Estimation of the Optimum Concentration Interval of the Contents of Praseodymium, Neodymium, Europium, Holmium, and Erbium in a Solution

Based on the electronic absorption spectra of Pr³⁺, Nd³⁺, Eu³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Er³⁺ ions in 1 M aqueous solutions of chloric acid, calibration graphs have been constructed in a concentration of metals–optical density of a solution format for different frequencies. The band for praseodymium was used at 22,520 cm^–1, for neodymium at 17,380, 13,480, and 12,560 cm^–1, for europium at 25,380 cm^–1, for holmium at 18,580 and 15,580 cm^–1, and for erbium at 39,160, 26,480, and 19,160 cm^–1. The errors in determining the concentration of the indicated elements as a function of their content have been calculated. It is shown that for perchloric solutions of praseodymium it is possible to correctly determine its contents within the concentration range 0.1–1.5% at a frequency of 22,520 cm^–1; for neodymium the ranges are 0.4–1.0, 0.3–1.0, and 0.5–1.0% at 17,380, 13,480, and 12,560 cm^–1, respectively; for europium 0.4–1.5% at 25,380 cm^–1; for holmium — 0.2–1.5 and 0.4–1.5% at 15,580 and 18,580 cm^–1, and for erbium the range is 0.4–1.0% at frequencies of 39,160, 26,480, and 19,160 cm^–1.     

Effects of association of rhodamine 6G compounds on the IR absorption spectra

Results are reported for association with the anions Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, NO ₃ ^– , ClO ₄ ^– , GaCl ₄ ^– , and InBr ₄ ^– , as regards the IR absorption of free and bound N-H modes. The bound N-H mode is found to be characteristic of the anion and to be due to association of ion pairs joined via hydrogen bonds.     

High resolution molecular spectroscopy in the submillimeter region

Fourier Transform laboratory measurements have been carried out, for the first time in the 8–85 cm^–1 spectral region, with an unapodized resolution of 3.3. 10^–3 cm^–1 and a frequency accuracy of 2. 10^–4 cm^–1. Samples from spectra of several molecules namely: CO, O₃, H₂O₂, NO, NO₂, HNO₃, SO₂, H₂S, HOCL, NOCL, HNCO, ND₃ and AsH₃ are presented to show both the quality of the measurements and the type of information supplied by high resolution spectroscopy in the submillimeter region.     

Rotational spectrum of the Ar–dimethyl sulfide complex

The rotational spectra of three isotopomers of the Ar–dimethyl sulfide (DMS) complex – normal, ³⁴S, and ¹³C species – were measured in the frequency region from 3.7 up to 24.1 GHz by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The normal species yielded 43 a-type and 79 c-type transitions. No Ar tunneling splitting was observed, while many transitions were split by the internal rotation of the two methyl tops of the DMS unit. In cases where the K-type splitting was close to that due to methyl internal-rotation, several forbidden transitions were observed that followed b-type selection rules. All of the observed transition frequencies were analyzed simultaneously using a phenomenological Hamiltonian also used in previously published work describing the Ar–dimethyl ether (DME) and Ne–DME complexes. The rotational and centrifugal distortion constants and the potential barrier height to methyl-top internal rotation, V₃, were determined. The rotational constants were consistent with an Ar–DMS center of mass (cm) distance of 3.796 (3) Å and a S–cm–Ar angle of 104.8 (2)°. The V₃ potential barrier obtained, 736.17 (32) cm⁻¹, was 97.8% of the DMS monomer barrier. By assuming a Lennard–Jones-type potential, the dissociation energy was estimated to be 2.4 kJ mol⁻¹, which was close to the value for Ar–DME, 2.5 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Coexistence and Joint Measurability in Quantum Mechanics

This talk is a survey of the question of joint measurability of coexistent observables and it is based on the monograph Operational Quantum Physics (Busch et al., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997) and on the papers (Lahti et al., Journal of Mathematical Physics 39, 6364–6371, 1998; Lahti and Pulmannova, Reports on Mathematical Physics 39, 339–351, 1997; 47, 199–212, 2001).     

