Capillarylike fluctuations at the interface of falling granular jets

We study the interface fluctuations of a granular jet falling under gravity and show that for small scales they are the analog of the thermally induced capillary waves. Experimental results from radial height and velocity fluctuations, static correlation functions and capillary ripple velocities allow us to estimate a granular surface tension. The ultralow interfacial tensions measured (of the order of 100 microN/m) can be rationalized using a simple model.     

An all-speed relaxation scheme for interface flows with surface tension

We consider interface flows where compressibility and capillary forces (surface tension) are significant. These flows are described by a non-conservative, unconditionally hyperbolic multiphase model. The numerical approximation is based on finite-volume method for unstructured grids. At the discrete level, the surface tension is approximated by a volume force (CSF formulation). The interface physical properties are recovered by designing an appropriate linearized Riemann solver (Relaxation scheme) that prevents spurious oscillations near material interfaces. For low-speed flows, a preconditioning linearization is proposed and the low Mach asymptotic is formally recovered. Numerical computations, for a bubble equilibrium, converge to the required Laplace law and the dynamic of a drop, falling under gravity, is in agreement with experimental observations.     

Anomalous roughening of viscous fluid fronts in spontaneous imbibition

We report experiments on spontaneous imbibition of a viscous fluid by a model porous medium in the absence of gravity. The average position of the interface satisfies Washburn's law. Scaling of the interface fluctuations suggests a dynamic exponent z approximately 3, indicative of global dynamics driven by capillary forces. The complete set of exponents clearly shows that interfaces are not self-affine, exhibiting distinct local and global scaling, both for time (beta = 0.64 +/- 0.02, beta(*) = 0.33 +/- 0.03) and space (alpha = 1.94 +/- 0.20, alpha(loc) = 0.94 +/- 0.10). These values are compatible with an intrinsic anomalous scaling scenario.     

Visco-potential flows in electrohydrodynamics

In this study we consider the problem of the interface motion under the capillary–gravity and an external electric force. The infinitely deep fluid layer is assumed to be viscous, perfectly conducting and the flow to be incompressible. The weak viscous effects are introduced using the Helmholtz–Leray decomposition and the visco-potential flow approach. The electric charge distributions above and on the free surface are considered. Finally, we derive some linearized analytical solutions for the free surface elevation shape under the localized pressure distribution and the combined action of the forces mentioned herein above.     

Collective dynamics of colloids at fluid interfaces

The evolution of an initially prepared distribution of micron-sized colloidal particles, trapped at a fluid interface and under the action of their mutual capillary attraction, is analyzed by using Brownian dynamics simulations. At a separation λ given by the capillary length of typically 1mm, the distance dependence of this attraction exhibits a crossover from a logarithmic decay, formally analogous to two-dimensional gravity, to an exponential decay. We discuss in detail the adaptation of a particle-mesh algorithm, as used in cosmological simulations to study structure formation due to gravitational collapse, to the present colloidal problem. These simulations confirm the predictions, as far as available, of a mean-field theory developed previously for this problem. The evolution is monitored by quantitative characteristics which are particularly sensitive to the formation of highly inhomogeneous structures. Upon increasing λ the dynamics shows a smooth transition from the spinodal decomposition expected for a simple fluid with short-ranged attraction to the self-gravitational collapse scenario.     

液滴在不同润湿性表面上蒸发时的动力学特性

基于润滑理论,采用滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴厚度的演化模型和移动接触线动力学模型,利用数值计算方法模拟了均匀加热基底上固着液滴蒸发时的动力学特性,分析了液-气、固-气和液-固界面张力温度敏感性对壁面润湿性和液滴动态特性的影响.结果表明,液滴的运动过程受毛细力、重力、热毛细力和蒸发的影响,重力对液滴铺展起促进作用,而毛细力、热毛细力则起抑制作用;通过改变界面张力温度敏感性系数,可使液滴蒸发过程中的接触线呈现处于钉扎或部分钉扎模式,且接触线钉扎模式下的液滴存续时间低于部分钉扎模式;提高液-气与液-固界面张力温度敏感系数均可改善壁面润湿性能,加快液滴铺展速率;而增大固-气界面张力温度敏感系数则导致壁面润湿性能恶化、延缓液滴铺展过程;通过改变固-气界面张力温度敏感系数更有利于调控处于蒸发状态下的液滴运动.     

Lattice-Boltzmann Simulation of Capillary Rise Dynamics

We report results of extensive two-phase lattice-Boltzmann simulations of capillary rise dynamics. We demonstrate that the method can be used to model the hydrodynamic behaviour inside a capillary tube provided that the diameter of the tube is large enough, typically at least 30 lattice units. We also present results for the dependence of the cosine of the dynamic contact angle on the capillary number Ca. Its deviation from the static advancing contact angle has a power-law form, with the value of the exponent very close to 3/2 for capillary rise at zero gravity, while behaviour is more complex in the presence of gravity.     

