低速多电荷态离子He2+、O2+和Ne2+与W靶表面

本文报道了He2+,O2+和Ne2+与W靶表面相互作用中的动能电子产额随离子入射速度变化的实验测量结果.结果表明：在本实验的入射速度范围内,对同一入射离子,动能电子产额随入射离子的速度增大而线性增加.基于动能电子发射的机理,我们分析了影响动能电子产额的因素,理论上得出动能电子产额与入射速度增长呈线性增加的关系,取得了实验上和理论上一致的结果.     

激光诱导Co等离子体电子温度的时间空间演化特性研究

本文在380～500 nm波长范围内测定了激光烧蚀Co等离子体中Co原子的时间和空间分辨发射光谱.由发射光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体电子温度和电子密度,并由实验结果讨论了激光等离子体中电子温度的时间和空间演化特性.实验结果表明,当延时在100～1000 ns范围内变化时,相应的电子温度Te范围为8000～25000 K;当距离靶表面0～1.8 mm范围内变化时,相应的电子温度Te范围为13000～25000 K,电子温度在激光束方向上的分布具有很好的对称性.     

用于电子能谱测量的LiF热释光探测器标定

用γ标准源对LiF热释光探测器（TLD）的灵敏度因子、线性吸收系数、离散性、重复性进行了测定。在此基础上建立了电子质量阻止本领的修正模型,理论上计算出电子等效质量阻止本领,给出单能电子的注量。由LiF TLD阵列可测量激光等离子体相互作用中发射的超热电子能谱（能量-注量关系）。     

激光诱导Ni 等离子体电子温度、电子密度的时间演化特性研究

本文在350～600 nm波长范围内测定了激光烧蚀Ni等离子体中Ni原子的时间分辨发射光谱.由发射光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体电子温度和电子密度,并由实验结果讨论了激光等离子体中电子温度、电子密度的时间演化特性.     

空气中YAG激光诱导Cu等离子体空间特性的研究

在空气中利用Nd:YAG脉冲激光诱导金属Cu靶,产生激光等离子体羽,并获得等离子体羽的空间谱;研究了空间谱线结构;分析了不同空间位置处电子温度和电子密度的空间演化规律;并对等离子体光谱的特性和产生机制进行了讨论.结果表明:谱线结构、谱线强度和等离子体的电子温度及电子密度都与空间位置变化密切相关,特征谱强度最大值出现在距靶面0.75～1.0mm的空间位置处,此处CuⅠ谱线相对强度最强,在1.25mm空间位置处的电子温度比周边的电子温度偏低,但此处电子密度反而升高,这种现象可以由级联效应得到解释.     

激光诱导铝合金E414d等离子体电子温度的空间分布

采用调Q Nd:YAG脉冲激光诱导铝合金E414d,研究了等离子体的谱线强度、电子温度和电子密度。建立Al (Ⅰ) 256.80 nm、Al (Ⅰ) 308.21 nm和Al (Ⅰ) 396.15 nm的波耳兹曼平面,实验发现距靶面高度1.5 mm处等离子体的电子温度最高。罗仑兹函数拟合Mg (Ⅰ) 285.21 nm得到等离子体的电子密度是1.9×1018 cm-3,远大于局域热力学平衡所需的电子密度值9.8×1015 cm-3,证明实验得到的等离子体满足局部热力学平衡。     

A comparison among optical emission spectroscopic methods of determining electron temperature in low pressure argon plasmas

In this article, four kinds of optical emission spectroscopic methods of determining electron temperature are used to investigate the relationship between electron temperature and pressure in the cylindrical plasmas of dc glow discharges at low pressures in laboratory by measuring the relative intensities of ArI lines at various pressures. These methods are developed respectively on the basis of the Fermi--Dirac model, corona model, and two kinds of electron collision cross section models according to the kinetic analysis. Their theoretical bases and the conditions to which they are applicable are reviewed, and their calculation results and fitting errors are compared with each other. The investigation has indicated that the electron temperatures obtained by the four methods become consistent with each other when the pressure increases in the low pressure argon plasmas.     

激光诱导铝合金E414d等离子体电子温度的空间分布

 采用调Q Nd:YAG脉冲激光诱导铝合金E414d,研究了等离子体的谱线强度、电子温度和电子密度。建立Al (Ⅰ) 256.80 nm、Al (Ⅰ) 308.21 nm和Al (Ⅰ) 396.15 nm的波耳兹曼平面,实验发现距靶面高度1.5 mm处等离子体的电子温度最高。罗仑兹函数拟合Mg (Ⅰ) 285.21 nm得到等离子体的电子密度是1.9×10₁₈ cm_-3,远大于局域热力学平衡所需的电子密度值9.8×10₁₅ cm_-3,证明实验得到的等离子体满足局部热力学平衡。     

激光诱导Al表面等离子体温度的发射谱诊断

探测了脉冲能量0.3 J波长1064 nm的纳秒激光聚焦Al表面诱导的等离子体200-900 nm范围的发射谱.分析了线状谱的基本规律,根据谱线的强度,考虑到光谱仪与电荷耦合器件(charge coupled device, CCD)的探测效率,通过线性拟合给出了等离子体中Al Ⅰ、Al Ⅱ、N Ⅰ、O Ⅰ粒子的激发温度.根据谱线的半高宽计算了等离子体电子密度,进而计算了等离子中Al Ⅰ的电离温度.结果表明,在等离子体状态快速演化过程中,不同粒子的电离、激发与退激存在较大差异,Al Ⅱ、Al Ⅰ相对于N Ⅰ、O Ⅰ有较高的激发温度,并且等离子体中Al Ⅰ的电离温度高于所有粒子的激发温度.     