Spectral Properties of Single Crystals of Synthetic Diamond

The half-width of the spectrum of Raman scattering (RS) of the first order of a diamond single crystal grown in a nickel-free system containing nitrogen getters is identical to all growth sectors (1.69 ± 0.02 cm^–1). The sectorial inhomogeneity is not reflected in the transmission spectra and birefringence of this crystal. The nitrogen concentration is 4·10¹⁷ cm^–3. For different growth sectors of the diamond crystal grown in the Ni–Fe–C system, the half-width of the Raman line varies from 1.74 to 2.08 cm^–1, differences in the transmission spectra and birefringence are observed, and photoluminescence is revealed. The concentration of nitrogen in the growth sectors {001} is 1.6·10¹⁹ cm^–3, the content of nickel is estimated to be at a level of 10¹⁹ cm^–3, and the content of nitrogen in the {¯111} sectors is 4·10¹⁹ cm^–3.     

A study of the fine structure of steel 110G13L after high-velocity deformation

The fine structure of austenitic manganese steel after high-velocity deformation was studied by the methods of metallographic analysis, x-ray structural analysis, and transmission electron microscopic examination of foils. As the result of these investigations it was established that apart from the highly developed fine structure (the magnitude of the regions of coherent scattering reduced to 200–300 å, microdeformation increased to 3 ·10^–3–5 ·10^–3, density of dislocations increased to 10¹¹ g/cm²) a large number of deformation twins is formed in the structure which, by blocking the dislocations, increases the energy of strain hardening of that steel.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshihkh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 72–77, July, 1973.     

Molecular Dynamics of Biological Probes by Fluorescence Correlation Microscopy with Two-Photon Excitation

We report on the application of fluorescence correlation microscopy under two-photon excitation of fluorophores of biological interest: FITC–dextran (MW, from 20 to 150 kDa), green fluorescent protein (MW, 27 kDa), and fluorescein (MW, 330 Da). Under these experimental conditions, the translational diffusion coefficients of these molecules in aqueous solutions derived from the fluorescence intensity autocorrelation function were determined for the first time and were found to be 24 × 10^–7, 8.2 × 10^–7, and 3 × 10^–7 cm² s^–1 for 150-kDa FITC–dextran, green fluorescent protein, and fluorescein, respectively. These results are discussed in connection with previously reported results obtained by different methods. The great sensibility of the system has been applied to single-molecule detection of the smaller fluorophore, fluorescein.     

Analysis of diffuse reflection and absorption spectra of ZnO in the near-IR region

It is established that the absorption of ZnO in the near-IR region of the spectrum is determined by free electrons and chemisorbed gases. The free-electron absorption spectrum is approximated by a power function with an exponent which varies within the range 2–3, depending on the defectiveness of the specimen. Chemisorbed gases yield absorption bands at 1.37; 1.18; 1.08–1.03; 0.95–0.93; 0.85; 0.75–0.73; and 0.65–0.63 eV. The bands at 1.18 and 0.85 eV are due to chemisorbed oxygen in the states O^– and O₂ ^–, while the other bands can be attributed mainly to atomic hydrogen and OH-groups.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 86–90, July, 1988.We thank E. V. Komarov for his help in conducting the experiments.     

Sputtering yields of nickel and chromium

The sputtering yield of polycrystalline nickel and chromium was determined as a function of projectile energy (1–8 keV), projectile mass (N⁺, Ne⁺, Ar⁺, Xe⁺), angle of incidence (0°–75°), and oxygen partial pressure. Where theoretical values exist, the agreement is reasonable.EURATOM Association     

Calculation and study of the IR absorption spectrum of hydantoin

The IR absorption spectrum of hydantoin has been obtained in the range 400–3500 cm^–1, and the normal-vibration frequencies are calculated on the basis of the mechanical model. The spectrum is interpreted.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 116–120, June, 1969.     

Calculation and study of the ir absorption spectrum of 2,4-thiazolidinedione

The IR absorption spectrum is found for 2,4-thiazolidinedione in the range 400–3500 cm^–1, and the normal modes are calculated on the basis of a model for this molecule. The spectrum is interpreted.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ. Fizika, No. 12, pp. 64–68, December, 1969.     