Singularity formation on a fluid interface during the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability development

The dynamics of singularity formation on the interface between two ideal fluids is studied for the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability development within the Hamiltonian formalism. It is shown that the equations of motion derived in the small interface angle approximation (gravity and capillary forces are neglected) admit exact solutions in the implicit form. The analysis of these solutions shows that, in the general case, weak root singularities are formed on the interface in a finite time for which the curvature becomes infinite, while the slope angles remain small. For Atwood numbers close to unity in absolute values, the surface curvature has a definite sign correlated with the boundary deformation directed towards the light fluid. For the fluids with comparable densities, the curvature changes its sign in a singular point. In the particular case of the fluids with equal densities, the obtained results are consistent with those obtained by Moore based on the Birkhoff-Rott equation analysis.     

Electric-field induced capillary interaction of charged particles at a polar interface

We study the electric-field induced capillary interaction of charged particles at a polar interface. The algebraic tail of the electrostatic pressure of each charge results in a deformation of the interface u approximately r(-4), where r is the lateral distance. The capillary interaction of nearby particles is repulsive and varies as rho(-6) with their distance rho. As a consequence, electric-field induced capillary forces cannot be at the origin of the secondary minimum observed recently for charged poly(methyl methacrylate) particles at an oil-water interface.     

Variation of interfacial tension by nanoclay particles in oil-in-water emulsions

To investigate whether nanoclay particles vary with the interfacial tension of oil-in water emulsion, interfacial tension is measured using dynamic drop volume method. From the critical volume of a single droplet at the moment of detachment, interfacial tension is calculated based on the force balance between gravity force and capillary force. The interfacial tension of a droplet is reduced by the addition of nanoclay and the interfacial tension reduction is further varied depending on nanoclay type. The addition of hydrophilic nanoclay particles (5000?ppm) in an oil drop reduces the interfacial tension from 31.4 to 19.6?mN/m by interfacial localization. In the case of organically modified nanoclay (5000?ppm), interfacial tension is only slightly reduced from 31.4 to 26?mN/m. This study shows that nanoclay effectively reduces the interfacial tension of a droplet when nanoclay is located at the interface.     

Colloidal particles at fluid interfaces: Effective interactions, dynamics and a gravitation–like instability

Colloidal particles of micrometer size usually become irreversibly trapped at fluid interfaces if they are partially wetted by one phase. This opens the chance to create two–dimensional model systems where the effective interactions between the particles are possibly influenced by the presence of the interface to a great extent. We will review recent developments in the quantitive understanding of these effective interactions with a special emphasis on electrostatics and capillarity. Charged colloids of micrometer size at an interface form effective dipoles whose strength sensitively depends on the double layer structure. We discuss the success of modified Poisson–Boltzmann equations with regard to measured colloidal dipole moments. On the other hand, for somewhat larger particles capillary interactions arise which are long–ranged and analogous to two–dimensional screened Newtonian gravity with the capillary length λ as the screening length. For colloidal diameters of around 10 micrometer, the collective effect of these long–ranged capillary interactions will dominate thermal motion and residual, short–ranged repulsions, and results in an instability towards a collapsed state for a finite patch of particles. Such long–ranged interactions with the associated instability are also of interest in other branches of physics, such as self-gravitating fluids in cosmology, two–dimensional vortex flow in hydrodynamics, and bacterial chemotaxis in biology. Starting from the colloidal case we develop and discuss a dynamical “phase diagram” in the temperature and interaction range variables which appears to be of more general scope and applicable also to other systems.     

汽液界面热毛细波的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学模拟方法研究汽液界面性质,在NVT系综中,以氩原子为对象,对长方形模拟盒中汽液平衡系统进行不同温度下的模拟计算。计算结果表明,汽液界面存在热毛细波。界面上的热涨落将使界面变宽,它不仅与界面张力有关,还与温度、界面的横截面积有关。可以把汽液界面上热毛细波的均分根涨落值,作为汽液界面的宽度和粗糙度的指标。     

不同边界条件下的渗吸驱动因素

建立不同边界条件下的渗吸数学模型, 分别研究在单一边界(OEO边界条件)和混合边界条件(TEO-OW边界条件)下重力和毛管压力对渗吸作用的驱动。结果表明: OEO边界条件下, 只存在逆向渗吸, 并且当开启端面在下端时, 重力抑制渗吸进行; 当开启端面在上端时, 重力促进渗吸进行; TEO-OW边界条件下, 同时存在逆向渗吸和同向渗吸, 对于逆向渗吸, 重力是阻力, 对于同向渗吸, 重力是动力, 当Bond数倒数较小时, 重力在渗吸作用中占主导地位, 当Bond数倒数较大时, 毛管力占主导地位。对比OEO开启端面在上端时和TEO-OW边界条件下重力和毛管力对渗吸作用的大小。结果显示, 在相同Bond数倒数下, OEO边界条件下重力作用的渗吸排油比例要高于TEO-OW边界条件下重力作用的渗吸排油比例。对比不同Bond数倒数下OEO和TEO-OW渗吸速度发现, 当Bond数倒数较小时, 重力起主导作用, OEO边界渗吸速度更快; 当Bond数倒数较大时, 毛管力起主导作用, TEO-OW边界条件渗吸速度更快。     

