酶抑制法在快速检测蔬菜中农药残留应用中的探讨

正目前,蔬菜中农药残留的快速检测方法有国家标准GB/T 5009.199-2003和行业标准NY/T448-2001。两者中都有采用酶抑制法测定蔬菜中的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的残留,该法具有简便、快捷、经济的优点,对操作人员、样品处理和检测环境要求较低,在市场上容易推行,是我国目前控制高毒农药残留的一种有效手段[1]。现在市场上使用的速测试剂盒大都是依据这两项标准生产的,但由     

溶剂浮选-气相色谱/质谱法测定蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

建立了一种有效分离富集并榆测蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的方法,即采用溶剂浮选法(SS)对蔬菜中的氨基甲酸酯类农药残留进行分离富集.然后用气相色谱,质谱(GC/MS)进行检测.考察了浮选溶剂、试液pH、通气速度及浮选时间等因索对浮选效果的影响,得剑了优化浮选条件 对此条件下的浮选产物进行气相色谱/质谱检测,回收率为81.6%～97.8%,RSD为1.39%～2.65%,定量限(LOQ)为0.39-6.17 pg/kg.     

气相色谱-质谱法同时检测样品中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂

有关氨基甲酸酯和有机磷类杀虫剂的测定方法文献上有很多报道,但同时测定2种农药的方法报道较少.本文建立了一种固相提取及应用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)同时检测多种样品中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药的方法,其中包括6种氨基甲酸酯类及9种有机磷类农药.将本法应用于实际样品分析,取得满意的结果.     

有机磷农药残留掌上检测仪的设计

设计了一种能够实现现场检测的有机磷农药残留掌上检测仪,其能够快速筛查有机磷农药污染的蔬菜,保障果蔬类农产品市场安全.基于酶抑制率法测量原理,以发光二极管(LED)为光源,设计双光电检测电路,由硅光电二极管进行信号采集,信号经单片机进行数据处理,实现了吸光度值和抑制率数字显示.与传统分光光度计相比,本实验设计的检测仪巧小轻便(127 mm×77 mm×35 mm)、方便携带,可实现现场零距离检测.实验表明,在乐果农药浓度为0.1~1.0?g/m L范围内,抑制率与乐果浓度呈良好线性,相关系数为0.9986,检出限为0.058?g/m L.将其应用于蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的测定,检测结果与国标方法有良好的相关性,能够对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留进行现场快速分析检测,具有实际的应用价值.     

QuEChERS-液相色谱串联质谱法快速检测果蔬中的农药多残留

建立了果蔬样品中氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、苯并咪唑类、苯甲酰脲类等各类29种农药多残留的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。采用QuEChERS方法进行前处理,样品经1%冰醋酸乙腈提取、醋酸钠和无水硫酸镁盐析后,上清液加入伯仲胺粉、C18粉及石墨化碳黑粉进行分散固相萃取净化。提取液经Waters SunFire C18(5μm,4.6×150 mm)色谱柱分离后,进行LC-MS/MS多反应监测模式下的定性及定量分析。29种农药的检出限在0.005~0.352μg/kg之间,定量限在0.015~1.176μg/kg之间。在1~10μg/kg的3个添加水平范围上,平均回收率在70%~119%之间,RSD小于16%。本方法可用于果蔬样品中农药多残留的确证检测。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法确证蔬菜中多种农药残留

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、电子轰击离子化(EI)法,采用选择离子方式(SIM)对蔬菜中敌敌畏等17种有机磷类、克百威等4种氨基甲酸酯类和三唑酮、噻嗪酮共23种农药残留同时确证的方法进行了研究。探讨了23种农药在两种不同极性毛细管柱上的分离情况;建立了DB-17和DB-5MS毛细管柱分别同时确证21种农药残留的分析条件;分析了番茄、黄瓜、豇豆等15种134个蔬菜样品。方法的检出限为0.01~0.1 ng,检出浓度为0.002~0.04 mg.kg-1。     

蔬菜中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药残留GC-MS-SIM分析

我国对食品中农药残留的检测正在不断地探索快速准确的有效方法。现在普遍采用气相色谱法或气相色谱一质谱全扫描法检测蔬菜中农药残留,由于蔬菜中组成成份复杂,本底干扰较大,而且不同农药品种的理化性质差异较大,因此单纯用气相色谱法容易产生误判。本文介绍一种用气相色谱．质谱选择离子扫描法,同时检测蔬菜中15种有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药残留的方法,该方法对农药残留检测具有定性准确、灵敏度高的特点。     

超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法同时检测蔬菜中17种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

建立用超高效液相色谱–串联质谱仪对蔬菜中17种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留同时检测的方法。对传统的Qu ECh ERS前处理方法进行优化和改良,将样品置于萃取管中,加入乙腈溶液提取,振荡离心后,将上清液移入净化管中净化,用超高效液相色谱–串联质谱仪进行检测。17种待测农药的质量浓度在5~500 ng/mL范围内与其色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.99,检出限为0.3~1.6μg/kg。在5,10,50μg/kg 3个浓度水平进行添加回收试验,平均回收率在61.0%~107.6%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.6%~17.6%(n=6)。该方法检测时间较短,检出限低,测量重现性高,适用于蔬菜中17种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的同时检测。     

色谱法分析氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的研究进展

概述了近年来检测氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的前处理技术与色谱方法的研究进展.     

