generated by pulsed laser-light-sheet illuminations of a plane in the flow densely seeded with fine particles. The whole field spatial frequency analysis of the double- or multiple-exposed PIV image gives more useful information of the flow field. Optical Fourier transform is a conventional technique not only for the local spatial frequency analysis but for the whole field analysis. Filtering of spatial frequency is one of the typical techniques for the latter which can reconstruct a velocity contour or a component velocity contour map of the flow. Fundamentally this technique is a simple and efficient analogue method to get more information in the velocity field analysis of the flow than a digital image processing, but in practical applications the measurement is restricted to simple flows because of optical noise and low spatial resolution. In order to improve the technique, the fundamental characteristics of the filtering and the noise yielded in the filtering process must be investigated. Meanwhile, wavelet analysis can also be applied to the whole field spatial frequency analysis of PIV image. In this paper the filtering technique is examined by numerical convolution integral, and the results obtained are compared with ones obtained by the wavelet analysis.     

Spatial correlations in permeability distributions due to extreme dynamics restructuring of unconsolidated sandstone

We propose a model for porous sandstone formation from unconsolidated sand based on a series of restructuring events where the local pressure difference due to flow in the sand is the largest. We investigate the local and global permeability distributions after steady state has been reached. Whereas we find no spatial correlations in the local permeability distribution, the distribution of inverse permeability shows spatial correlations consistent with a fractional Brownian noise characterized by a Hurst exponent of 0.88(9). The global permeability of the system shows time fluctuations as restructuring proceeds consistent with self-affinity characterized by a Hurst exponent of 0.25(3), crossing over to white noise at larger time scales.     

基于矢量传感器的水下双址接入研究

针对水声信道的特殊性,提出一种适用于水声通信的双址接入方法。旋转矢量传感器的组合指向性,使其零点对准某一信源,则该信源被屏蔽,此时信宿可以与另一信源进行通信,反之亦然。矢量传感器的空间指向性不随频率变化,该方法可以实现宽带双址异步通信。此外,当两信源之间的开角大于34.8°时,通过对矢量传感器声压和振速输出的联合处理,可以使分离出的不同信源所发射的信号获得一定的信噪比增益。理论分析、数值仿真和湖上实验结果表明:基于矢量传感器的双址通信算法实现简单,信道资源利用率高,可以与其它多址接入技术结合使用,并且矢量传感器的空间增益可以有效降低系统的误码率。由于水声信道的特殊性,水下信息网须采用多种多址接入技术,本文所提出的双址通信方案将是其它多址接入技术的有益补充。      

Sound radiation from inflow turbulence in axial flow fans

The sound radiated when inflow turbulence is present in axial flow fans has been investigated. Theoretically, two noise radiating mechanisms can be identified: (i) interaction of turbulence with the rotor potential field results in a quadrupole-type volume source distribution, producing “flow-interaction” noise; (ii) impingement of turbulence on the blades results in a dipole-type (fluctuating force) surface source distribution, producing “fluctuating lift” noise. A theoretical expression for the flow interaction sound power in the upstream radiation field has been developed, in terms of parameters that can be experimentally determined by near field flow measurements involving spatial cross-correlations of the fluctuating axial velocity, with respect to both radial and circumferential position. Both these measurements and radiated sound pressure measurements have been made for eight- and ten-bladed rotors of relatively low tip Mach number (< 0·3). The sound pressure measurements revealed the occurrence of band-spreading of discrete tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, as would be theoretically predicted for quadrupole-type sources here. The theoretical predictions and the measurements, respectively, of the sound power radiated upstream were compared. The results indicated that, for the fans tested, the “fluctuating lift” noise strongly predominated over the “flow-interaction” noise. The observed sound power levels were consistent with levels estimated from the theory.     

Fluctuations in doubly scattered laser light

Fluctuations in laser light, doubly scattered by brownian particles, were analysed by measuring the spectral noise power of the photodetector current. Scattering took place at two spatially separated systems of spherical particles. Analytic expressions for the field and intensity correlations are derived. The analytic expressions for the spectrum of the intensity fluctuations of the doubly scattered laser light demonstrate that the frequency dependence of the spectrum depends strongly of the geometry of the experimental arrangement. This is not the case for singly scattered light where in good approximation the spatial and temporal correlations can be separated analytically.Our measurements show that the noise spectrum of the doubly scattered radiation may have the same frequency dependence as the spectrum of the singly scattered light. However, there are conditions where the frequency dependence of the noise of the doubly scattered light diverges markedly from that of the singly scattered light.     

