Derivation of component aerosol direct radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere for clear-sky oceans

A two-step approach is proposed to derive component aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) at the top of atmosphere (TOA) over global oceans from 60°S to 60°N for clear-sky condition by combining Terra CERES/MODIS-SSF shortwave (SW) flux and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) observations with the fractions of component AOTs from the GSFC/GOCART model. The derived global annual mean component ADRF is +0.08±0.17 W/m² for black carbon, −0.52±0.24 W/m² for organic carbon, −1.10±0.42 W/m² for sulfate, −0.99±0.37 W/m² for dust, −2.44±0.84 W/m² for sea salt, and −4.98±1.67 W/m² for total aerosols. The total ADRF has also been partitioned into anthropogenic and natural components with a value of −1.25±0.43 and −3.73±1.27 W/m², respectively. The major sources of error in the estimates have also been discussed. The analysis adds an alternative technique to narrow the large difference between current model-based and observation-based global estimates of component ADRF by combining the satellite measurement with the model simulation.     

大气气溶胶粒子光吸收系数的测量

 采用核孔过滤膜累积气溶胶粒子的方法设计了气溶胶粒子光吸收系数的测量系统。该系统由双光路组成,可以减小光路损耗和电路噪声带来的各种测量误差。同时，具有体积小、光路易于调节、可进行实时测量、定标容易等特点。用200和400nm孔径的过滤膜，分别测量了实验室内大气气溶胶粒子对不同波长激光的吸收系数。随着累积时间的增加，系统的测量精度也不断的提高，在累积时间为900s时，系统测量误差为9.849×10^-6/m。     

Sensitivity of trace gas abundances retrievals from infrared limb emission spectra to simplifying approximations in radiative transfer modelling

The accuracy of trace gas abundances retrieved from spectrally resolved infrared limb emission measurements relies, among other things, on the appropriate modelling of radiative transfer through the actual atmosphere. We quantify the mapping of several commonly applied simplifications in radiative transfer modelling on the trace gas abundances retrieval error at the example of the Michelson interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding (MIPAS)/environmental satellite (ENVISAT) space borne Fourier transform infra-red limb emission experiment. The Karlsruhe optimized and precise radiative transfer algorithm (KOPRA) which was used as a tool for this study will be introduced. KOPRA supports accurate modelling of the particular instrument requirements of MIPAS and the observation scenarios during the ENVISAT mission, in particular with respect to its viewing direction and its altitude coverage of the atmosphere. We show that disregarding of horizontal temperature inhomogeneities and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium effects, insufficient accuracy in modelling of field-of-view and apodisation effects, and disregarding individual profiles of isotopic species play the key roles in radiative transfer modelling and lead to systematic retrieval errors which can by far exceed the expected random retrieval error caused by measurement noise.     

On the use of principal component analysis to speed up radiative transfer calculations

Radiative transfer is computationally expensive. However, it is essential to many applications, in particular remote sensing retrievals. Principal component analysis of the optical depth and single scattering albedo profiles has been proposed as a possible method to help ease the computational burden. Here we show how the technique could be applied to a practical problem of CO₂ retrievals from high spectral resolution measurements of reflected sunlight in three near infrared bands. We obtain a speed improvement of more than 50 fold (compared to monochromatic computations), while reproducing the radiances to better than 0.1% accuracy.     

地表双向反射对天基矢量辐射探测的影响分析

矢量辐射传输方程定量描述了辐射在地表-大气耦合介质中的传输过程,是定量遥感的基础.在处理辐射和离散介质相互作用时,如何处理多次散射、辐射偏振效应和耦合地表模型是研究的重点,直接影响定量化遥感反演的精度.文中基于逐次散射近似法求解了矢量辐射传输方程,求解过程中耦合典型地表的非偏双向反射（BRDF）模型和偏振双面反射（BPDF）模型.采用相对误差因子定量分析了地表双向反射效应和大气偏振效应对天基矢量辐射的影响.为进一步研究地表-大气耦合介质系统的偏振特性及地表大气参数的定量遥感反演提供理论支持. 关键词： 矢量辐射传输方程 逐次散射近似 定量遥感 偏振遥感     

