碱式碳酸铜的制备

以CuSO4.5H2O和Na2CO3为反应原料制备碱式碳酸铜。学生通过查阅文献制定实验方案,经指导教师同意后开展实验。通过改变反应物的配比、体系pH、反应温度等条件制备碱式碳酸铜;通过测定产物Cu2+含量、TG/DTG曲线等对产物品质进行初步分析。用反应的产率和反应速率综合判断较优制备条件。     

实验教学中要进行观念的渗透——以“乙酸乙酯的制备”实验复习为例

以"乙酸乙酯的制备"实验复习课的教学设计为例,说明在化学实验教学过程中,教师不仅要关注具体的实验知识,要去挖掘实验知识中所蕴含的实验内涵,更要去渗透化学实验的观念与思想方法,以充分发挥化学实验的教学功能,并提高学生的实验能力。     

有机化学实验混合式教学研究与实践——以"乙醚的制备"为例

围绕完善优课,打造"金课"的理念,推进混合式教学在有机化学实验教学中的应用与实践,以乙醚的制备为例,详细阐述该教学模式的具体实施过程。教学实践说明混合式教学辅以实验的创新设计,不仅可以提高学生课前的自学成效,激发学生学习的探索欲,而且还能促进教师教学水平的提升,提高教学的创新性,可在实验教学中推广。     

加强化学实验教学的几点做法

化学实验教学是在教师的引导下,通过对化学实验的探索研究,达到使学生认识物质的组成、结构、性质、应用的有关知识并培养学生的操作技能,发展学生的学习能力的活动过程。化学实验不仅规定着化学学科本身的建立和发展,同时也是化学教学工作的基础。加强化学实验教学,能最大限度地激发学生的学习兴趣,自觉地探索知识,变被动的学习为主动学习。在实验过程中,学生的思维方法经常地受到实验规律的启示,促使他们改进自己的学习方法,提高学习效率。     

高分子科学实验学生自主设计实验改革初探——以“温敏性水凝胶的制备及其动态退溶胀性能探究”为例

高分子科学实验是高分子材料专业的核心实验课程,随着社会发展,人才培养要求的不断提高,结合领域前沿热点,引导学生去自主学习,自主设计实验是课程教学改革的方向。本文以本科生自主设计的高分子科学实验"温敏性水凝胶的制备及其动态退溶胀性能探究"为例,提出了新的实验教学改革思路:教师选定前沿研究热点,学生组成"研究小组",通过查阅资料并结合教学实验室条件,自主设计教学实验,分工合作完成实验。通过把前沿性研究转化为本科教学的实验教学改革模式,使学生的实验设计能力、创新能力和综合素质都得到了有效训练。     

大学无机化学实验碱式碳酸铜制备方法的优化

"碱式碳酸铜的制备"是大学无机化学的综合设计实验，笔者在多年的教学中发现学生的实验结果并不理想，颜色偏蓝、产量偏低等问题普遍存在。为此对制备条件进行系统研究，并用XRD、FT-IR对产物进行分析。结果表明，当硫酸铜和碳酸钠的物质的量比为1：1.2时，将碳酸钠溶液加入到硫酸铜溶液中，在75℃反应制得的产物为纯相碱式碳酸铜。     

微视频在盐溶液酸碱性教学中的运用

为帮助学生初步理解并感知盐溶液的酸碱性,设计并实践了一节融合现代信息技术的实验教学课。运用“Camtasia Studio”软件自制微视频作为“盐溶液酸碱性”教学课的导入,然后学生仿照推测2种盐溶液的酸碱性并设计实验进行验证;教师用ipad抓拍学生实验过程中的现象,择时利用iTools的“苹果录屏大师”技术通过电脑投影呈现、分析,引导教学深入。微视频的使用缩略了实验过程、提升了课堂效率,也便于学生的二次学习;抓拍和实时投影技术及时定格或放大实验现象,便于回顾细究实验或清晰呈现实验进程;学生通过设计和亲历实验,体会到实验方案选择的重要性,体验到科学探究的一般过程。     

草酸亚铁制备及组分测定综合实验之更新探索

在实验教学中,增加综合性实验内容,开设研究性、探索性和创新性综合实验是化学专业人才培养的重要组成部分。改革更新"草酸亚铁制备及组成测定"的实验方法,并以此创新综合实验为例,引导学生综合运用所学理论知识设计并优选实验方案。通过综合实验的训练,加深学生对实验及科研方法的理解,提高其实验技能及合作交流的能力。     

化学类本科综合化学实验教学的实践与思考

综合化学实验是联系基础化学实验和过渡到本科毕业论文专题研究的一个桥梁。本文根据笔者多年的设计型综合实验教学,概要阐述了综合化学实验教学中如何贯彻综合化学的基本特征,依照"教师引导,学生主体"的思想,帮助学生了解学科发展的前沿热点,锻炼查阅文献和阅读、提炼其实验精华、主动探究和学习的能力,以达到锻炼学生的实验操作能力和提高学生的整体素质。     

化学实验教学中的“思想实验”及其教学价值研究

从教师的实验设计、学生的实验准备、教科书等3个维度探查了化学实验教学中恩斯特·马赫所定义的"思想实验"的成分。在此基础上分析挖掘了"思想实验"的教学价值,即教师可借助思想实验优化实验教学设计;学生可借助思想实验优化实验准备问题;教师可用思想实验来彰显化学学科魅力。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。