The contribution of the central region of the electron energy spectrum to the total double photoionization cross section of helium in the asymptotic nonrelativistic energy region

The double photoionization of helium at high photon energies is considered using a nonrelativistic approach. The central region of the energy spectrum and its contribution to the total process cross section and to the ratio between the double and single ionization cross sections are studied. Interelectronic interaction in the initial state is included exactly, whereas the interaction between the fast outgoing electrons is calculated by perturbation theory. A detailed derivation of the expression for the cross section ratio between double and single ionizations is given. The corresponding results obtained by other authors are analyzed and corrected.     

Hypergeometric solution of the Stark-ladder effect in crystals

The motion of electrons in a crystal subjected to a linear electric field is studied by means of the molecular orbital method. The field perturbation of the resonance integrals, as well as the Coulomb ones, results in the Schroedinger equation being expressed as a hypergeometric difference equation, whose solution gives rise to the well-known Stark-ladder picture of the tilted energy band. It is found that the part played by the resonance integral perturbation is just as important as that of the Coulomb integral perturbation and, therefore, cannot be neglected as in earlier investigations.     

交变电场驱动下三量子点中双电子的动力学

采用三点哈巴德模型及弗洛盖定理．研究了交变电场驱动下线形三量子点分子中双电子的动力学行为。由于系统哈密顿量中不包含自旋反转项,所以系统单态和三重态子空间是完全解耦的,可以分开进行讨论。研究表明,自旋三重态九维子空间还可以进一步分解成三个不相耦合的子空间,在每一个子空间中,动力学行为与交变电场驱动的双量子点中双电子的动力学行为相似。对自旋单态6维子空间,数值计算还表明,在合适的外加交变电场驱动下,电子在量子点之间的隧穿被抑制．初始局域在一个量子点中的两个电子能够在一定时间内保持其局域状态。     

Electric field dependence of phase equilibria of binary Stockmayer fluid mixtures

A perturbation theory based study of the effect of an external electric field on the phase equilibrium properties of binary Stockmayer fluids is presented. The dipole–dipole interaction and the applied field are treated as independent perturbations to a Lennard–Jones mixture, and the reference fluid is treated by the van der Waals one-fluid approximation. A third-order free energy expression in the electric field strength is established, and the dielectric constant is calculated for a needle-shaped sample parallel to the field direction. We present and discuss vapour–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibrium curves at a given temperature for some dipolar mixtures exposed to an electric field, including chlorodifluoromethane +?difluoromethane and acetonitrile +?methanol. A sufficiently high electric field may result in massive shifts of vapour pressures and critical or azeotropic points, and can considerably alter the properties of coexisting phases. The vapour pressure decreases with increasing field strength.     

Anisotropic and polarized intraband light emission of hot electrons

Far infrared luminescence of hot electrons in InSb have been studied. The emission probabilities derived in the second order perturbation are obtained for different scattering mechanisms: acoustic phonons, optical phonons and impurities. The origin of anisotropy and polarization of the light emission due to anisotropy of the electron distribution function under the electric field is described theoretically and calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the experiment.     

Dephasing in an atom

When an atom in vacuum is near the surface of a dielectric the energy of a fluctuating electromagnetic field depends on a distance between them resulting, as known, in a force called van der Waals. Besides this fluctuation phenomenon there is one associated with formation of a mean electric field, which is equivalent to an order parameter. In this case atomic electrons are localized within atomic distances close to the atom and the total ground state energy is larger, compared to the bare atom, due to the polarization of the dielectric and the creation of a mean electric field locally distributed in the dielectric. The phenomenon differs from the usual ferroelectricity and has a pure quantum origin. This results in (i) an unusual atom-dielectric force different from the van der Waals one and (ii) an anomalous Lamb shift in the atom.     

Phonon-assisted intersubband transitions in wurtziteGaN/InxGal_xN quantum wells

A detailed numerical calculation on the phonon-assisted intersubband transition rates of electrons in wurtzite GaN/In x Ga 1 x N quantum wells is presented. The quantum-confined Stark effect, induced by the built-in electric field, and the ternary mixed crystal effect are considered. The electron states are obtained by iteratively solving the coupled Schrdinger and Poisson equations. The dispersion properties of each type of phonon modes are considered in the derivation of Fermi’s golden rule to evaluate the transition rates. It is indicated that the interface and half-space phonon scattering play an important role in the process of 1-2 radiative transition. The transition rate is also greatly reduced by the built-in electric field. This work can be helpful for the structural design and simulation of new semiconductor lasers.     

