On diffusion velocity and the mass conservation equation for components

The mass migration velocity(absolute velocity)of component i in a multicomponent flow is equal to the convection velocity(frame velocity)plus the diffusion velocity(relativevelocity).The diffusion velocity as well as the corresponding diffusion coefficient depends on how the convection velocity is adopted.In turbulent flow,the mass migration velocity of component i is(?)(mass-weighted time average velocity).The diffusion velocity(-a)consists of turbulent diffusionvelocity(?)and molecular diffusion velocity(?)(?is the simple time average velocity of component i and a is a certain convection velocity).So,the part of turbulent diffusion velocity is independent of what convection velocity is taken.In the mass conservation equation for component i,the expression for the diffusion term on its right-hand side will change when the convection velocity on its left-hand side changes.In turbulent flow,there could be no diffusion terms,or a turbulent diffusion term only,or both the turbulent and molecular diffusion     

关于机械能守恒律——————理论力学札记之一

 归纳理论力学教材中关于机械能守恒律的几种典型表述, 对典 型表述进行评述,并给出较全面表述的建议.     

Nonlinear parameter identification of models for masonry

This paper investigates the parameter estimation problem for brick masonry models. An identification procedure is proposed in which the uncertainties of known parameters and/or errors of measurements are its elements of distinction. The minimization process of the discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical measurements takes place by means of a first order iterative method. The identification procedure is applied to two different problems: the calibration of an interface model for brick–mortar joint in its functional form through monotonic experimental tests; to evaluate the unknown parameters of a continuum model for brick masonry walls in its non-holonomic form by means of in-plane cyclic shear–compression test of masonry panels. The general framework of the non-linear estimate methodology, the parameter identification problems and the numerical results are presented.     

Nonlinear stability of discrete shocks for systems of conservation laws

In this paper we study the asymptotic nonlinear stability of discrete shocks for the Lax-Friedrichs scheme for approximating general m×m systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. It is shown that weak single discrete shocks for such a scheme are nonlinearly stable in the L ^p-norm for all p 1, provided that the sums of the initial perturbations equal zero. These results should shed light on the convergence of the numerical solution constructed by the Lax-Friedrichs scheme for the single-shock solution of system of hyperbolic conservation laws. If the Riemann solution corresponding to the given far-field states is a superposition of m single shocks from each characteristic family, we show that the corresponding multiple discrete shocks are nonlinearly stable in L ^p (P 2). These results are proved by using both a weighted estimate and a characteristic energy method based on the internal structures of the discrete shocks and the essential monotonicity of the Lax-Friedrichs scheme.     

Dual conservation integrals and energy release rates

Simple derivation of the dual conservation integrals in small strain elasticity is presented, without the aid of Noether’s theorem on invariant variational principles. The derived integrals are related to the release rates of the potential and complementary potential energy associated with the defect motion. The analysis corrects the errors in earlier derivation of the relationship between the dual integrals and the release rates of the complementary potential energy. Selected examples in plane and anti-plane strain illustrate the calculation of dual integrals and their application. It is shown that the evaluation of dual integrals is of similar complexity to that of classical integrals, so that either can be used to determine the stress intensity factors or the forces between defects, without solving the corresponding boundary value problems. An advantage of combining the two calculations is discussed.     

Complete systems of conservation laws for two-layer shallow water models

A well-posedness criterion for a complete system of conservation laws is proposed that assumes maximum compatibility of the convexity domain of the closing conservation law with the domain of hyperbolicity of the model used. This criterion is used to obtain well-posed complete systems of conservation laws for the models of two-layer shallow water with a free-surface (model I) and with a rigid lid (model II). Lavrent’ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 23–32, September–October, 1999.     

Nonlinear turbulence models for predicting strong curvature effects

Prediction of the characteristics of turbulent flows with strong streamline curvature, such as flows in turbomachines, curved channel flows, flows around airfoils and buildings, is of great importance in engineering applications and poses a very practical challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, we analyze qualitatively the curvature effects on the structure of turbulence and conduct numerical simulations of a turbulent Uduct flow with a number of turbulence models in order to assess their overall performance. The models evaluated in this work are some typical linear eddy viscosity turbulence models, nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models （NLEVM） （quadratic and cubic）, a quadratic explicit algebraic stress model （EASM） and a Reynolds stress model （RSM） developed based on the second-moment closure. Our numerical results show that a cubic NLEVM that performs considerably well in other benchmark turbulent flows, such as the Craft, Launder and Suga model and the Huang and Ma model, is able to capture the major features of the highly curved turbulent U-duct flow, including the damping of turbulence near the convex wall, the enhancement of turbulence near the concave wall, and the subsequent turbulent flow separation. The predictions of the cubic models are quite close to that of the RSM, in relatively good agreement with the experimental data, which suggests that these models may be employed to simulate the turbulent curved flows in engineering applications.     

