煤热解过程中含氮气相产物转化规律的实验研究

为了研究煤在热解过程中含氮气相产物的生成规律,在滴管炉反应系统中对四种原煤以及两种脱除矿物质煤样分别在500℃、700℃、900℃和1100℃进行了实验研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,作为NO前驱物的HCN和NH3的收率随之增加,N2的收率也增加。煤种对含氮气相产物的生成规律也有着较大的影响,煤化程度比较低的煤在热解过程中,燃料氮向气相含氮产物的转化率较高;煤化程度比较高的煤转化率则偏低,大部分的氮缩聚在多环芳香结构中,成为焦炭氮。煤中的矿物质对燃料氮向N2的转化起到了促进作用,而对燃料氮向HCN和NH3的转化起到了抑制作用。     

钠、钙、铁对模型化合物热解及燃烧过程中氮逸出规律的影响

将卟唑在650℃，12MPa焦化条件下所得产物作为含氮模型化合物，在固定床反应器中研究了该模型化合物热解及燃烧过程中氮的逸出行为。结果表明，热解温度低于900℃时燃料氮主要停留在半焦中，HCN和NH3只占很小的部分；催化热解使HCN的量相对减少，NH3相对增加；半焦的反应性和燃烧条件影响半焦氮氧化生成NO，半焦的反应性越高，半焦氮对于NO的转化率越低；低温下催化剂使半焦氮对于NO的转化率升高，而高温下则相反。催化剂对于半焦燃烧时NO排放的影响还与半焦的性质有关，同一催化剂在相同的燃烧条件下对不同半焦燃烧的NO释放有不同的影响，预示半焦的性质和催化剂之间也有一定的匹配性。     

模拟燃烧热分解气体产物的在线分析-GAP/HMX混合体系压力下的快速热裂解

用T - Jump/FTIR在线联用分析技术,研究了GAP/HMX混合体系在模拟燃烧条件下快速加热高温高压的热裂解.结果表明,与GAP和HMX的单组分比较,GAP/HMX混合体系主要气体产物HCN的浓度明显提高,温度对主要气体产物浓度比HCN/NH3和N2O/HCN的影响与对单组分趋势一致,即随温度的提高HCN/NH、...     

苦味酸碳酰肼、苦味酸氨基脲和苦味酸氨基胍的温度跃升傅里叶变换红外光谱

利用温度跃升傅里叶变换红外原位分析技术(T-jump/FTIR)对苦味酸碳酰肼,苦味酸氨基脲和苦味酸氨基胍的快速热分解过程进行了研究,利用快速扫描傅里叶变换红外光谱在线检测气相产物的种类及浓度变化趋势。研究发现,在0.1 MPa氩气气氛下,这3种化合物快速热分解过程的含氮气相产物主要有NO、NH3、HCN、NO2、HONO和HNCO,含碳气相产物主要有CO2、CO、HCN、HNCO和HONO,NH3可进一步氧化为NO2,N2O和H2O等产物;实验同时得到了快速热分解主要气相产物摩尔分数随时间的变化关系曲线。研究表明,苦味酸氨基脲作为新型、安全、环保起爆药剂和汽车安全气囊产气剂组分有很好的发展前景。     

HCN消除反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法从HCN氧化和水解两个方面研究了HCN消除反应机理,并考虑了HCN的直接消除反应(途径Ⅰ和途径Ⅱ)和CuO上的HCN消除反应(途径Ⅲ和途径Ⅳ)。途径Ⅰ为HCN与2个O2分子生成CO2、NO和H原子;途径Ⅱ为HCN与1个O2分子和1个H2O分子生成 CO2和NH3;途径Ⅲ为CuO上HNCO水解为CO2和NH3;途径Ⅳ为CuO上HCN水解为CO和NH3。研究发现,途径III速控步骤的活化自由能垒为157.32 kJ/mol,比途径Ⅱ中HNCO水解降低12.34 kJ/mol;比途径Ⅳ降低了63.8 kJ/mol。可见,HNCO是HCN净化过程中的重要中间体,CuO的加入降低了反应能垒,促进了HCN消除。     