Stark shifts of charged particles in semiconductor quantum wells

 We calculate the effect of a homogeneous electric field on electrons, holes and excitons confined in a quantum well structure consisting of alternate thin layers of well and barrier material. The electric field which acts perpendicular to the quantum well is taken as a perturbation on the quantum well structure confining the charges. The electron and hole energies in the conduction and valence subbands are calculated by solving a one-dimensional Schr?dinger equation. The exciton binding energy is calculated using an improved excitonic model. Results obtained indicate the importance of higher-order excitons in optical transitions at high electric fields. Received: 29 February 1996/Accepted: 19 August 1996     

Metallization degree of hydrogen at a pressure of 1.4 Mbar and a temperature a 3000 K

The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at a temperature of 3000 K and a density of 0.35 mol/cm³ is calculated. Hydrogen is considered as a three-component system consisting of electrons, protons, and neutral hydrogen atoms. The second order of perturbation theory in electron-proton and electron-atom interactions is used to determine the inverse relaxation time for electric conductivity. The Coulomb electron-electron interaction is taken into account in the random phase approximation and the exchange interaction and correlation of conductivity electrons are included in the local-field approximation. The model of hard spheres is used for the proton and atomic subsystems. The concentration of the electrically neutral atomic component proved to be significantly lower than the value assumed by the discoverers of metallic hydrogen.     

Tuning the Schottky barrier in the arsenene/graphene van der Waals heterostructures by electric field

Using density functional theory calculations, we investigate the electronic properties of arsenene/graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures by applying external electric field perpendicular to the layers. It is demonstrated that weak vdW interactions dominate between arsenene and graphene with their intrinsic electronic properties preserved. We find that an n-type Schottky contact is formed at the arsenene/graphene interface with a Schottky barrier of 0.54 eV. Moreover, the vertical electric field can not only control the Schottky barrier height but also the Schottky contacts (n-type and p-type) and Ohmic contacts (n-type) at the interface. Tunable p-type doping in graphene is achieved under the negative electric field because electrons can transfer from the Dirac point of graphene to the conduction band of arsenene. The present study would open a new avenue for application of ultrathin arsenene/graphene heterostructures in future nano- and optoelectronics.     

Higher order corrections and temperature effects to ion acoustic shock waves in quantum degenerate electron-ion plasma

The contribution of higher-order nonlinearity and dissipation to nonlinear ion acoustic shock waves (IASWs) is investigated by using the reductive perturbation technique in dense electron-ion plasma. The model consists of degenerate electrons (being either ultrarelativistic or nonrelativistic) and nonrelativistic ion fluid. A nonlinear Burger equation and a linear inhomogeneous Burger-type equation are derived. The inclusion of the higher-order corrections results in creating new shock wave structures, humped IASWs. It is found that the kinematic viscosity and the equilibrium ion number density play important roles in the basic features of the produced IA shocks and the associated electric fields. These findings are devoted to explaining the observed waves propagating in the outer periphery of compact dense stars which mostly consists of hydrogen and degenerate electrons.     

Bloch equations for the Kondo system

A microscopic derivation of Bloch equations is given describing the dynamics of the magnetization densities of conduction electrons and magnetic impurities under the influence of Kondo-scattering and external magnetic fields. The calculation starts from generalized Kadanoff-Baym-equations and is developed with respect to smooth external macroscopic fields. Restricting to the particle-hole-approximation a time ordered perturbation theory yields scattering matrices containing the leading singular contributions. To obtain the needed selfenergies further well-defined approximations have to be incorporated.     

Emission of Ions from a Nonequilibrium Plasma

A model of a plasma ion emitter is considered for two types of velocity distribution of plasma electrons: the sum of two Maxwellian velocity distributions with different temperatures and the sum of a Maxwellian distribution and a directed flux. Criteria for the formation of a plasma emission surface are derived. The effect of the parameters of the electron distribution on the magnitude of the perturbation of the quasi-neutral emitting plasma by the external electric field of the negative electrode and on the emission current density is considered. A comparison with the Bohm case is performed.     

Zur Quantentheorie der Transportprozesse im Magnetfeld. I

A system of free electrons and fixed scatterers with spatially varying temperature and chemical potential in the presence of electric and magnetic fields is considered. Starting from the quantum-mechanical Liouville equation a simple derivation of the Kubo formulae for the transport coefficients is given. Their antisymmetric part has to be completed by the contribution of the local equilibrium density operator, similarly to the case of the steady diffusion considered by Nakajima. Using a damping theoretical expansion a generalized transport equation is obtained which takes account of the action of the external electric field and the gradient of the temperature and the chemical potential during the collisions (interference effect).     