强激光与高密度气体相互作用中电子和离子加速的数值模拟

在现有的一维粒子模拟程序的基础上发展了带光电离和碰撞电离及蒙特卡罗两体碰撞的模拟程序(1D PIC-MCC). 用此程序模拟研究了短脉冲激光与He气靶相互作用时电子和离子的加速过程. 研究表明当强激光与过临界密度的微米厚度的平面靶相互作用时，靶前表面物质将被激光脉冲前沿迅速离化；新生的电子被激光场有质动力加速成为高能电子，这些电子穿入到靶内，通过电子碰撞电离离化靶内物质；一部分高能电子穿透靶后，会在靶的后表面形成强的电荷分离场，该场迅速离化靶后表面物质，同时使得后表面离子得到加速. 部分穿透靶的超热电子将被电荷分离场重新拉回靶内，在靶的前后表面振荡. 一些振荡电子在此过程中得到电荷分离场加速，离开前表面，在前表面也形成电荷分离场，使前表面离子得到加速. 关键词： 激光等离子体 光电离和碰撞电离 电子加速 离子加速     

Negative photoplastic effect due to the relaxed excited state of the F-center in alkali halides

Abstract

To make clear the mechanism of the photoplastic effect (PPE) in alkali halides containing F-centers, on the basis of the photochemical reaction of the F-center, temperature dependence of the PPE in KC1, and KBr and NaCl was studied from 95 K up to RT. The characteristic critical points θ _ts in colored KC1 and KBr were determined to be 110 and 190 K, respectively. Below θ _t the sign of the PPE in both crystals was negative, i.e., decrement of the flow stress during light illumination was observed. Moreover, the θ _ts were in good agreement with the temperature where the photoconductivities show remarkable increase in the course of the measurements. The negative PPE is explained in terms of the rotation of the principal strain axis of the relaxed state of the F-center having ?100? tetragonarity as to relax the stress around the edge dislocation coming closely.     

离焦量对空气中激光诱导铜等离子体光谱特性的影响

利用Nd: YAG脉冲激光在空气中烧蚀金属Cu靶,获得等离子体光谱;采用改变离焦量的方法,研究了离焦量的变化对谱线结构及谱线强度的影响;分析了离焦量分别为1mm、0mm和-2mm时,沿靶面法线方向不同空间距离处电子温度的演化规律;并对等离子体光谱的特性和产生机制进行了讨论. 结果表明,谱线结构、谱线强度和等离子体的电子温度都与离焦量的变化密切相关,聚焦点在-2mm处CuⅠ谱线相对强度出现峰值,电子温度数值最大;聚焦点在-0.5mm和-1.0mm附近谱线相对强度遽然降低的现象是由于等离子体的屏蔽效应造成的.     

On the correlation of nuclear track effects with basic track parameters

The formation of nuclear tracks in polymers in acompagnied by radiochemical, structural, electronic and optical changes that show up macroscopically above specific threshold values. The correlation of these effects with both the average transferred electronic energy density _e and with _eS_e (S_e = electronic stopping power) is examined in this work. Scaling with _eS_e yields in general better results: The consequence for the choice of the corresponding track model is discussed.     

Deuterium-tritium fuel impact ignition in the presence of degenerate plasma

The impact ignition model is proposed based on the collision of a deuterium-tritium (DT) layer accelerated to high velocities in a conical target. Simple mechanism, low cost, high coupling efficiency, and lack of the need for Petawatt laser pulses are the prominent advantages of this model. However, an increase in the productivity of this ignition mechanism is an important issue. In this regard, in this paper, the idea of impact ignition using the plasma degeneracy mechanism has been investigated. For this purpose, first, the ignition energy gain and stopping power of the DT beam in pure and impure fuels, by employing both degenerate and non-degenerate plasmas, have been examined numerically. Then, in order to assess the penetration depth and range of the incident beam, simulations have been carried out using a three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo code for two states of degenerate and non-degenerate pre-compressed pure fuel. The results imply that the state of degeneracy causes an increase by about 63% in the energy gain of impact ignition. In addition, the degeneracy condition leads to an approximate enhancement of 60% in the energy deposition of the pure fuel and about 67% for the impure fuel, with a mixed density ratio of 1.5%; therefore, the range and penetration depth decrease significantly in comparison to the non-degenerate one. This can be indicative of the increasing efficiency of impact ignition conditions in the presence of degenerate plasma. The results of the range for the pure fuel have also been confirmed by a 3D Monte Carlo simulation code.     