无烟煤燃料氮的热解析出规律

采用固定床反应器，在氩气氛围下，对我国四种不同产地的无烟煤从400 ℃到1 200 ℃进行热解试验，研究了燃料氮中Tar-N,HCN,NH3,Char-N的析出规律，以及燃料氮中N的分布特性。研究结果发现HCN-N的析出量随热解温度的升高而增加，NH3-N的析出量在1 000 ℃左右达到最大值而后略有降低，Char-N的含量呈现反趋势下降。1 000 ℃以上，NH3-N的析出量及HCN-N+NH3-N的析出量随挥发分增加而降低。Tar-N的含量在整个温度范围内都比较少，基本不随温度而变化。     

煤燃烧过程生成氮氧化物前驱体的研究

对煤中氮在燃烧条件下生成NOx前驱体（HCN、NH3）进行了研究。实验采用石英玻璃管流化床反应系统，测定了神木煤、澳大利亚烟煤、澳大利亚褐煤在400 ℃～900 ℃HCN、NH3的生成，用离子色谱测定了HCN、NH3的生成量，用差热分析测定了三种煤的燃烧峰温及起始燃烧温度。实验结果表明，在燃烧条件下煤中氮转化为HCN、NH3的比例很高，这一释出过程伴随着煤燃烧过程而发生; 在400 ℃～500 ℃燃烧时HCN、NH3的生成量占煤中总氮质量分数的50%～70%,无论是煤挥发分还是半焦中的氮都在此条件下转化生成了HCN、NH3, 这一实验规律与热解条件的实验结果不同。煤样在更高的温度下燃烧（>700 ℃）时，气体产物中的HCN、NH3的质量分数很少，这是HCN、NH3进一步氧化生成了NOx的缘故。     

煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3生成规律的研究

经等密度梯度离心分离，从褐煤、长焰煤、气煤和贫煤四种不同变质程度煤中获得了高纯度的有机显微组分。用石英管式反应器在600 ℃～900 ℃考察了煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3的生成规律。实验结果表明，在显微组分热解过程中HCN主要是挥发分二次裂解的产物。在镜质组热解过程中，煤的变质程度越高，HCN的生成率越低，热解温度越高，HCN的生成率越高；同一种煤三种有机显微组分热解过程中，HCN的生成不仅与显微组分挥发分的质量分数有关，而且与显微组分中氮的存在形态有关，在较低温度热解时吡咯型氮质量分数高的煤样HCN的生成率较高。显微组分热解过程中NH3来自于挥发分的二次热裂解，与焦的热裂解有关，随煤变质程度增高，镜质组热解过程中NH3的收率降低；对同一种煤三种煤岩有机显微组分，由于其黏结性不同，含氮官能团和氢自由基的接触几率不同，生成NH3的能力也不同，惰质组的NH3生成率最高，壳质组最低；温度对NH3的生成也有影响，800 ℃NH3的生成率最高，惰质组NH3的生成率为11.8%，壳质组NH3的生成率为5.2%。     

不同Mn/（Mn+Ce）质量比对整体式MnOx-CeO2/WO3-ZrO2催化剂NH3-SCR性能的影响（英文）

制备了一系列不同Mn/(Mn+Ce)质量比的MnOx-CeO2/WO3-ZrO2整体式催化剂用于富氧条件下的NH3选择性催化还原NOx(NH3-SCR),并采用N2吸脱附、储氧量、X射线衍射、X光电子能谱、NH3/NO程序升温脱附以及H2程序升温还原等手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,当Mn/(Mn+Ce)质量比为0.5时,整体式催化剂具有较好的NH3-SCR性能,在空速10000h-1和173~355oC条件反应下,NOx转化率达90%以上.这是由于该MnOx-CeO2/WO3-ZrO2催化剂具有更高的NO氧化活性、更高的表面Ce和Mn原子浓度以及Ce3+/Ce值较低的NH3和NO脱附温度以及优异的氧化还原性能所致.     