Multi-mode sound transmission in ducts with flow

Exhaust mufflers, large exhaust stacks, and turbofan engines are common examples of ducted noise. The most useful measure of the sound produced by these noise sources is the sound power transmitted along the duct. When airflow is present, sound power flow can no longer be uniquely determined from the usual measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity.One approach to sound power determination from in-duct pressure measurement, and the one discussed in this paper, is to predict the relationship between the sound power and pressure based upon an assumed mode amplitude distribution. This paper investigates the relationship between acoustic pressure and power for a family of idealized source distributions of arbitrary temporal and spatial order. Incoherent monopole and dipole sources uniformly distributed over a duct cross-section can be obtained as special cases. This paper covers the sensitivity of the pressure-power relationship to source multipole order, frequency and, in particular, flow speed. It is shown that the introduction of flow in a hard-walled duct can have a substantial effect on the behavior of the pressure-power relationship for certain source distributions. Preliminary experimental results in a no-flow facility are presented in order to verify some of the main results.     

浅海环境中矢量水听器角度谱特性

为探明远场舰船噪声和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用的机制对矢量水听器角度谱特性的影响,基于简正波矢量场理论,构建舰船平台噪声声场模型,获得与海上实验结果相符的声能流角度谱特性,声能流方向均随频率变化。对远场舰船噪声声能流和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用进行仿真,两者声能流强度的此消彼长使角度谱出现4种条纹,与海上实验获得的角度谱特性一致,导致目标方位估计出现误差,且不同频带上的结果不一致。说明两个声能流相互作用时,影响合成能流角度谱特性的主要因素是两者的声压级之差,为浅海中同时存在多个声源时的目标方位估计提供参考。      

利用质量流注入的流激孔腔噪声共振峰抑制

通过数值仿真揭示了开口前缘垂直注入质量流和前壁面平行注入质量流抑制流激孔腔噪声的机制,研究了多参数影响下脉动压力峰值降噪量和总降噪量随质量流注入速度的变化规律。开口前缘垂直注入质量流通过抬升剪切层,避免漩涡冲击开口后缘,抑制流激孔腔噪声脉动压力峰值;在一定范围内质量流注入速度越大,脉动压力峰值降噪量越大,但是低频部分引起的抬升也会越高,导致总降噪量先增大后减小;经优化后的峰值降噪量和总降噪量分别可以达到15 dB和9.5 dB。开口前壁面平行注入质量流则是通过加强开口处剪切层的稳定性,避免发生漩涡脱落,达到抑制流激孔腔噪声的目的;当质量流入口面积大于孔腔开口前壁面积2/3时,不仅可以显著降低流激孔腔噪声脉动压力的峰值,并且可以很好地抑制其它频段噪声的抬升;质量流注入速度为来流速度的0.5倍时,脉动压力峰值降噪量和总降噪量分别可以达到18 dB和15.4 dB。     

Specific features of estimation of levels and spatial spectrum of ocean noise by a single multicomponent combined receiver

Algorithms for estimation of the spatial spectrum of ocean noise using a single hydroacoustic combined receiving module (CRM), which records the field of acoustic pressure and its gradient projections onto three mutually orthogonal spatial directions for small wave sizes, are discussed. It is shown that in spite of a rather “obtuse” cosine directional response pattern of vector channels of this receiving module it is possible to obtain good determination of the direction toward the local source due to recording the vector characteristic of the acoustic field (acoustic power flux), and in the absence of powerful local sources in the water area the spatial spectrum of noise close to a realistic one can be obtained.     

Spatial coherences of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise

The spatial coherences were investigated between the sound pressure and the three orthogonal components of the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise. Based on the ray theory, integral expression was derived for the spatial coherence matrix of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in a stratified ocean with dipole noise sources homogenously distributed on the surface. The integrand includes a multiplying factor of the vertical directivity of the noise intensity, and the layered ocean environment affects the spatial coherences via this directivity factor. For a shallow water environment and a semi-infinite homogenous medium, the coherence calculation results were given. It was showed that the sound speed profile and the sea bottom could not be neglected in determining the spatial coherences of the ambient noise vector field.     