Nonlinear computational models of dynamical coding patterns in depression and normal rats: from electrophysiology to energy consumption

Nonlinear Dynamics - Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most serious neuropsychiatric disorders. Exploring the pathogenesis and dynamical coding patterns of MDD can provide new targets...     

Optimal prediction for moment models: crescendo diffusion and reordered equations

A direct numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation or any kinetic equation is typically expensive, since the radiative intensity depends on time, space and direction. An expansion in the direction variables yields an equivalent system of infinitely many moments. A fundamental problem is how to truncate the system. Various closures have been presented in the literature. We want to generally study the moment closure within the framework of optimal prediction, a strategy to approximate the mean solution of a large system by a smaller system, for radiation moment systems. We apply this strategy to radiative transfer and show that several closures can be re-derived within this framework, such as P _N , diffusion, and diffusion correction closures. In addition, the formalism gives rise to new parabolic systems, the reordered P _N equations, that are similar to the simplified P _N equations. Furthermore, we propose a modification to existing closures. Although simple and with no extra cost, this newly derived crescendo diffusion yields better approximations in numerical tests.     

Nonlinear analysis of spacecraft thermal models

We study the differential equations of lumped-parameter models of spacecraft thermal control. Firstly, we consider a satellite model consisting of two isothermal parts (nodes): an outer part that absorbs heat from the environment as radiation of various types and radiates heat as a black body, and an inner part that just dissipates heat at a constant rate. The resulting system of two nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the satellite’s temperatures is analyzed with various methods, which prove that the temperatures approach a steady state if the heat input is constant, whereas they approach a limit cycle if it varies periodically. Secondly, we generalize those methods to study a many-node thermal model of a spacecraft: this model also has a stable steady state under constant heat inputs that becomes a limit cycle if the inputs vary periodically. Finally, we propose new numerical analyses of spacecraft thermal models based on our results, to complement the analyses normally carried out with commercial software packages.     

Numerical results for the conservation of energy of Maxwell media for the Rayleigh–Stokes problem

This publication continues our studies of analytical solutions of the Rayleigh–Stokes problem for Maxwell fluids [J. Zierep, C. Fetecau, Energetic balance for the Rayleigh–Stokes problem of a Maxwell fluid, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 45 (2007) 617–627]. We start from the Fourier sine transform. The numerical result is given and discussed for the velocity u, the power of the wall shear stresses L, the dissipation Φand the boundary layer thickness δ. These new results are important for nature and technology.     

双面理想完整约束系统的机械能守恒律

研究双面理想完整约束系统在约束不是定常且主动力不是有势时的机械能守恒律. 建立系统的能量变化方程,给出存在机械能守恒律的充分必要条件. 分析有机械能守恒律的12种情况. 最后给出说明性算例.     

On a supplementary conservation law for the energy equation in a rigid heat conductor

We consider a rigid heat conductor with specified constitutive equations and show that the internal energy equation may be written in the form of a symmetric and conservative hyperbolic system of first order quasi-linear equations for which the Cauchy problem is well-posed. Moreover, such a system is useful to study shocks. Several particular cases are examined.     

Shape sensitivity analysis and the energy momentum tensor for the kinematic and static models of torsion

The aim of this paper is to bridge shape sensitivity analysis and configurational mechanics by means of a widespread use of the shape derivative concept. This technique will be applied as a systematic procedure to obtain the Eshelby’s energy momentum tensor associated to the problem under consideration. In order to highlight special features of this procedure and without loss of generality, we focus our attention in the application of shape sensitivity analysis to the problem of twisted straight bars within the framework of linear elasticity.Kinematic and static variational formulations as well as the direct method of sensitivity analysis are used to perform shape derivatives of both models. Integral expressions of first and second order shape derivatives of the total potential energy and the complementary potential energy with respect to an arbitrary transverse cross-section shape change, are achieved. These integral expressions put in evidence the relationship between shape sensitivity analysis and the first and second order Eshelby’s energy momentum tensors. Also, the null divergence property of these tensors is easily proved by comparing, in each case, the domain and boundary integral shape derivative arrived at. Finally, an example with a known exact solution, corresponding to an elastic bar with elliptical transverse cross-section submitted to twist, is presented in order to illustrate the usefulness of these tensors to compute the corresponding shape derivatives.