基于正交设计的酸性除草剂非水毛细管电泳分离研究及应用

基于非水毛细管电泳中非水介质、电解质、缓冲溶液的pH以及分离电压等影响因素,通过正交实验设计和毛细管电泳联用对2,4-滴、2,4,5-涕、麦草畏3种酸性除草剂标准样品以及200个烟草样品中的3种除草剂残留进行测定.优化的电泳条件:40 mmol/L NH4Ac-乙腈(体积比1:9),用氨水将表观pH(pH*)调为9.7;分离电压-25 kV;压差进样:5.25 Pa×10 s;检测波长200 nm;石英毛细管柱:50 μm i.d.×46 cm(有效长度37.5 cm).在优化电泳条件下,3种除草剂在1.0 ～50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好.2,4-滴、麦草畏、2,4,5-涕的检出限分别为0.5、0.6、0.5 mg/L(S/N=3),回收率为81% ～84%.     

非水介质毛细管电泳电导法检测盐酸胺碘酮

采用非水介质毛细管电泳电导检测法对盐酸胺碘酮进行检测。探讨了缓冲溶液的种类、pH和浓度、分离电压、进样时间、进样高度等因素对检测效果的影响,建立了测定盐酸胺碘酮的新方法。用乙醇作为非水介质,在30mmol L三羟甲基氨基甲烷 15mmol L柠檬酸(pH6.90)运行缓冲溶液中,盐酸胺碘酮在5～200mg L范围内的线性回归方程为y=74.94x-7.83,r=0 999。检出限(S N=3)为0.5mg L,样品回收率为98.9%。适用于含盐酸胺碘酮的药剂的分析。     

胶束毛细管电泳同时分离测定葛根及其制剂中的5种异黄酮

建立了一种新的胶束毛细管电泳方法,用于同时分离检测葛根素、大豆苷、 3’-甲氧基葛根素、 3’-羟基葛根素和4’-甲氧基葛根素5种异黄酮。优化的实验条件为：以40 mmol/LNa₂B₄O₇+4 mmol/L NaOH(pH 9.62)为运行缓冲溶液,5%(V/V)甲醇和14 mmol/L的十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)为添加剂,分离电压22 kV,检测波长250 nm,进样时间5 s。在优化条件下,葛根素、大豆苷、 3’-甲氧基葛根素、 3’-羟基葛根素和4’-甲氧基葛根素5种异黄酮可在14 min内完成分离检测,各目标组分的峰面积与其浓度之间的线性关系良好。该方法用于葛根及其制剂中5种异黄酮的定量分析,加标回收率范围为95.6%～104.8%,相对标准偏差不超过4.0%。     

苯二酚异构体电迁移行为预测与研究

系统研究了邻、间、对苯二酚3种异构体在毛细管区带电泳中的迁移行为,从理论上分析了解离常数、缓冲液pH与迁移行为之间的关系,进行了定量预测。通过实验讨论了缓冲溶液类型及浓度、缓冲溶液的pH、分离电压等因素对三种异构体分离的影响,获得了优化的分离条件。结果表明,使用未涂层石英毛细管柱(50μmi.d.,50 cm,有效长度为45 cm),在检测波长225 nm,硼砂缓冲溶液30 mmol/L,pH为8.5~9.15,分离电压为10~25 kV的条件下,苯二酚3种异构体均可按对、间、邻的顺序得到基线分离,实验结果与理论预测相符。     

非水毛细管电泳测定黄连饮片中5种生物碱

建立了一种非水毛细管电泳(NACE)同时测定黄连饮片生品与炮制品中小檗碱、巴马汀、药根碱、木兰碱和黄连碱含量的方法。分别考察了非水溶剂、缓冲液体系及其浓度和pH、运行电压、运行温度和检测波长等条件对实验结果的影响。在优化的实验条件下,选择非水毛细管电泳分离模式,以40 mmol/L乙酸钠-40 mmol/L乙酸铵的无水甲醇缓冲溶液(pH 5.8)为电泳介质,未涂渍标准熔融石英毛细管(64.5 cm×75 μm,有效长度56 cm)为分离通道,检测波长为254 nm,分离电压为25 kV,压力进样(5 kPa×6 s),柱温为20 ℃。结果显示,5种生物碱在20 min内可实现基线分离,加标回收率为98.37%～101.03%。该方法简单、准确,重现性较好,可用于黄连饮片内在质量的评价和控制。     