大气气溶胶光学厚度对天基光学遥感系统成像品质的影响

由于大气环境的变化,大气气溶胶污染对光学遥感器成像品质的影响越来越受到载荷研制部门的重视。天基光学遥感系统成像过程中,受到大气气溶胶退化的影响使得光学遥感器成像品质的恶化。大气导致图像质量降低主要原因之一是气溶胶混浊介质引起的前向光散射。根据气溶胶辐射特性,利用混浊介质辐射传输方程,推导了包含气溶胶光学特性的大气点扩散函数模型。根据此模型,定量化分析与评价其对光学遥感器成像的大气模糊效应。研究发现气溶胶介质除了对遥感器成像过程中大气透过率能量衰减影响外,更重要的是由于散射对成像质量产生退化作用,大气气溶胶光学厚度的增加使得气溶胶散射强度的增强,气溶胶光学厚度的变化同样强烈的影响着点扩散函数的空间分布范围,正是因为气溶胶在空间域内对图像产生的退化作用,使得遥感图像质量降低,尤其是图像清晰度的下降。同时,该模型也为遥感图像仿真中,大气链路环节的优化与改进提供了参考依据与模型方法。     

Study on the impact of polar stratospheric clouds on high resolution mid-IR limb emission spectra

Satellite observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the mid-infrared by high resolution limb emission spectrometers like the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding have been simulated. For particles with radius the scattered tropospheric radiance accounts for a significant part of the continuum signal and leads to absorption line features overlaid over the stratospheric emission spectrum. The scattered radiance shows a strong dependence on particle size up to about radius with a maximum around 3-4. The contribution of scattered radiation depends heavily on tropospheric cloud coverage and earth surface temperature. Distinction of PSCs of different composition is possible for small particles due to differences in the imaginary part of the refractive index. For particles with radii between 1 and the simulated spectra for various PSC compositions differ due to different real parts of the refractive index. For larger particles no distinction is possible any more. Solar radiance scattered by PSCs is important for wavenumbers larger than about . For a forward scattering geometry with 30° between the position of the sun and the limb viewing direction solar contribution exceeds the terrestrial scattered radiation by about a factor of 10.     

平均原子模型中谱线位置偏移对辐射不透明度的影响

使用平均原子(average atom,AA)模型计算了局域热动平衡近似下的Fe,Br等离子体的辐射不透明度.对AA模型中跃迁系的跃迁能量引入了统计修正，修正后的谱线位置与细致谱项模型的结果更接近，但仍然存在差距，进一步减小这种差距需要考虑等离子体的价态分布.研究了AA模型中这种谱线位置移动对平均不透明度的影响，计算了Fe等离子体等温度系列的平均不透明度，发现这种修正对于平均不透明度的影响是比较明显的.     

辐射压对非同步转动双星系统洛希势函数的影响

辐射压是影响大质量恒星结构和演化不可忽视的重要物理因素. 根据辐射压对非同步转动的洛希势函数的影响, 数值计算了洛希瓣的大小和3个拉格朗日点的位置和相应的势函数, 并与同步转动的洛希模型计算的结果做了对比. 结果发现: 辐射压可以整体地减小大质量恒星表面的重力加速度, 而转动离心力能最大减少赤道附近的重力加速度. 辐射压和非同步转动均可以明显地改变洛希瓣的大小和3个拉格朗日点的位置和势函数, 影响双星系统物质交换的时间. 因此, 研究辐射压, 非同步转动等物理因素对大质量双星系统洛希势函数的影响, 对密近双星的演化具有重要意义. 关键词： 恒星结构与演化 转动 辐射压     

二元溶液中基频拉曼散射系数随浓度变化对费米共振的影响

在二硫化碳(CS₂)和苯(C₆H₆)的二元溶液中,随着相对体积浓度而变化,C₆H₆的基频ν_１(992 cm-1) 的拉曼散射系数随浓度减小而增加,而CS₂的基频ν₁(656 cm-1)的拉曼散射系数则随浓度增加而增加。文章测量了这二元溶液相对不同体积浓度的拉曼光谱。结果表明,尽管CS₂和C₆H₆的基频ν₁的强度都随着浓度变化而发生较大变化,但C₆H₆的基频ν₁对其参与的ν₁+ν₆～ν₈费米共振几乎没有影响,而CS₂的基频ν₁强度的变化不仅对ν₁～2ν₂费米共振产生较大影响,还使基频ν₂发生变化。文章给出了实验结果,并用Bertran费米共振理论和群论给予了解释。     