Tritium isotope separation by CO2-laser irradiation at low temperatures

Tritium isotope separation by CO₂-laser induced multiphoton dissociation of CTF₃ is investigated. For the optimization of the performance of this working substance, trifluoromethane, the conditions to yield high-selectivity at high-operating pressure and low-critical fluence for complete dissociation are studied using our deconvolution procedure. The irradiation conditions are varied over the following ranges; wavenumber: 1052–1087 cm^–1, gas temperature: 25°C to –78°C, CHF₃ pressure: 5–205 Torr. The selectivities exceeding 10⁴ are observed for 85–205 Torr CHF₃ at –78°C by the irradiation at 1057 cm^–1.     

Visible laser spectroscopy of cobalt monofluoride

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of jet-cooled CoF molecules has been studied in the range of 18 800–22 000 cm⁻¹. Ten observed vibronic bands have been classified into three transitions with the 0–0 band at 18 909, 19 236, and 20 654 cm⁻¹, assigned as the [18.8]³Φ₄–X³Φ₄, [19.2]³Φ₄–X³Φ₄, and [20.6]³Γ₅–X³Φ₄ transition, respectively, the two ³Φ states, [18.8]³Φ and [19.2]³Φ, are consistent with Adam’s results (10). The previously unanalyzed [20.6] state is identified in the current work. A rotational analysis of [20.6]³Γ₅–X³Φ₄ transition has been performed and effective equilibrium molecular constants have been determined for the first time. In addition, lifetime measurements of the three electronic transitions were carried out under the collision-free condition. From the lifetime analysis, we consider that the V=1, 2, and 3 vibrational levels of [18.8]³Φ state are perturbed by another state.     

Gas formation in liquid in initial stages of a pulsed discharge

Gas formation in electrolytes with=10^–2–10^–4–1cm^–1, distilled water = 10^–5-1.5 ·10^{–6 –1}cm^–1, and chemically pure n-hexane in the initial stages of formation of discharge with rectangular voltage pulses of 0.67 and 1.85 sec duration is investigated. The experimental results are compared with the results of approximate calculations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 11, pp. 42–47, November, 1972.The authors thank V. V. Ryumin for taking part in the discussion of the results and V. V. Lopatin for participation in the experiments with electron-optical light amplifier.     

The Hot Bands of Methane between 5 and 10 μm

Experimental line intensities of 1727 transitions arising from nine hot bands in the pentad–dyad system of methane are fitted to first and second order using the effective dipole moment expansion in the polyad scheme. The observed bands are ν₃− ν₂, ν₃− ν₄, ν₁− ν₂, ν₁− ν₄, 2ν₄− ν₄, ν₂+ ν₄− ν₂, ν₂+ ν₄− ν₄, 2ν₂− ν₂, and 2ν₂− ν₄, and the intensities are obtained from long-path spectra recorded with the Fourier transform spectrometer located at Kitt Peak National Observatory. For the second order model, some of the 27 intensity parameters are not linearly independent, and so two methods (extrapolation and effective parameters) are proposed to model the intensities of the hot bands. In order to obtain stable values for three of these parameters, 1206 dyad (ν₄, ν₂) intensities are refitted simultaneously with the hot band lines. The simultaneous fits to first and second order lead to rms values respectively of 21.5% and 5.0% for the 1727 hot band lines and 6.5% and 3.0% for the 1206 dyad lines. The band intensities of all 10 pentad–dyad hot bands are predicted in units of cm⁻²atm⁻¹at 296 K to range from 0.931 (for 2ν₄− ν₄) to 7.67 × 10⁻⁵(for 2ν₄− ν₂). The total intensities are also estimated to first order for two other hot band systems (octad–pentad and tetradecad–octad) that give rise to weak transitions between 5 and 10 μm.     

