Two-color resonance photoionization spectrum of nickelocene in a supersonic jet

Two-color photoionization of nickelocene molecules cooled in a supersonic jet is performed using a tunable nanosecond pulsed laser. The first stage of the multiphoton excitation is the transition from the highest occupied molecular orbital of nickelocene to the lowest Rydberg level. Conditions are found under which molecular ions (η ⁵-C₅H₅)₂Ni⁺ are the only product of the multiphoton ionization in the one-color experiment. Irradiation of an excited molecule by an intense pulse of another laser increases significantly the yield of molecular ions. The dependence of the yield of (η⁵-C₅H₅)₂Ni⁺ ions on the frequency of the second laser makes it possible to determine the adiabatic ionization potential of nickelocene as 6.138±0.012eV.     

Two-color photoionization and photoelectron studies by combining infrared and vacuum ultraviolet

Recent developments of two-color infrared (IR)-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and VUV-IR photoionization and photoelectron detection schemes for spectroscopic studies are described. By preparing molecules in selected rovibrational states by IR excitation prior to VUV-photoionization, state-selected and state-to-state photoionization cross sections can be obtained by IR-VUV-photoionization efficiency (IR-VUV-PIE) and IR-VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (IR-VUV-PFI-PE) measurements, respectively. Rotationally resolved autoionizing Rydberg states converging to excited ionic states, which cannot be observed by single-photon VUV-PIE measurements, can be examined by the IR-VUV-PIE scheme. By monitoring the photoion and the PFI-PE intensities at a fixed VUV energy as a function of IR frequency, the respective IR photoion and IR absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecule can be measured. Two-color VUV-IR photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) experiment, in which high-n Rydberg states are prepared by VUV-photoexcitation followed by IR-induced autoionization, has also been demonstrated. Since the IR-VUV-PIE, IR-VUV-PFI-PE, and VUV-IR-PIRI methods do not require the existence of a bound intermediate electronic state in the UV and are generally applicable to all molecules, the development of these two-color photoionization and photoelectron schemes is expected to significantly enhance the scope of VUV spectroscopy and chemistry.     

Isotope selective photoionization of calcium using two-step laser excitation

The isotope specific two-step photoionization of metastable Ca atoms was investigated using a continuous wave dye laser and an Ar⁺ laser. The photoionization was performed via a transition to an autoionizing state. Therefore an ionization probability as high as 10⁻² could be obtained.     

Two-color photoionization spectroscopy of uranium in a U–Ne hollow cathode discharge tube

A U–Ne hollow cathode discharge tube is used as a source of uranium atomic vapors as well as a photoelectron/photoion detector for carrying out two-color three-photon photoionization spectroscopy of uranium. Using the uranium excitation transition 0 cm⁻¹ (⁵L ₆ ⁰ ) → 16 900.38 cm⁻¹ (⁷M₇) at 591.5-nm laser wavelength as a first step transition and scanning the wavelength of a second laser from 558 to 568 nm, high-lying odd-parity atomic levels of uranium are studied in the energy region 34 500–34 813 cm⁻¹. All the expected 21 odd-parity atomic levels identified by various researchers in this region are observed in a single spectrum, demonstrating the high sensitivity achieved therein. In addition to this, we have identified eight autoionization resonances of uranium starting from its odd-parity atomic level at 33 801.06 cm⁻¹ pumped by two-photon excitation. Four out of these eight autoionization resonances are observed for the first time.     

一种LED照明光源均匀度设计

为了满足数字摄像法能见度测量仪均匀光源的要求,提高半导体发光二极管照明的均匀性,该文提出一种基于数字图像分析技术的设计方法。首先测量单颗LED在模组区域的亮度分布,进而拟合分布函数,再运用多颗LED亮度叠加原理,计算出不均匀度最小的多颗LED阵列方式,或固定均匀度对应的最佳尺寸。对仿真数据和实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明,该文计算出的LED阵列方式,与单边阵列相比,均匀度显著提高,最高可达95%以上。     