Online diagnosis of electron excitation temperature in CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>+H<Subscript>2</Subscript> discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure by optical emission spectra

Methane coupling under low temperature plasmas at atmospheric pressure is a green process by use of renewable sources of energy. In this study, CH₄+H₂ discharge plasma was on-line diagnosed by optical emission spectra so as to characterize the discharge system and to do spade work for the optimization of the technical parameters for future commercial production of methane coupling under plasmas. The study was focused on a calculation method for the online diagnosis of the electron excitation temperature in CH₄+H₂ discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure. The diagnostic method is easy, efficient and fairly precise. A serious error in a literature was corrected during the reasoning of its series of equations formerly used to calculate electron temperatures in plasmas. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 29776037 and 10675028) and the Science and Technology Development Foundation of SINOPEC (Grant No. X500005)     

Heat flow through a plasma sheath in the presence of secondary electron emission from plasma‐wall interaction

The formation of a plasma sheath in front of a negative wall emitting secondary electron is studied by a one‐dimensional fluid model. The model takes into account the effect of the ion temperature. With the secondary electron emission (SEE ) coefficient obtained by integrating over the Maxwellian electron velocity distribution for various materials such as Be, C, Mo, and W, it is found that the wall potential depends strongly on the ion temperature and the wall material. Before the occurrence of the space‐charge‐limited (SCL ) emission, the wall potential decreases with increasing ion temperature. The variation of the sheath potential caused by SEE affects the sheath energy transmission and impurity sputtering yield. If SEE is below SCL emission , the energy transmission coefficient always varies with the wall materials as a result of the effect of SEE , and it increases as the ion temperature is increased. By comparison of with and without SEE , it is found that sputtering yields have pronounced differences for low ion temperatures but are almost the same for high ion temperatures.     

激光诱导Ti等离子体光谱的时间演化特性研究

利用Nd:YAG激光器产生的1064 nm、10 ns脉冲激光聚焦在空气中的Ti靶,观测了激光诱导Ti等离子体发射光谱.调节激光能量为45 mJ/pulse,分析了时间范围在0到4000 ns的时间分辨发射光谱和谱线轮廓以及展宽.在局部热力学平衡(LTE)条件下,利用Saha-boltzmann图法拟合电子温度,Saha方程计算电子密度,讨论了等离子体电子温度和电子密度随时间的演化规律.结果表明,在所讨论的时间范围内,谱线的强度在延时250 ns处达到最大,250 ns后随着延迟时间的增加减小,电子密度和电子温度在延时1000 ns内快速衰减,1000 ns后衰减速度变慢.     

等离子体浸没离子注入非导电聚合物的适应性及栅网诱导效应的研究

本文建立了绝缘材料等离子体浸没离子注入过程的动力学Particle-in-cell(PIC)模型, 将二次电子发射系数直接与离子注入即时能量建立关联, 研究了非导电聚合物厚度、介电常数和二次电子发射系数对表面偏压电位的影响规律以及栅网诱导效应. 研究结果表明: 非导电聚合物较厚时, 表面自偏压难以实现全方位离子注入, 栅网诱导可以间接为非导电聚合物提供偏压, 并抑制二次电子发射, 为厚大非导电聚合物表面等离子体浸没离子注入提供了有效途径.     

激光诱导Al等离子体电子温度的时间空间演化特性研究

实验测定了激光烧蚀Al等离子体中Al原子在380-500nm 波长范围内的时间和空间分辨发射光谱。由Al原子390.068nm、394.4nm、396.152nm、466.3056nm、451.25nm、352 .95nm发射光谱线的强度计算了等离子体电子温度,并由实验结果讨论了激光等离子体中电子温度的时间和空间演化特性。实验结果表明,当延时在100-1500ns范围内变化时,相应的电子温度Te范围为6200K -32700K;当距离靶表面0-1.8mm范围内变化时,相应的电子温度Te范围为9800K- 32700K, 电子温度在沿激光束方向上的分布具有很好的对称性。     

二次电子发射和负离子存在时的鞘层结构特性

建立了包括电子、离子、器壁发射二次电子以及负离子多种成分的等离子体无碰撞鞘层的基本模型,讨论了二次电子发射和负离子对1维稳态等离子体鞘层结构的影响,并且分析了多种成分等离子体鞘层内的二次电子和负离子的相互作用。结果表明：二次电子发射系数的增加和负离子含量的增加,都将导致鞘层的厚度有所减小;二次电子发射系数超过临界发射系数之后,鞘层不再是离子鞘。随着器壁材料二次电子发射系数的增加,鞘层中的负离子密度分布也逐渐增加;负离子的增加,导致二次电子临界发射系数有所增加。另外,在等离子体鞘层中二次电子发射和负离子的存在,也影响着鞘层中电子的放电特性与器壁材料的腐蚀。