关于沿内角的自发毛细流动现象回顾

文章从静力和动力学的角度简要回顾了关于沿内角的自发毛细流动研究的最近进展.作为一个通用几何形状,内角在地面微观尺度下或处于失重状态的航天飞行器系统内大尺度下为液体提供有效的输运通道.当一定的几何条件得到满足并且当毛细力远远大于体力比如重力的时候,沿着内角会发生自发毛细力驱动流动现象.从静力学的角度来说,本文讨论的自发毛细驱动流动和当特定的边界条件发生突然变化,比如重力作用突然消失时带有内角的容器内部单值有限高度的平衡自由面的非存在性有关系. Concus-Finn方法可以用来确定这样的平衡自由面在一个横截面处处一致的柱形容器内的非存在性.用这个方法可以推导出在失重状态下一个内角为2α的通常柱形容器里,当接触角小于π/2-α时,平衡曲面不存在.通常来说,沿内角的自发毛细驱动流动属于层流.利用尺度分析和摄动法,成功分析了该流动的动力学特性,并且推导出对设计有用的封闭形式的解析解.一个典型的结果是在黏性流的范畴里毛细面端点的移动和t1/2成正比      

Observation of gravity-capillary wave turbulence

We report the observation of the crossover between gravity and capillary wave turbulence on the surface of mercury. The probability density functions of the turbulent wave height are found to be asymmetric and thus non-Gaussian. The surface wave height displays power-law spectra in both regimes. In the capillary region, the exponent is in fair agreement with weak turbulence theory. In the gravity region, it depends on the forcing parameters. This can be related to the finite size of the container. In addition, the scaling of those spectra with the mean energy flux is found in disagreement with weak turbulence theory for both regimes.     

Analysis of natural frequency for imaging interface in liquid lens

Transmission beam can be modulated at the liquid–liquid interface inside an electrowetting liquid lens. The fluctuation characteristics of the interface has a decisive effect on the beam modulation. A closed cylinder in capillary constant scale is analyzed and the natural frequencies of a flat interface are obtained using capillary wave hydrodynamics. Results in modes0 and 1 are in good agreement with previous experiments in the literature. The influences of the radius, the height ratio and the height-to-diameter ratio of a liquid lens on the interface eigenfrequencies are analyzed.     

Measuring the refractive index of crude oil using a capillary tube interferometer

A method for measuring the refractive index of low-transparent crude oils using a capillary tube interferometer is described. The method is based on analyzing the resulting transverse interference fringe patterns in terms of their positions with respect to the lens/capillary tube interferometer. The refractive indices of seven blended crude oils of low transparency were measured with accuracy of up to six decimal digits and were related to the API gravity of the oils. The ray tracing inside the capillary tube is explained and the transverse bell-shaped interference fringes are interpreted.     

Ellipsoidal particles at fluid interfaces

For partially wetting, ellipsoidal colloids trapped at a fluid interface, their effective, interface-mediated interactions of capillary and fluctuation-induced type are analyzed. For contact angles different from 90( degrees ) , static interface deformations arise which lead to anisotropic capillary forces that are substantial already for micrometer-sized particles. The capillary problem is solved using an efficient perturbative treatment which allows a fast determination of the capillary interaction for all distances between and orientations of two particles. Besides static capillary forces, fluctuation-induced forces caused by thermally excited capillary waves arise at fluid interfaces. For the specific choice of a spatially fixed three-phase contact line, the asymptotic behavior of the fluctuation-induced force is determined analytically for both the close-distance and the long-distance regime and compared to numerical solutions.     

Capillary pressure and contact line force on a soft solid

The surface free energy, or surface tension, of a liquid interface gives rise to a pressure jump when the interface is curved. Here we show that a similar capillary pressure arises at the interface of soft solids. We present experimental evidence that immersion of a thin elastomeric wire into a liquid induces a substantial elastic compression due to the solid capillary pressure at the bottom. We quantitatively determine the effective surface tension from the elastic displacement field and find a value comparable to the liquid-vapor surface tension. Most importantly, these results also reveal the way the liquid pulls on the solid close to the contact line: the capillary force is not oriented along the liquid-air interface, nor perpendicularly to the solid surface, as previously hypothesized, but towards the interior of the liquid.     

Mathematical simulation of liquid film flows with “dry” spots

Mathematical simulation of isothermal film flow for a viscous ponderous capillary liquid with dry spots on a solid substrate was performed. The algorithm was developed for calculation of the shape of a ridge (around the dry spot): this algorithm takes into account gravity forces, surface tension, friction, and inertia effects. Simulation results performed by original method were compared with experiment and previous method that takes into account only gravity and capillary forces. It was demonstrated that both methods produce similar results at low Reynolds numbers. However, at Reynolds higher than one these two methods give different results.