共振光散射比浊法测定有机磷农药残留量

有机磷农药对人与动物的毒性作用较大,绝大多数有机磷农药都是剧毒的。因此,建立有效的检测有机磷农药残留的方法是非常重要的。目前检测有机磷农药的方法有：色谱法、光谱法、免疫法、生物传感器以及化学发光法等;农药速测卡也可以半定量或定量测定市售蔬菜中的有机磷农药残留。近年来共振光散射法（RLS）作为一种新的分析技术正得到越来越多的研究和应用。     

一种新的农药残毒快速检测装置

本文报道了一种新的农药残毒快速检测装置。该装置基于酶催化动力学原理,以酶抑制率反映蔬菜中残留农药的总毒性。该装置集化学分析、光机电、信息、生物等技术于一体,可对六种样品进行同时检测。测量准确度高,精密度好,方便快速,适合于各种实际应用场合,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in processed fruits and vegetables using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive multi-residue analytical method, utilizing ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS), has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 28 pesticides of different chemical classes (polar organophosphates, carbamates, strobilurines, neonicotinoids, amides, pyrimidines, benzimidazoles, imidazoles and triazoles), and their transformation products, in processed fruit and vegetables. Two precursor-product ion transitions were monitored for each pesticide in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Linearity (r (2) > or = 0.99) was good over the concentration range 0.5 to 100 microg L(-1) for all the pesticides, and instrumental detection limits ranged from 0.1 to 1 microg L(-1). Mean recovery for fruit and vegetables spiked at 0.010 mg kg(-1) ranged from 65 to 94.4%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 9.0 to 20.0%. When the amount spiked was 0.050 mg kg(-1) recoveries ranged from 72.5 to 90% and relative standard deviations were from 6.1 to 19.0%. Method detection limits were from 0.002 to 0.007 mg kg(-1) for the different food matrices studied. The method was used to monitor pesticide residues in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.     

便携式农药残留毒性快速测试仪--水果和蔬菜农药残留动力学速测方法

研制了一种新型的化学动力学测试仪器,适用于水果和蔬菜农药残留毒性的测试。阐述了根据农药的毒理学机制所进行的仪器设计原理,了满足设计要求的关键技术和测试方法,该仪器测定速度快,试剂费用低廉,其灵敏度的敌敌畏≤０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲胺磷≤１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Multiresidue method for N-methyl carbamates and metabolite pesticide residues at the parts-per-billion level in selected representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups

A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with both fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection is presented for the determination of 13 parent N-methyl carbamate pesticides and their metabolites, as well as piperonyl butoxide, for a total of 24 compounds in selected fruits and vegetables. The commodities chosen were of special concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because they had the least amount of monitoring data for dietary exposure estimates used in risk assessment. The method is based on a judicious selection of procedures from U.S. Food and Drug Administration sources such as the Pesticide Analytical Manual (Volume I), and Laboratory Information Bulletins, plus additional material from the chemical literature combined in a manner to recover the N-methyl carbamates and their metabolites at the 1 microg/kg or 1 part-per-billion level. The method uses an acetone extraction, followed by an aminopropyl solid-phase extraction cleanup. Determination of residues is by RP-LC, in which the liquid chromatograph is interfaced with either a fluorescence or a mass spectrometric detector. The method is designed so that a set of 6 samples can be prepared in 1 working day for overnight instrumental analysis. Recovery data are presented from analyses of selected commodities in some of EPA's fruit and vegetable crop groupings. A table listing relative retention times is presented for the N-methyl carbamates and their metabolites.     

Reflectometric cutinase assay for rapid screening of contaminants and residues of insecticidal organophosphates and carbamates

Because of the extensive use of insecticides in agriculture, there is an increasing demand for rapid analytical methods for residues in food and feed control. To meet this need, a completely new application of the reflectometric lipase test (Reflectoquant, Merck) was developed. By using the cutinase-induced reaction of the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl caprylate on the test strips, residues of organophosphates and carbamates can be determined on the basis of enzyme inhibition in a fast and inexpensive way. With this technique, we investigated the inhibition effects of representative insecticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon, and carbaryl. The bimolecular inhibitory rate constants (ki) were found to agree well with those obtained by a previously described spectrophotometric cutinase assay in the microtiter-plate format. Recoveries determined with the strip test from spiked samples compared well with those obtained by both the cutinase microtiter-plate assay and liquid chromatographylmass spectrometry.     