蜂王浆中磷酸腺苷的提取及超高效液相色谱分析

比较了高氯酸提取、热水提取和热硫酸镁溶液提取3种提取方式对蜂王浆中磷酸腺苷三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和单磷酸腺苷(AMP)的提取效果,发现在低温(低于4 ℃)下以5%高氯酸的提取效果最佳。采用超高效液相色谱-紫外检测法分析蜂王浆中的ATP, ADP和AMP的含量。以BEH Shield RP18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)为分析柱,以50 mmol/L的磷酸二氢铵(pH 6.5)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,3种磷酸腺苷在4 min内实现了较好的分离。以加标王浆样品作添加回收率测定,ATP, ADP和AMP的回收率分别为84.1%～94.3%,86.2%～93.7%和91.0%～104.3%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。方法已被用于一些实际样品的分析,以了解ATP, ADP和AMP在蜂王浆样品中的分布情况。     

毛细管电泳法同时测定炎可宁片中五种有效成分

建立了区带毛细管电泳法同时测定炎可宁片中小檗碱、巴马汀、药根碱、大黄素、大黄酸5种药效成分含量的方法.在60 cm×75 μm(有效长度50 cm)未涂层弹性石英毛细管中,以90 mmol/L Tris-10 mmol/L柠檬酸(含30％乙腈,pH=8.0)为电泳缓冲溶液,分离电压为25 kV时,5种被测组分在10 m...     

胶束电动色谱法分离和测定双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚

用胶束电动色谱法分离了双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚。以含10％乙腈和25mmol／L十二烷基硫酸钠、pH9．0、浓度为12．5mmoL／L的硼砂溶液为缓冲溶液,在25kV的分离电压下,三物质获得了基线分离。用该法对自来水、水库水等水样中3种物质的加入回收进行了研究,测定的回收率在90．5％～108．1％之间。     

电堆集富集非水毛细管电泳法测定麻黄碱

以乙腈为非水介质,建立了电堆集富集非水毛细管电泳法测定麻黄碱的方法。运行缓冲溶液为50mmol LNH4Ac 30mL LHAc 900mL L乙腈,未涂层石英毛细管(75μmi.d×47cm,有效长度为40cm),压力进样20s,15kV恒压电泳(25℃),检测波长为200nm。在最优实验条件下,麻黄碱可在15min内与其它组分分离,麻黄碱的线性范围为2～14μg mL,检测限为42ng mL。     

毛细管电泳法测定苷肽胶囊中3种核苷酸

提出了毛细管电泳法同时分离测定苷肽胶囊中3种核苷酸腺嘌呤-5′-单磷酸、胞嘧啶-5′-单磷酸和鸟嘌呤-5′-单磷酸含量的方法。以15 mmol.L-1硼砂+35 mmol.L-1碳酸钠+60 mmol.L-1羟丙基-β-环糊精混合溶液为电解质溶液,运行电压30 kV,于254 nm波长处进行紫外检测。3种核苷酸的线性范围依次为5.0～80.0,8.0～80.0,8.0～80.0 mg.L-1,检出限(3S/N)依次为2.0,3.0,3.0 mg.L-1。采用该方法对苷肽胶囊样品中3种核苷酸的含量分别进行了测定,所得加标回收率在92.1%～102.7%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于等于5.0%。     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with a sample deposition interface as a quantitative detector in size-exclusion chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was developed to analyze plant hormones including gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, kinetin-6-furfurylaminopurine and N6-benzyladenine. The influences of some crucial parameters including buffer concentration, pH value, micelle concentration and applied voltage on electrophoretic separation were investigated. Under optimum conditions (50 mM borate as the running buffer containing 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate, pH 8.0; separation voltage: -15 kV; injection: hydrodynamic injection, 5 s at 50 mbar; temperature: 25 degrees C), a complete separation of seven plant hormones was accomplished within 30 min. Emphasis was placed on improving detection sensitivity in order to detect small amounts of hormones in plant tissue. Multiple wavelength detection and expanded bubble cell capillary were used with enrichment factors of 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, an on-line concentration method of large volume sample stacking was designed. Enrichment factors of up to approximately 10-600 were achieved for these hormones with detection limits down to 0.306 ng/ml. The method was successfully applied to analyzing abscisic acid in flowers of transgenic tobacco.     