Two-color pump-probe experiments in helium using high-order harmonics

A pump-probe technique has been applied for measuring the lifetimes and absolute photoionization cross-sections of excited He states. The 1s2p ¹P and 1s3p ¹P states of He are excited by using the 13th and the 14th harmonic, respectively, of a tunable 70 ps dye laser generated in a Kr gas jet. The states are ionized after a varying time delay, by absorption of probe photons with energies between 1.6 and 4.5 eV. Lifetimes of τ(1s2p) = 0.57 ns and τ(1s3p) = 1.76 ns are determined with a precision of about 15%. A significant enhancement of the number of ions present in the lifetime curves at zero time delay for pressures above 6×10^-5 mbar is attributed to direct two-photon ionization of He in combination with AC Stark broadening of the excited state and absorption of the XUV light in the medium. Absolute photoionization cross-sections from the He 1s2p ¹P and He 1s3p ¹P states in the threshold region are determined by measuring the saturation of the ionization process with a precision of ∼ 25%. In addition, the variation of the relative orientation between the polarization vectors of the pump and probe beams enables the determination of partial photoionization cross-sections. Received 3 June 2002 / Received in final form 14 August 2002 Published online 22 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"Present address: Department of Biophysics, Leiden University, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands. RID="b" ID="b"Present address: Continuum Electro-Optics Inc., 3150 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA. RID="c" ID="c"Present address: CEA/DRECAM/SPAM, CEN Saclay, 91105 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. RID="d" ID="d"Present address: Department of Physics, National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda. RID="e" ID="e"Present address: CELIA, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France. RID="f" ID="f"Present address: MAX-Lab, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden. RID="g" ID="g"e-mail: anne.lhuillier@fysik.lth.se     

Optimized 481 Mb/s visible light communication system using phosphorescent white LED

We demonstrate a visible light communication system based on DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing（DCO-OFDM） and achieve a bit rate of 481 Mb/s at a communication distance of 65 cm by employing single 1 W commercial phosphorescent light-emitting diode（LED）. The average bit error rate of the received data is 2.3×10-3, which is below the forward error correction limit, 3.8×10-3. The effect of signal clipping in DCO-OFDM system is studied and resource allocation algorithms are utilized. At least 13% capacity improvement can be obtained by suitable signal clipping and resource allocation.     

Angular distribution of photoelectrons after photoionization by elliptically polarized light

The angular distribution of photoelectrons after photoionization by elliptically polarized light is derived.     

Vibrationally resolved K-shell photoionization of CO with circularly polarized light

Diffraction of a low energy (<4 eV) carbon-K-photoelectron wave that is created inside a CO molecule by absorption of a circularly polarized photon is investigated. The measurements resolve the vibrational states of the K-shell ionized CO+ molecule and display the photoelectron diffraction patterns in the molecular frame. These show significant variation for the different vibrational states. This effect is stronger than predicted by state-of-the-art theory. As this study is performed close to C-K-threshold and, therefore, far below the molecule's sigma-shape resonance, this surprisingly strong effect is not related to that resonance phenomenon.     

针对LED扩展光源照明的自由曲面透镜设计

针对LED扩展光源,采用双向反馈网格法设计了自由曲面透镜.划分光源和目标面的能量网格,通过对每一条迭代曲线建立反馈系数,对网格点进行修正并建立新的映射关系,设计了两个目标面中心无光照度的自由曲面透镜.将设计的自由曲面透镜用蒙特卡罗方法对不同尺寸的LED扩展光源进行了模拟仿真.结果表明,对于尺寸在4mm×4mm以下的LE...     

光谱分布可调光源的LED筛选研究

针对LED光谱分布可调光源对LED寿命以及光谱一致性的要求,对可见光和近红外波段的29种LED分别进行200 h的电流加速老化试验,并提出LED光谱一致性筛选算法。老化试验结果表明:峰值波长为385 nm、400 nm 和420 1 nm 3种LED的辐射通量平均衰减分别为24.8 %、10.7 %和25.6 %,不能用于LED光谱分布可调光源;剩余的26种LED的辐射通量平均衰减量均低于3.5 %,可作为光谱分布可调光源的内部光源。LED光谱一致性筛选算法以LED光谱数据为基础,计算同类LED间的相对光谱偏差,26种LED的相对光谱偏差均小于4.5 %,保证了所筛选出LED的光谱一致性。     

LED天幕灯的光学设计

天幕灯是一款用于近距离照射大面积幕布的特殊灯具。为了在限定的区域内获得幕布的均匀照明,天幕灯需实现非对称、大角度的特定出射光强分布。基于几何光学和辐照度理论,首先建立满足幕布均匀照明要求的天幕灯配光曲线模型,然后再根据LED光源的发光特性进行二次光学设计,使LED天幕灯的出射光强分布与所需的配光曲线模型相匹配。根据能量守恒定律将配光曲线模型进行均匀离散化处理,建立直射和反射的有效叠加和补偿,依此设计得到反射面面型,实现照明要求。通过Zemax对所设计的LED天幕灯进行模拟仿真,结果表明,满足配光曲线的LED天幕灯可以通过多个灯具的简单照明叠加实现在近距离范围内对不同大小和形状的幕布进行均匀照明,其照明均匀度可达到85%以上,能量利用率可达到80%以上。     