Combination of GC-MS Molecular Networking and Larvicidal Effect against Aedes aegypti for the Discovery of Bioactive Substances in Commercial Essential Oils

Dengue is a neglected disease, present mainly in tropical countries, with more than 5.2 million cases reported in 2019. Vector control remains the most effective protective measure against dengue and other arboviruses. Synthetic insecticides based on organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, neonicotinoids and oxadiazines are unattractive due to their high degree of toxicity to humans, animals and the environment. Conversely, natural-product-based larvicides/insecticides, such as essential oils, present high efficiency, low environmental toxicity and can be easily scaled up for industrial processes. However, essential oils are highly complex and require modern analytical and computational approaches to streamline the identification of bioactive substances. This study combined the GC-MS spectral similarity network approach with larvicidal assays as a new strategy for the discovery of potential bioactive substances in complex biological samples, enabling the systematic and simultaneous annotation of substances in 20 essential oils through LC₅₀ larvicidal assays. This strategy allowed rapid intuitive discovery of distribution patterns between families and metabolic classes in clusters, and the prediction of larvicidal properties of acyclic monoterpene derivatives, including citral, neral, citronellal and citronellol, and their acetate forms (LC₅₀ < 50 µg/mL).     

Development of a MALDI-TOF-MS method to identify and quantify butyrylcholinesterase inhibition resulting from exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides

A novel, proteomics based method was developed for the detection, quantification, and categorization of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors, including organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs). This method was based on the MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of the trypsin generated BChE active site peptide (191-SVTLFGESAGAASVSLHLLSPR-212) previously modified by reaction with an OP or CB. The ionization efficiency of OP modified active site peptides by MALDI was greatly improved by adding diammonium citrate to the MALDI matrix, which made the quantification of OP exposure feasible. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.98) between the normalized abundance ratios (NARs) and OP concentrations or logarithm of carbaryl concentration was obtained. The accuracy of the developed assay was evaluated by comparison of IC50 and IC100 values from the assay with those determined by the Ellman method. Results from this method were comparable with those from the Ellman method. The advantage of the assay was that both the origin and the extent of pesticide exposure can be determined in one analysis. Our MALDI method can provide critical evidence for the pesticide exposure at low BChE inhibition levels even down to 3%, not available with the Ellman method.     

Determination of Carbamate Pesticides in Vegetables by Octadecyl Modified Graphene Reinforced Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A novel adsorbent, octadecyl modified graphene, was prepared for hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction to increase the efficiency of the preconcentration process. The modified material was employed for the isolation of metolcarb, carbaryl, isoprocarb, and diethofencarb from vegetables prior to determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Octadecyl modified graphene dispersed in 1-octanol served as the acceptor phase of the sorbent, resulting in enhanced efficiency. The optimization of several parameters was carried out to achieve the maximum efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear from 0.5 to 100.0 nanograms per gram for carbaryl and 1.0 to 100.0 nanograms per gram for the other analytes with correlation coefficients (r) between 0.9952 and 0.9990. The limits of detection for the carbamates were from 0.2 to 0.6 nanogram per gram. The recoveries of the analytes ranged from 90.3 to 107.4 percent, indicating the excellent performance of the method for the determination of carbamates in vegetables.     

Enzymic analysis of organophosphate insecticides using an enzyme thermistor

Quantitative analysis of water soluble insecticides using an enzyme thermistor was examined for organophosphates. A procedure based on an insecticide hydrolyzing enzyme was found suitable for continuous determination of insecticides at concentrations down to 30 µM. A more sensitive procedure, < 3.4µM, suitable for discontinuous monitoring was developed using reversible immobilization of acetylcholine esterase.     

Amperometric screen-printed biosensor arrays with co-immobilised oxidoreductases and cholinesterases

Amperometric screen-printed biosensor arrays for detection of pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) and phenols have been developed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), tyrosinase (TYR), peroxidases (SBP, soybean and HRP, horseradish) and cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) were combined on the same array consisting of one Ag/AgCl reference electrode surrounded by eight radially distributed working electrodes of either carbon or platinum. Mainly cross-linking with glutaraldehyde was employed for enzyme immobilisation. The substrates for the enzymes were acetylthiocholine for cholinesterases (ChEs), cellobiose for CDH and hydrogen peroxide for peroxidases. Hydrogen peroxide was generated in the presence of glucose by co-immobilised glucose oxidase (GOx). All measurements were performed in an electrochemical steady state system specially constructed for eight channel screen-printed electrode arrays. The achieved relative standard deviation values calculated for different enzyme substrates (10 measurements) were typically below 7% and one assay was completed within less than 10 min. The detection limits for pesticides and phenols were in the nanomolar and micromolar ranges, respectively. The developed biosensor array was evaluated on wastewater samples. To simplify interpretation of results, the measured data were treated with multivariate analysis-principal component analysis (PCA).