基于多角度多光谱Stokes参数Q和U测量反演气溶胶偏振相函数

偏振相函数是气溶胶重要的光学参数之一,它对气溶胶复折射指数、粒子尺度和形状都十分敏感。多角度多光谱偏振遥感可以有效获取气溶胶偏振相函数信息。新一代CIMEL太阳-天空偏振辐射计CE318-DP作为高精度地基气溶胶偏振遥感仪器已被引入全球气溶胶自动观测网AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork),并作为扩展多波长偏振测量的太阳-天空辐射计观测网SONET(Sun/sky-radiometer Observation NETwork)的主要仪器,已在不同类型气溶胶观测站点积累了多年的偏振数据。但目前偏振反演仅能利用线偏振度或偏振辐亮度。与线偏振度和偏振辐亮度相比,Stokes参数Q和U不仅包含天空光线偏振强度信息还包含偏振方向信息。利用CE318-DP多光谱多角度测量的天空光Stokes参数Q和U反演气溶胶偏振相函数的方法。针对CE318-DP标准主平面偏振观测模式PPP(Polarized Principal Plane)下Stokes参数U对气溶胶特性变化不敏感、信息难以利用的不足,测试了新的平纬圈偏振扫描模式ALMP(ALMucantar Polarization)获取Stokes参数Q和U,并成功应用于偏振相函数的反演。系统分析了340～1 640 nm多光谱通道上典型生物质燃烧型气溶胶和水溶性气溶胶的-P₁₂/P₁₁反演结果并测试了反演方法在晴朗和灰霾不同大气条件下的适用性。无论在主平面还是平纬圈观测几何下,反演结果在可见光和近红外通道上均与真实值具有较好的一致性。进一步讨论了模型中基于气溶胶参数初始值和大气气溶胶参数真实值计算的“大气单次散射/大气散射”的比值近似相等的假设条件在短波通道不能很好地满足是造成紫外波段反演结果偏差较大的原因之一。后续有待进一步提高反演模型在短波通道的适用性,为利用不同光谱通道上-P₁₂/P₁₁的变化特征改进气溶胶微物理参数反演奠定了基础。     

Sensitivity of atmospheric-surface parameters retrieval to the spectral stability of channels in thermal IR

Sensitivity of the solutions of forward and inverse problems of the atmospheric-surface parameters retrieval to spectral shifts of channels is considered. The solution of the forward problem is obtained by radiative transfer simulation. The retrieval (solution of the inverse problem) is obtained by linear (optimal interpolation) and non-linear (variational) techniques. It is shown that atmospheric temperature profiles exhibit high sensitivity to the spectral shift, while the humidity profiles are moderately sensitive while the sea surface temperatures retrievals are insensitive. Two approaches are proposed to reduce the effect of channel spectral shift, one is based on channel selection and the other approach is related to proper calibration of the cost function. We performed the numerical simulations using the parameters of AIRS spectrometer to illustrate the sensitivity of forward and inverse problems. The results of the simulation show that the inversion error can be significantly reduced by the proposed techniques.     

大气湍流对遥感系统分辨力的影响

以平面波为例,分别针对较弱和较强的湍流模型,通过计算到达角起伏讨论了高空光学遥感系统由大气湍流引起的地面图像分辨力问题。结果表明,对于给定的遥感系统口径和高度,较强湍流引起的图像分辨力的1cm左右;而较强湍流引起的图像分辨力则可达10cm量级。对于自身的地面分辨力具有m的量级的传统光学遥感系统,上述影响并不明显。对于现代高辨力光学遥感系统,这种影响便不容忽略,特别是对较强的湍流,往往需要用自适应光学等方法加以补偿。     

一氟化碳电子态的光谱性质和预解离机理的理论研究

采用考虑Davidson修正的内收缩多参考组态相互作用(icMRCI+Q)方法结合相关一致基组aug-cc-pV5Z和aug-cc-pV6Z首次计算了一氟化碳(CF)11个Λ-S 态(X²Π , a⁴Σ^-, A²Σ⁺, B²Δ, 1⁴Π, 1²Σ^-, 2⁴Π, 1^{4}Δ , 1⁴Σ⁺, 2²Σ^-和2⁴Σ^-) 所产生的25个Ω 态的势能曲线. 计算中考虑了旋轨耦合效应、核价相关和标量相对论修正以及将参考能和相关能分别外推至完全基组极限. 基于得到的势能曲线, 获得了束缚和准束缚的Λ-S态和Ω 态的光谱常数, 与已有的实验结果非常符合. 分析了束缚和准束缚的Λ-S态在各自平衡核间距R_e处的主要电子组态. 由于1⁴Π 和2⁴Π态的避免交叉, 发现准束缚态2⁴Π. 由Λ-S态势能曲线的交叉现象, 借助于计算的旋轨耦合矩阵元, 分析了a⁴Σ^-和B²Δ 态的预解离机理. 计算了25个Ω 态的离解关系, 给出了它们的离解极限. 最后研究了A²Σ⁺-X²Π 跃迁特性, 本文计算得到的A²Σ⁺-X²Π跃迁的Frank-Condon 因子和辐射寿命与已有实验值也符合得非常好.     