基于矢量水听器阵列空域预滤波处理的多重信号分类算法研究

矢量水听器能同时拾取声压和振速信息,在相同的信噪比、阵元数及阵列孔径下,矢量阵定向性能优于声压阵列。目前,以多重信号分类算法(Multiple signal classification,MUSIC)为代表的高分辨定向算法已经广泛应用于矢量水听器阵列中。但是随着信噪比降低、信号源方位间隔减小,传统MUSIC算法定向精度及分辨概率显著下降。本文采用最小二乘法设计适用于矢量水听器水平阵列的矩阵空域滤波器,用于阵列数据的空间滤波预处理,可以对阻带扇面噪声进行有效抑制。由滤波后的数据协方差矩阵可以得到新的噪声子空间,在传统MUSIC算法基础上修正通带扇面内阵列流型的畸变后即可得到滤波后MUSIC算法的方位谱。仿真结果表明,当信噪比较低时,改进算法有效提高了通带扇面内目标方位分辨性能。最后本文对四基元矢量水平阵列海试数据进行了处理,改进算法对窄带信号定向较常规算法-3 dB束宽减小了13°,旁瓣级降低约8 dB。对有一定带宽的行船辐射噪声定向处理得到了更加精确的航迹图,海试数据处理结果证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

拖曳线列阵声呐平台噪声的空域矩阵滤波抑制技术

针对拖曳线列阵声呐平台噪声构成近场强干扰影响声呐弱目标探测的问题,利用近场平台噪声的多途传播特性,将匹配场定位技术和平面波目标方位估计技术结合,使用平台噪声到达接收阵的拷贝向量以及平面波方向向量共同设计平台噪声零响应约束空域矩阵滤波器,实现了平台噪声抑制.推导得出滤波器设计最优化问题的最优解,利用广义奇异值分解简化最优解表达式,并给出滤波器对平面波方向向量整体响应误差以及对平台噪声拷贝向量响应。利用平台噪声拷贝向量与远场平面波方向向量相关性,解释了平台噪声构成强干扰的原因,以及滤波后存在探测盲区的原因。由仿真可知,空域矩阵滤波处理可获得更小的探测盲区,同时获得盲区外更高的探测能力.      

Array gain for a conformal acoustic vector sensor array:An experimental study

An acoustic vector sensor can measure the components of particle velocity and the acoustic pressure at the same point simultaneously, which provides a larger array gain against the ambient noise and a higher angular resolution than the omnidirectional pressure sensor. This paper presents an experimental study of array gain for a conformal acoustic vector sensor array in a practical environment. First, the manifold vector is calculated using the real measured data so that the effects of array mismatches can be minimized. Second, an optimal beamformer with a specific spatial response on the basis of the stable directivity of the ambient noise is designed, which can effectively suppress the ambient noise.Experimental results show that this beamformer for the conformal acoustic vector sensor array provides good signal-tonoise ratio enhancement and is more advantageous than the delay-and-sum and minimum variance distortionless response beamformers.     

单矢量水听器稀疏近似最小方差方位估计算法

针对单矢量水听器海上目标探测问题,利用稀疏近似最小方差(Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance,SAMV)算法进行目标方位估计,该算法利用单矢量水听器自身具有阵列流形的特点,将整个扫描空间离散化,目标方位分布于某一离散方向位置上,利用空间信号的稀疏性可提高目标方位估计性能。仿真结果表明,SAMV算法在各信噪比条件下方位估计噪声背景级明显优于常规波束形成(Conventional Beam Forming,CBF)算法和最小方差无失真响应(Minimum Variance Distortionless Response,MVDR)算法,当信噪比大于0dB时,该算法测向结果均方根误差小于2°,且SAMV算法具有更好的空间方位分辨能力。消声水池和海上声学浮标海上试验数据处理结果表明,SAMV算法给出了噪声背景级更低的目标方位历程图,有效验证了SAMV算法对海上目标的探测性能及其有效性。      

Experimental study of the cavitation noise and vibration induced by the choked flow in a Venturi reactor

In this paper, the cavitation performance and corresponding pressure pulsation, noise and vibration induced by the choked cavitating flow in a Venturi reactor are investigated experimentally under different cavitation conditions by using high-speed camera and high frequency sensors. Based on the instantaneous continuous cavitation images, the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), a tool to analyze the large-scale cavitation flow structure, is applied to investigate the choked cavitating flow dynamics. The POD results show that two mechanisms, re-entrant jet flow mechanism and shock wave mechanism, govern the shedding and collapse of cavitation cloud at different pressure ratios. These mechanisms contribute to the variation of pressure pulsation, noise and vibration at different pressure ratios. The pressure pulsation spectrum behaves differently in various cavitation regions induced by the choked cavitating flow. Due to the existence of low pressure in re-entrant region, the influence of high frequency fluctuation on pressure pulsation caused by re-entrant flow is small. Moreover, with the increase of pressure ratio, the induced noise and vibration intensity decreases gradually, then increases and reaches a maximum value. Finally, it drops to a low and stable level. Despite different inlet pressures, the intensity of cavitation noise and vibration reaches the maximum value at the same pressure ratio. Specifically, the FFT analysis of noise and vibration signals indicates that low frequency component prevails at small pressure ratio owing to the re-entrant jet mechanism, while high frequency component prevails at large pressure ratio owing to the shock wave mechanism. The relationship between the choked cavitation dynamics and the induced pressure pulsation, noise and vibration in the Venturi reactor is highlighted. The results can provide guidance for the optimal operation condition of the Venturi reactor for cavitation applications such as water treatment.     

