多孔硅于甲酸-甲酸钠溶液阳极偏压下的电致发光研究

用荧光分光光度法现场监测了多孔硅于甲酸-甲酸钠溶液阳极偏压下的电致发光行为。发现该体系的电致发光峰值随着阳极偏压增大而发生蓝移;发光峰能量值与阳极偏压呈良好的线性关系,其斜率与多孔硅在阴极偏压下电致发光的结果一致。扫描探针技术研究表明：多孔硅的表面形貌明显地影响其发光性质。提出了多孔硅在甲酸-甲酸钠溶液中阳极偏压下的电致发光与多孔硅表面的Si-H键的氧化作用有关的发光机理。发现了多孔硅于甲酸-甲酸钠溶液中在阳极偏压下电压调制的可见光发射行为,并用量子限制效应对该现象进行了解释。     

氰甲酸乙酯和氯甲酸乙酯的气相色谱分析

1　引　　言氰甲酸乙酯 (ＥＣＹＦ)是一种有机合成原料 ,可用于生产酯类、酰氨类以及杂环类化合物。常见的氰甲酸乙酯的合成方法是采用氯甲酸乙酯 (ＥＣＨＦ)的氰化法 ,产品中常有部分未反应的氯甲酸乙酯反应物存在。而氯甲酸乙酯和氰甲酸乙酯的气相色谱法分析还未见有文献报道。作者建立了用毛细管气相色谱法分离氯甲酸乙酯和氰甲酸乙酯的方法 ,并采用内标法对氰甲酸乙酯和氯甲酸乙酯进行了定量分析 ,结果令人满意。2　实验部分2 .1　仪器和试剂　ＧＣ 16Ａ气相色谱仪 (日本岛津公司 ) ,配有Ｃ Ｒ3Ａ数据处理机 ,氢火焰离子化检测器。氯甲…     

改进的索氏萃取器在控制液固萃取终点时的应用

索氏萃取器是一种用有机溶剂从固体样品中连续萃取一定组分的仪器 ,在研究中药有效成分的提取方面有较为广泛的应用。但是用现有的索氏萃取器研究控制液固萃取终点时 ,只能在关闭热源待蒸馏瓶冷却下来后分析萃取室溶液中一定组分的含量 ,需要多次更换装有药粉的滤纸筒才能得到一组实验结果。这样既浪费时间 ,又消耗过多的费用。我们对索氏萃取器进行了改进 ,得到了一种便于控制液固萃取终点的索氏萃取器 (图 1 ) ,现以石油醚提取盾叶薯蓣水解残渣 (水解物 )中的薯蓣皂甙元为例介绍如下。图 1　改进的索氏萃取器　1　试剂与仪器　　 71 0型紫…     

小波分析对奇异性检测用于滴定终点确定的研究

在分析化学领域中，利用数学判断法确定滴定终点，随着计算机的日益普及而备受关注。此文在介绍当前普遍采用的二进小波变换奇异性检测方法的基础上，提出基于多分辨率分析和连续小波变换两种奇异性检测方法，并应用于氢氧化钠对盐酸和磷酸滴定曲线判断终点的试验中，取得了良好的效果。     

二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜电化学传感器的研究

研制了二乙基二硫代氨基酸铜电位型传感器，并考察了电极性能，该修饰电极对Ｃｕ＾２＋具有类能斯特响应。电极已应用于试样分析。     

亚硝酸钠滴定法中指示终点方法的改进

目前亚硝酸钠法指示终点的方法多采用永停滴定法或外指示剂法,这2种方法在实际操作过程中都存在一定的缺陷。经过多年教学实践,对亚硝酸钠法指示终点的方法做一点改进,采用内指示剂和外指示剂结合的方法,改进后的实验测定结果的相对平均偏差很小,而且实验快速、操作简单,经济、实用。     

电催化甲酸氧化中钯微粒与聚苯胺的相互作用

采用电化学、ＸＰＳ和拉曼光谱研究钯微粒修饰聚苯胺（ＰＡＮ（Ｐｄ）电极对甲酸氧化的电催化行为。由于钯与ＰＡＮ的相互作用，钯微粒在所研究的电位区间可稳定地固定于ＰＡＮ中，且甲酸在钯上的氧化明显地抑制ＰＡＮ的氧化降解，使ＰＡＮ（Ｐｄ）电极电催化甲酸氧化反应具有高的稳定性和活性。     

差热分析的相转变终点和相转变焓Speil公式的理论分析

本文通过考虑容器和试样内存在温度梯度这一事实,成功地解释了实际DTA曲线上的相变终点,并就相变前后试样的热容量不同这一普遍情况,推导出计算热焓的广义Speil公式。     

尿中磺酸化胆汁酸的流动注射固定化酶化学发光法

肝胆系统有疾患，会导致尿中磺酸化胆汁酸浓度的增加。根据尿中磺酸化胆汁酸的浓度可以判断肝脏机能是否正常。基于流动注射分析原理，利用化学发光法和固定化酶反应，建立了一个新的尿中磺酸化胆汁酸的临床快速分析法。进样量为20μL；分析速度30样/h；检出限为0.1μmol/L；RSD小于2.2%；线性范围在0.1-12μmol/L之内。     

Pd2+-Initiated Formic Acid Decomposition: Plausible Pathways for C-H Activation of Formate

Formic acid (HCOOH, FA) has long been considered as a promising hydrogen-storage material due to its efficient hydrogen release under mild conditions. In this work, FA decomposes to generate CO₂ and H₂ selectively in the presence of aqueous Pd²⁺ complex solutions at 333 K. Pd(NO₃)₂ was the most effective in generating H₂ among various Pd²⁺ complexes explored. Pd²⁺ complexes were in situ reduced to Pd⁰ species by the mixture of FA and sodium formate (SF) during the course of the reaction. Since C−H activation reaction of Pd²⁺-bound formate is occurred for both Pd²⁺ reduction and H₂/CO₂ gas generation, FA decomposition pathways using several Pd²⁺ species were explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Rotation of formate bound to Pd²⁺, β-hydride elimination, and subsequent CO₂ and H₂ elimination by formic acid were examined, providing different energies for rate determining step depending on the ligand electronics and geometries coordinated to the Pd²⁺ complexes. Finally, Pd²⁺ reduction toward Pd⁰ pathways were explored computationally either by generated H₂ or reductive elimination of CO₂ and H₂ gas.     