Effect of humidity and UV-assistance on the preparation of erbium doped alumina by aerosol MOCVD process

The effect of deposition temperature, relative humidity of carrier gas and UV-assistance on the growth of Erbium-doped aluminium oxide films has been studied. The films were prepared from aluminium acetylacetonate (Al(C₅H₇O₂)₃) and erbium (III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Er(TMHD)₃) by UV and aerosol-assisted metal-organic chemical vapour deposition, using air with controlled humidity as carrier gas. Amorphous transparent films were deposited between 350 and 460 °C. It was observed that UV assistance allows a large decrease down to 5 kJ/mol of the activation energy of the deposition reaction for deposition temperatures lower than 420 °C. More over, depositing under high air humidity induced higher deposition rate, lower level of organic contamination and higher film density. Under these conditions Er-doped aluminium oxide films with a refractive index value of 1.71 were obtained at 460 °C.     

抛光工艺参数对熔石英元件低频面形精度的影响

根据工件与抛光盘的相对运动关系及熔石英元件抛光加工材料去除模型,系统分析了转速比和偏心距等参数对材料去除函数的影响。通过理论分析和抛光加工实验,研究了不同工艺参数对低频段面形精度的影响规律。利用高分辨率检测仪器对熔石英元件低频面形误差进行了检测,优选出较佳的抛光工艺参数组合,并进行了相应的实验验证,提出了提高光学元件抛光加工低频面形质量的相应措施。     

超声波作用下声学参数对悬浮液中微粒凝聚的影响

对利用超声波去除或分离悬液中微小颗粒过程中频率和时均声能密度等声学参数对微粒凝聚的影响作了分析研究。利用前人的数学模型对不同声对比因数下悬浮液中微粒达到平衡状态时所需要的时间及凝聚位置进行了计算。在水模型实验,实验中所施加超声波的频率为24.1kHz,微粒的粒径为0-60um、密度940kg/m^3的高密度聚乙烯,实验液为脱气软化水,实验结果与部分理论分析结果是一致的。     

红外光谱遥测固体推进剂燃烧温度及有机化合物对其影响

本文用遥感FTIR光谱 ,测定了固体推进剂燃烧火焰在光谱范围为 4 5 0 0～ 70 0cm- 1 处的红外发射光谱 ,利用HCl分子转振基带 (3 4 6 μm)精细结构的P 分支光谱 ,准确测定了固体推进剂燃烧火焰温度 ,并对含有不同材料固体推进剂 ,如有机化合物对燃烧温度的影响 ,作了讨论。     

icMRCI+Q理论研究CF离子12个-S态和23个?态的光谱性质

采用考虑Davidson修正的内收缩多参考组态相互作用(icMRCI+Q)方法结合相关一致基组aug-ccpV5Z和aug-cc-pV6Z计算了CF~+离子第一离解极限C~+(~2p_u)+F(~2P_u)对应的12个∧-S态(X~l∑~+,a~3∏,1~3∑~+,1~3Δ,1~1∑~-,1~1∑~-,1~3∑~-,2~1∑~+,1~1∏,2~3∏,2~1∏和2~3∑~+)所产生的23个Ω态的势能曲线.计算中考虑了旋轨耦合效应、核价相关和标量相对论修正以及将参考能和相关能分别外推至完全基组极限.基于得到的势能曲线,获得了束缚和准束缚的9个∧-S态和16个Ω态的光谱常数,并且X~1∑~+,a~3∏~(势阱一)∧-S态的光谱常数与已有的实验结果非常符合.此外,计算了CF自由基X~2∏态到CF~+离子束缚和准束缚的9个∧-S态的垂直电离势和绝热电离势,并且CF~+(X~1∑~+)←CF(X~2∏)和CF~+(a~3∏(势阱一))←CF(X~2∏)的垂直电离势和绝热电离势与相应的实验结果也非常符合.由a~3∏,1~1∏态和其他激发∧-S态势能曲线的交叉现象,借助于计算的旋轨耦合矩阵元,分析了a~3∏~(势阱一),1~1∏~(势阱一)和2~1∑~+态的预解离机理.计算的23个Ω态离解极限处的相对能量与实验结果十分吻合.最后计算了(2)0+~(势阱一)(v'=0-5),(1)1~(势阱一)(v'=0-5)和(2)1~(势阱一)(v'=0)到X0~+态跃迁的Franck-Condon因子和辐射寿命.