Orthogonality and Boundary Conditions in Quantum Mechanics

One-dimensional particle states are constructed according to orthogonality conditions, without requiring boundary conditions. Free particle states are constructed using Dirac's delta function orthogonality conditions. The states (doublets) depend on two quantum numbers: energy and parity (+ or —). With the aid of projection operators the particles are confined to a constrained region, in a way similar to the action of an infinite well potential. From the resulting overcomplete basis, only the mutually orthogonal states are selected. Four solutions are found, corresponding to different non-commuting Hamiltonians. Their energy eigenstates are labeled with the main quantum number n and parity + or —. The energy eigenvalues are functions of n only. The four cases correspond to different boundary conditions: (I) The wave function vanishes on the boundary (energy levels: l⁺,2^–,3⁺,4^–,...), (II) the derivative of the wavefunction vanishes on the boundary (energy levels 0⁺,l^–,2⁺,3^–,...), (III) periodic boundary conditions (energy levels: 0⁺,2⁺,2^–,4⁺,4^–6⁺,6^–,...), (IV) periodic boundary conditions (energy levels: l⁺,1^–,3⁺,3^–,5⁺,5^–,...). Among the four cases, only solution (III) forms a complete basis in the sense that any function in the constrained region, can be expanded with it. By extending the boundaries of the constrained region to infinity, only solution (III) converges uniformly to the free particle states. Orthogonality seems to be a more basic requirement than boundary conditions. By using projection operators, confinement of the particle to a definite region can be achieved in a conceptually simple and unambiguous way, and physical operators can be written so that they act only in the confined region.     

Use of radar methods in increasing sensitivity in emission spectral analysis. Part I. Use of correlation

Special scanning methods applied to line and continuous background cause these to build up according to different laws; a line of unvarying intensity is transformed to a train of video pulses (frequency 50 kc), while the background fluctuations remain purely random. Some characteristics are derived for the autocorrelation function; these enable one to use it to reduce the limit of detection in spectral analysis. The autocorrelation function is reported for the arc determination of Cr at concentrations of 5×10^–3, 5×10^–4, 5×10^–5, and 5×10^–6%. Calibration curves are given for these concentrations as determined by photographic and autocorrelation methods. The limit of detection by the photographic method is found to be about two orders of magnitude larger than that for the autocorrelation one.I am indebted to Professor N. A. Prilezhaeva and senior scientist N. G. Preobrazhenskii for valuable advice and discussions, and also to student V. I. Donin for assistance.     

Phosphorescence spectra of acenaphthene,diphenyl, and carbazole

These spectra are for liquid-nitrogen temperature, the solvents being n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-octane. Each has a vibrational structure, the vibrational frequencies being independent of the solvent. Acenaphthene in pentane and octane gives 12 peaks corresponding to vibrational frequencies of 414, 630, 1152, 1409, and 1604 cm^–1, the last two being the strongest. Diphenyl in pentane and heptane gives gives 21 peaks; the strongest vibrations are 1610 and 1275 cm^–1, others being 1003, 320, and 735 cm^–1. Carbazole in pentane and hexane gives 15 peaks that fit the frequencies 750, 852, 1141, 1305, 1477, and 1605 cm^–1, the first and last being the strongest.     

Noncommutative Dynamics of Random Operators

We continue our program of unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics in terms of a noncommutative algebra А on a transformation groupoid Γ = E × G where E is the total space of a principal fibre bundle over spacetime, and G a suitable group acting on Γ . We show that every a ∊ А defines a random operator, and we study the dynamics of such operators. In the noncommutative regime, there is no usual time but, on the strength of the Tomita–Takesaki theorem, there exists a one-parameter group of automorphisms of the algebra А which can be used to define a state dependent dynamics; i.e., the pair (А, ϕ), where ϕ is a state on А, is a “dynamic object.” Only if certain additional conditions are satisfied, the Connes–Nikodym–Radon theorem can be applied and the dependence on ϕ disappears. In these cases, the usual unitary quantum mechanical evolution is recovered. We also notice that the same pair (А, ϕ) defines the so-called free probability calculus, as developed by Voiculescu and others, with the state ϕ playing the role of the noncommutative probability measure. This shows that in the noncommutative regime dynamics and probability are unified. This also explains probabilistic properties of the usual quantum mechanics.