中空纤维膜固定化甲酸脱氢酶催化CO2合成甲酸

以紫外光表面接枝改性的聚乙烯(PE)中空纤维膜为载体,采用共价结合的方式固定化甲酸脱氢酶(FDH),考察了CO2通入方式、溶液pH值、缓冲液种类和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)的浓度对酶催化CO2合成甲酸反应的影响.结果表明,与加压法相比,CO2鼓泡法更有利于甲酸的生成;磷酸盐缓冲液优于Tris-HCl和盐酸三乙醇胺缓冲液;体系pH值对反应的影响较大,固定化FDH的最佳pH值仍为6.0,但pH耐受性增强;随着辅酶NADH浓度的增加,反应初速度加快,收率下降;游离酶和固定化酶的最大酶活分别为0.246和0.138 mmol/(L·h);固定化FDH在4C贮存两周后活性仅下降4％,而游离酶     

偏钒酸钠对甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上氧化的电催化性能影响的机理

直接甲酸燃料电池的两大问题是Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化稳定性不好和Pd能催化甲酸分解。研究发现,当Pd/C在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后能吸附上VO3-,吸附上VO3-的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸分解的催化性能会大大降低,由甲酸分解产生的CO的量也大大降低,使Pd/C催化剂被CO毒化的几率也大大降低,因此,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高13%左右。计时电流曲线的测量表明,6000 s时在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高42%左右。结果证明,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡能提高Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性,特别是电催化稳定性。     

A Revisit to the Role of Bridge-adsorbed Formate in the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid at Pt Electrodes (cited: 2)

The mechanism and kinetics of electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid at Pt electrodes is discussed in detail based on previous electrochemical in-situ ATR-FTIRS data [Langmuir 22, 10399 (2006) and Angewa. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 1159 (2011)]. A kinetic model withformic acid adsorption (and probably the simultaneous C-H bond activation) as the rate determining step, which contributes to the majority of reaction current for formic acid oxi-dation, was proposed for the direct pathway. The model simulates well the IR spectroscopic results obtained under conditions where the poisoning effect of carbon monoxide (CO) is negligible and formic acid concentration is below 0.1 mol/L. The kinetic simulation predicts that in the direct pathway formic acid oxidation probably only needs one Pt atom as active site, formate is the site blocking species instead of being the active intermediate. We review in detail the conclusion that formate pathway (with either 1st or 2nd order reaction kinetics) is the direct pathway, possible origins for the discrepancies are pointed out.     

Role of Bridge-bonded Formate in Formic Acid Dehydration to CO at Pt Electrode: Electrochemial in-situ Infrared Spectroscopic Study

Formic acid (HCOOH) decomposition at Pt film electrode has been studied by electrochem- ical in situ FTIR spectroscopy under attenuated-total-reflection configuration, in order to clarify whether bridge-bonded formate (HCOOb) is the reactive intermediate for CO_ad for-mation from HCOOH molecules. When switching from HCOOH-free solution to HCOOH-containing solution at constant potential (E=0.4 V vs. RHE), we found that immediately upon solution switch CO_ad formation rate is the highest, while surface coverage of formate is zero, then after CO_ad formation rate decreases, while formate coverage reaches a steady state coverage quickly within ca. 1 s. Potential step experiment from E=0.75 V to 0.35 V, reveals that formate band intensity drops immediately right after the potential step, while the CO_ad signal develops slowly with time. Both facts indicate that formate is not the reactive intermediate for formic acid dehydration to CO.     

Release of Formic Acid from Copper Formate: Hydride,Proton-Coupled Electron and Hydrogen Atom Transfer All Play their Role

Although the mechanism for the transformation of carbon dioxide to formate with copper hydride is well understood, it is not clear how formic acid is ultimately released. Herein, we show how formic acid is formed in the decomposition of the copper formate clusters Cu(II)(HCOO)₃⁻ and Cu(II)₂(HCOO)₅⁻. Infrared irradiation resonant with the antisymmetric C−O stretching mode activates the cluster, resulting in the release of formic acid and carbon dioxide. For the binary cluster, electronic structure calculations indicate that CO₂ is eliminated first, through hydride transfer from formate to copper. Formic acid is released via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to a second formate ligand, evidenced by close to zero partial charge and spin density at the hydrogen atom in the transition state. Concomitantly, the two copper centers are reduced from Cu(II) to Cu(I). Depending on the detailed situation, either PCET or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) takes place.     

质子平衡思想用于酸碱滴定终点误差的计算

现有的酸碱滴定终点误差计算方法归为两类,一类是针对不同滴定体系提出不同的计算公式;另一类是仿造林邦误差公式,但不同体系的终点误差计算公式形式上仍不相同。至今未有简明且通用的计算方法。本文从酸碱滴定反应的本质出发,首次明确提出了适用于所有酸碱滴定体系的终点误差计算方法,并做了深入的论证。即只需写出化学计量点时滴定产物的质子平衡式,左右两式之差即为滴定终点误差。简明通用,可大大简化相应的教学内容。