Forced charge oscillations in a double quantum dot

The two-electron wave function and charge distribution are obtained in a symmetric double quantum dot in a weak variable electric field. It is shown that the action of a variable field under resonance conditions when the perturbation frequency is close to the frequency of the quantum transition leads to the appearance of electron density oscillations between the dots having the characteristic form of beats. However, the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons strongly “quenches” the amplitude of the beats even in a resonant variable field.     

圆柱状量子点量子导线复合系统的激子能量和电子概率分布

建立了圆柱状量子点量子导线复合系统中激子满足的方程，用微扰论求出激子能量.以CdS/HgS/CdS/HgS/CdS圆柱状量子点量子导线复合系统为例，研究了系统中电子的概率分布和系统线度对激子能量的影响.结果表明：系统中电子、空穴以及激子的能量均随量子点高度h₀的增大而减小，电子-空穴相互作用对基态激子能量的影响要大于激发态；电子沿径向方向的概率分布呈起伏状，在轴线和表面附近的概率趋于零，而在R/2附近概率最大；在量子点附近电子沿轴向方向的概率分布呈振荡特征 关键词： 量子点 量子导线 激子 能量     

The interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals

Based on the fundamental equations of piezoelasticity of quasicrystal material,we investigated the interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in the piezoelectricity of one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystals.Explicit analytical solutions are obtained for stress and electric displacement intensity factors of the crack,as well as the force on dislocation.The derivation is based on the conformal mapping method and the perturbation technique.The influences of the wedge angle and dislocation location on the image force are also discussed.The results obtained in this paper can be fully reduced to some special cases already available or deriving new ones.     

Phonon-assisted intersubband transitions in wurtzite GaN/InxGa1-xN quantum wells

A detailed numerical calculation on the phonon-assisted intersubband transition rates of electrons in wurtzite GaN/In_xGa_1-xN quantum wells is presented. The quantum-confined Stark effect induced by the built-in electric field and the ternary mixed crystal effect are considered. The electron states are obtained by iteratively solving the coupled Schrödinger and Poisson equations and the dispersion property of each type of phonon modes is considered in the derivation of Fermi's golden rule to evaluate the transition rates. It is indicated that the interface and half-space phonon scattering play an important role in the process of 1-2 radiative transition. The transition rate is also greatly reduced by the built-in electric field. The present work can be helpful for the structural design and simulation of new semiconductor lasers.     

A relaxation theory of plasma-broadened He II lines

The relaxation theory of plasma line broadening developed by Smith and Hooper, and extended by Smith, is applied to a charged radiator. The 304 Å Lyman alpha line of He II is chosen as an example. The radiator is assumed perturbed only by electronic and ionic electric microfields. The ions are treated in the static approximation. Two-component ion microfield distribution functions that allow for the presence of both He⁺ and He⁺⁺ perturbers are employed. The fact that the radiator is charged complicates the treatment of electron perturbation; two different approaches are included. The first neglects the effect of the charge of the radiator on the perturbing electron and assumes that the perturbing electrons can be represented by momentum wave functions. This method corresponds to Smith's treatment of the electron perturbers in neutral hydrogen. The second includes the effect of the charge of the radiator on the perturbing electrons and represents the perturbing electrons by Coulomb wave functions; this calculation requires evaluation of free-free gaunt factors. The theory, with both the momentum and Coulomb perturber wave functions, predicts a blue asymmetry in the near wings of the line. These two approaches can be compared with the classical path approach of Griem and Shen.     

Spin transfer from the point of view of the ferromagnetic degrees of freedom

Spintronics is the generic term that describes magnetic systems coupled to an electric generator, taking into account the spin attached to the charge carriers. For this topical review of Spin Caloritronics, we focus our attention on the study of irreversible processes occurring in spintronic devices that involve both the spins of the conduction electrons and the ferromagnetic degrees of freedom. The aim of this report is to clarify the nature of the different kinds of power dissipated in metallic ferromagnets contacted to an electric generator, and to exploit it in the framework of the theory of mesoscopic non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The expression of the internal power (i.e. the internal entropy production multiplied by the temperature) dissipated by a generic system connected to different reservoirs, allows the corresponding kinetic equations to be derived with the introduction of the relevant phenomenological kinetic coefficients. After derivation of the kinetic equations for the ferromagnetic degrees of freedom (i.e. the Landau–Lifshitz equation) and the derivation of the kinetic equations for the spin-accumulation effects (within a two-channel model), the kinetic equations describing spin transfer are obtained. Both spin-dependent relaxation (usual spin-accumulation) and spin-precession in quasi-ballistic regime (transverse spin-accumulation) are taken into account. The generalization of the Landau–Lifshitz equation to spin-accumulation is then performed with the introduction of two potential energy terms that are experimentally accessible.