Enhanced detection of seven glucoconjugated and hydroxylated porphyrins and chlorins by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis combined with stacking

The nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mode which includes a preconcentration step based on a transient pseudo-isotachophoresis to the simultaneous separation of seven glucoconjugated and hydroxylated porphyrins and chlorins, exhibiting very close structures, is reported. A high methanol content, of the buffer solution, was necessary in order to prevent self-assembly of the compounds and to enhance their solubility during separation. With the addition of 66% (v/v) methanol and 1% (w/v) NaCl in the aqueous sample solution, large volumes could be injected (44% capillary volume) without a loss in resolution. Sensitivity of detection was therefore improved by a 100-fold factor with regard to the method employing normal injection (2% capillary volume). Optimum electrophoretic conditions, in terms of sensitivity and performance, were obtained by using 20 mM phosphoric acid buffer, pH 2.2 and 50% methanol. The method was validated and applied to qualitative analysis of glucoconjugates in serum samples.     

Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of dextromethorphan and its metabolites

This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of dextromethorphan and its metabolites using a methanolic background electrolyte. The optimization of separation conditions was performed in terms of the resolution of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan and the effect of separation temperature, voltage, and the characteristics of the background electrolyte were studied. Complete separation of all analytes was achieved in 40 mM ammonium acetate dissolved in methanol. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3 kPa for 4 s. The separation voltage was 20 kV accompanied by a low electric current. The ultraviolet detection was performed at 214 nm, the temperature of the capillary was 25°C. These conditions enabled the separation of four analytes plus the internal standard within 9 min. Further, the developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Rat liver perfusate samples were subjected to the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method to illustrate its applicability.     

Discontinuous electrolyte systems for improved detection of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection

On-line concentration and separation of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence using an Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm under discontinuous conditions is presented. The suitable conditions for simultaneous analysis of amines and acids were: samples were prepared in a solution (pH* 3.1) consisting of 10 mM citric acid, 89% acetonitrile (ACN), and water; a capillary was filled with 1.5 M Tris-borate (TB) buffer (pH 10.0); and the anodic vial contained PTG10 buffer (pH* 9.0) that consists of 50 mM propanoic acid, Tris, 10% glycerol, and water. After injecting a large-volume sample, amines and acids were separately stacked at the front (cathodic side) and back (anodic side) of the acidic sample zone, mainly because of changes in their electrophoretic mobilities as a result of changes in pH, viscosity, and electric field when high voltage was applied. When the sample was injected at 15 kV for 360 s, the concentration limits of detection (LODs) for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were 0.27 and 0.31 nM, respectively, which are about 400- and 800-fold sensitivity improvements when compared to those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. For the analysis of amines, samples were prepared in 100 mM citric acid (pH* 1.8) containing 89% ACN and both the capillary and anodic vial were filled with 400 mM PTG20 (propanoic acid, Tris, 20% glycerol, and water) at pH* 4.5. Using a large injection volume (15 kV for 360 s), we achieved concentration LODs of 17 pM and 0.3 nM for tryptamine and epinephrine, which are about 5200- and 14,000-fold sensitivity improvements, respectively, in comparison with those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. The features of simplicity (no sample pretreatment), rapidity (12 min), and sensitivity for identification of amines and acids of interest in urine samples show diagnostic potential of the two approaches developed in this study.     

Separation and determination of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in tobacco by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A practical method for residue analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in baked tobacco leaves has been developed using nonaqueous CE (NACE). The herbicide residues of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in tobaccos were extracted by ultrasonication with ethyl acetate, followed by a cleanup procedure with gel permeation chromatography. The separation of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T by NACE was optimized based on orthogonal experiment design with four factors at three levels. The optimal NACE condition was established with the running buffer of 40.0 mmol/L ammonium acetate in 90% CH3CN (apparent pH 10.2), and the applied voltage of -25 kV over a capillary of 50 microm id x 46 cm (37.5 cm to the detector window), which gave a baseline separation of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T within 15 min. The LOD were ca. 0.4-0.6 microg/mL for the three herbicides, whereas the overall recovery ranged from 80.8 to 84.1%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to measure 300 real tobacco samples, and the residue profiles of the three herbicides in tobacco samples were obtained and evaluated.     