A study of noise reduction by acoustic shock waves

I.IntroductionAcousticshockwavcs(ASW)isanimportantphcnomcnoninnonlinearacoustics.Experimentalrcsultshavcshownthatwhenanaircraftcngincinletopcratesneartheson-iccondition,vcrystrongnoisegcncratedbythcfanscanbcreduccdgreat1yowingtothcformationofASWatthcthroatofthcin1etll].ASWisadiscontinuityofacousticvaria-bles,whichisdifTcrcntfromthcshockwavesoccurringinhighspcedsteadyflowinducts.Theformer'sintensityismuch1cssthanthelattcr's.Furthcrmorc,thepositionandintensityofASWisalwayschangedwithtime.l…     

Experimental studies of flow noise around a surfacing device

The wall pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers play an important role in acoustic measurements carried out in moving media. Results of measuring the frequency spectra of wall pressure fluctuations around a surfacing device are presented. The spatial resolution achieved in measuring the wall pressure fluctuations is investigated. It is demonstrated that the results of hydrodynamic flow noise measurements strongly depend on the aperture size of the measuring acoustic transducer and its orientation in the turbulent boundary layer. The pseudosound pressure fluctuation spectra observed in a series of experiments with surfacing devices show that the resolution of the pressure receivers operating in the turbulent boundary layers considerably varies. On the basis of systematic measurements of wall pressure fluctuations by miniature and distributed receivers at high Reynolds numbers, the effect of the geometric dimensions of a pressure receiver on its resolution in the flow noise measurements is studied. An experimental method is proposed for estimating the receiver-induced distortions.     

矩形腔体流场模拟及噪声研究

用大涡模拟方法对低速湍流引起的矩形腔体内流动进行了模拟,并应用FW-H声学类比方程分析了由流动诱发的气动噪声.数值模拟观察到了涡结构的脱体及腔体内部的自激振荡过程,通过分析得出了由流动诱发噪声的声压-频率曲线.研究发现在流速30 m/s时,流动噪声声压级在60 dB以下,348.48 Hz及其高次谐波是噪声的主要来源,流场与声场表现出耦合关系,辐射声场具有明显的方向性.腔体噪声的风洞实验研究得到了与数值模拟吻合的结果.     

The characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum estimation by a vector hydrophone in shallow water

The mechanism of interaction between the energy flows of the far-field ship noise and the near-field platform is studied, and the characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum is discussed. Based on normal modes theory in acoustic vector fields, the model of the near-field platform is established, and the simulated result is similar to the investigation in shallow water. The frequency-time azimuth spectrum of the energy flow is investigated by the vector hydrophone changes with frequency. The energy flow of the far-field ship noise interacts with the near-field platform, so four kinds of stripes are shown in the frequency-time azimuth spectrum, which is the same with the investigation of sea trial. The estimation of direction of arrival appears inaccuracy, and varies with frequency. The main factor that affects the characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum of resultant energy flow is the difference of sound pressure level. The estimation of the direction of arrival benefits from this when a number of sources exist in shallow water.     

Numerical analysis and passive control of a car side window buffeting noise based on Scale-Adaptive Simulation

Flow over an open side window in a car exhibits similar characteristics as the flow over an open cavity. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation over a cavity was done as a benchmark. The unsteady flow simulation was carried out using Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) turbulence model. The benchmark results, frequency and sound pressure levels of feedback and resonance modes, all well matched with the experimental data. Then, with the right rear window, for example, the mechanism of the side window buffeting was investigated. The simulation results show that side window buffeting noise is generated by large scale vortices and in low frequency. Furthermore, buffeting noise characteristics under several patterns of side windows opening were also numerically investigated. As a result, rear window buffeting noise is more severe than that of front window when one window open, and combination pattern of side windows open can reduce buffeting noise. To decrease the interior noise and improve car ride comfort, four suppression measures through adding a side window weather deflector at the A-pillars, constructing a cavity at the B-pillars, combination of the front and rear windows and installing a row of square cylinder deflector at the B-pillars were also studied, respectively. In conclusion, certain noise reduction can be achieved through four passive control methods.