全色彩RGB灯电控光源设计研究

介绍星敏感器和星模拟器在航空器空间姿态确定中的作用和地位及其基本工作原理。依据色度学理论与公式,分析如何使用红、绿、蓝三原色合成各种颜色的光源,并推导三原色色品坐标和亮度与合成光源色品坐标之间的数学方程式。在理论研究的基础上,设计一种以全色彩RGB灯作为发光器件的静态多路星模拟器电控光源。在实验室条件下,对电控光源系统输出光功率和峰值波长的稳定性进行测试实验,并给出实验结果。实验结果表明:单个光源的短期稳定性均优于1/1 000。     

Two-color two-photon excitation of indole using a femtosecond laser regenerative amplifier

The fluorescence emission from indole resulting from two-color two-photon (2C2P) excitation with 400 and 800 nm wavelengths is observed, using the second harmonic and fundamental wavelength of a 800 nm 40 fs pulsed Ti:Sapphire femtosecond (fs) regenerative amplifier operating at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. By delaying one fs laser pulse relative to the other, the cross correlation of fluorescence is observed, which indicates the generation of 2C2P fluorescence signal in the experiment. The strongest 2C2P fluorescence emission characterized by the peak of cross correlation curve suggests optimal temporal overlap of the two fs laser pulses. The 2C2P fluorescence signal is linearly dependent on the total excitation intensity. The fluorescence signals with 400 nm and 800 nm irradiation alone are also demonstrated and discussed in this paper.     

用高亮度LED和简便数据处理方法测定椭圆偏振光的椭圆曲线

通过建立椭圆偏振光在β方向上的光振动大小与检偏器在β+90°方向时光电检测器所测光强之间的关系式,以高亮度LED为光源,可简便地测定椭圆偏振光的椭圆曲线.     

Enhanced light extraction with silicon nanoantenna arrays for white light LED applications

High conversion efficiency and quantum efficiency is essential for the phosphor in an efficient phosphor-based white light LEDs. Here, based on the coherent harmonic and the random independent emitter model, we demonstrate theoretically that the silicon nanoantenna array can dramatically enhance the output power of emitters in a phosphor layer by investigating the far-field radiation enhancement of an electric dipole assisted by silicon nanopillars in a waveguide structure. Compared with the plasmonic silver nanoantenna array, the silicon nanoantenna array can increase the enhancement factor of light extraction efficiency (LEE) over 50% for the dipole source at the wavelength of 620 nm, thus showing potential applications in white light LEDs. The enhanced LEE is ascribed to the low-loss directional light scattering of silicon nanoantennas and the strong guided mode resonances caused by their array. The calculation results also indicate that the far-field radiation can be tailored significantly by changing the aspect ratio of silicon nanopillars while presenting a good directivity. Our research is expected to give more insights into the design and optimization of the solid-state lighting, gaining and lasing systems by integrating silicon-based nanoantennas.     

飞秒激光脉冲的谐波频率分辨光学开关法测量研究

建立了一台谐波频率分辨光学开关法(FROG)飞秒脉冲测量装置，利用该装置进行了掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光脉冲的测量研究.在二次谐波自相关测得的时域和频域信号基础上，结合对信号光强度分布的计算机迭代处理，得到了有关飞秒激光电场、光谱及其相位的信息，所得脉宽与干涉测量的结果基本一致. 关键词： 频率分辨光学开关法(FROG) 迭代计算 飞秒激光 自相关     

New collection systems for multi LED light engines

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have numerous advantages as light sources in projectors. LEDs are more compact, exhibit a larger color gamut, have a longer lifetime, and need a lower supply voltage. However, there is still one important disadvantage: the optical power per unit of étendue (luminance) of an LED is significantly low. As a result of the étendue limitations of LEDs, the projected flux on the screen will not be high. Despite this shortcoming, LED’s are still of great interest for low power applications because of their other superior properties. Thus we collect the available light flux optimally and combine multiple high luminance LEDs within the system. In this study we discuss three collection systems designed to collect the LED flux with high optical efficiency while retaining small device size. The best collection efficiency attained with our collection systems is 96%. The fabrication tolerance and cost of our collection systems are also analyzed.