1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮衍生中药寡糖的毛细管区带电泳分离

建立了一种可用于中药寡糖分离的毛细管区带电泳(CZE)分析方法。分离条件: 未涂层熔融石英毛细管柱(48 cm×50 μm,有效长度38 cm),紫外检测波长245 nm,采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)为寡糖衍生试剂,50 mmol/L磷酸盐溶液(pH 2.5)为运行缓冲液,电压15 kV,重力进样10 cm×2 s。针对中药寡糖实际样品的复杂性,通过添加多种常见单糖进行方法的实用性验证,并且将方法用于板蓝根多糖的控制降解产物的分离。结果表明,板蓝根寡糖组分可按相对分子质量从小到大的顺序分离,分离效果令人满意。该分离方法操作简单、高效,可用于中药寡糖实际样品分析。另外,还对单糖、寡糖PMP衍生物的电泳迁移行为进行了初步的理论探讨。     

Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for separation of venlafaxine and its phase I metabolites

Aqueous and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) were investigated for separation of venlafaxine, a new second-generation antidepressant, and its three phase I metabolites. Working at basic pH, around the venlafaxine pKa value, was effective in resolving the investigated drugs, but created considerable peak tailing. To overcome electrostatic interactions between analytes and silanol groups, investigations were also carried out at acidic pH. However, despite the addition of up to 50% v/v of organic solvents (e.g., methanol or acetonitrile), complete separation of the studied compounds was not possible. NACE was found to be an appropriate alternative to resolve venlafaxine and its metabolites simultaneously. Using a conventional capillary (fused-silica, 64.5 cm length, 50 microm inner diameter), and a methanol-acetonitrile mixture (20/80 v/v) containing 25 mM ammonium formate and 1 M formic acid, complete resolution of these closely related compounds was performed in less than 3.5 min. Selectivity, efficiency and separation time were greatly affected by the organic solvent composition. As the electric current generated in nonaqueous medium was very low, the electric field was further increased by reducing the capillary length. This allowed a baseline resolution of venlafaxine and its three metabolities in 0.7 min. Selectivity was compared in aqueous and nonaqueous media in relation to the acid-base properties of the analytes as well as to the solvation degree. Finally, the method successfully coupled on-line to mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface allowed significant sensitivity enhancement.     

Fast separation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants in plasma sample by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A simple, fast, and sensitive liquid–liquid extraction method followed by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (LLE/NACE) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine) in human plasma. Several experimental separation conditions using aqueous and nonaqueous media separation were tested by varying the electrolyte pH value (for aqueous medium) and the ionic strength concentration considering the similar mobility of the compounds. High-resolution separation was achieved with a mixture of 1.25 mol L⁻¹ of phosphoric acid in acetonitrile. The quantification limits of the LLE/CE method varied between 15 and 30 ng mL⁻¹, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10.3%. The method was successfully applied in therapeutic drug monitoring and should be employed in the evaluation of plasma levels in urgent toxicological analysis.     

MECC分离并测定高粱及玉米中7种农药类环境激素

用毛细管胶束电动色谱成功分离并测定了高粱和玉米中7种农药类环境激素(多菌灵、西玛津、莠去津、毒死蜱、溴氰菊酯、乙草胺和氯氰菊酯)的残留量。研究了电泳缓冲液及表面活性剂等因素的影响,在最佳分离条件(pH 9.0、20 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠+50 mmol/L SDS+5%乙腈为缓冲溶液,分离电压20 kV,检测波长222 nm,实验温度25℃,压力法进样,30 mbar×10 s)下,7种农药在28 min内得到基线分离,质量浓度与其峰面积在5.0～150μg.L-1范围内呈良好线性,检出限为0.6～3.0μg/L,回收率为97%～108%,相对标准偏差为2.2%～4.7%。该方法具有操作简单、快速方便及自动化程度高、重现性好等优点。