GAPA及GAPA/P(BAMO/AMMO)含能热塑性弹性体的热性能

采用TG/DSC-IR-MS联用技术对端叠氮基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAPA)及其增塑聚(3,3′-二叠氮甲基环氧丁烷/3-叠氮甲基-3′-甲基环氧丁烷)(PBA)的热分解特性进行研究.结果表明,GAPA、GAPA/PBA的热分解主要经历两个阶段,即叠氮基团的分解和聚醚主链的分解,GAPA可以降低PBA的分解温度,并且提高体系表观分解热;GAPA、GAPA/PBA分解的主要气相产物有N2、NH3、HCN、CH2O、N2O、CO2、NO等;GAPA可以促进PBA的热分解,GAPA/PBA产物中CHO、HCN在热分解第一阶段的离子强度远高于第二阶段.     

Experimental and kinetic modeling of the reduction of NO by isobutane in a Jsr at 1 atm

A kinetic study of the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) by isobutane in simulated conditions of the reburning zone was carried out in a fused silica jet‐stirred reactor operating at 1 atm, at temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1450 K. In this new series of experiments, the initial mole fraction of NO was 1000 ppm, that of isobutane was 2200 ppm, and the equivalence ratio was varied from 0.75 to 2. It was demonstrated that for a given temperature, the reduction of NO is favored when the temperature is increased and a maximum NO reduction occurs slightly above stoichiometric conditions. The present results generally follow those reported in previous studies of the reduction of NO by C₁ to C₃ hydrocarbons or natural gas as reburn fuel. A detailed chemical kinetic modeling of the present experiments was performed using an updated and improved kinetic scheme (979 reversible reactions and 130 species). An overall reasonable agreement between the present data and the modeling was obtained. Furthermore, the proposed kinetic mechanism can be successfully used to model the reduction of NO by ethylene, ethane, acetylene, a natural gas blend (methane‐ethane 10:1), propene, and HCN. According to this study, the main route to NO reduction by isobutane involves ketenyl radical. The model indicates that the reduction of NO proceeds through the reaction path: iC₄H₁₀ → C₃H₆ → C₂H₄ → C₂H₃ → C₂H₂ → HCCO; HCCO + NO → HCNO + CO and HCN + CO₂; HCNO + H → HCN → NCO → NH; NH + NO → N₂ and NH + H → followed by N + NO → N₂; NH + NO → N₂O followed by N₂O + H → N₂. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 365–377, 2000     

New insight into selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia over H-form zeolites: a theoretical study

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the reaction mechanism of selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia in the presence of oxygen at the Br?nsted acid sites of H-form zeolites. The Br?nsted acid site of H-form zeolites was modeled by an aluminosilicate cluster containing five tetrahedral (Al, Si) atoms. A low-activation-energy pathway for the catalytic reduction of NO was proposed. It consists of two successive stages: first NH(2)NO is formed in gas phase, and then is decomposed into N(2) and H(2)O over H-form zeolites. In the first stage, the formation of NH(2)NO may occur via two routes: (1) NO is directly oxidized by O(2) to NO(2), and then NO(2) combines with NO to form N(2)O(3), which reacts with NH(3) to produce NH(2)NO; (2) when NO(2) exceeds NO in the content, NO(2) associates with itself to form N(2)O(4), and then N(2)O(4) reacts with NH(3) to produce NH(2)NO. The second stage was suggested to proceed with low activation energy via a series of synergic proton transfer steps catalyzed by H-form zeolites. The rate-determining step for the whole reduction of NO(x) is identified as the oxidation of NO to NO(2) with an activation barrier of 15.6 kcal mol(-1). This mechanism was found to account for many known experimental facts related to selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia over H-form zeolites.     

Catalytic oxidation of ammonia on RuO2(110) surfaces: mechanism and selectivity

The selective oxidation of ammonia to either N2 or NO on RuO2(110) single-crystal surfaces was investigated by a combination of vibrational spectroscopy (HREELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and steady-state rate measurements under continuous flow conditions. The stoichiometric RuO2(110) surface exposes coordinatively unsaturated (cus) Ru atoms onto which adsorption of NH3 (NH3-cus) or dissociative adsorption of oxygen (O-cus) may occur. In the absence of O-cus, ammonia desorbs completely thermally without any reaction. However, interaction between NH3-cus and O-cus starts already at 90 K by hydrogen abstraction and hydrogenation to OH-cus, leading eventually to N-cus and H2O. The N-cus species recombine either with each other to N2 or with neighboring O-cus leading to strongly held NO-cus which desorbs around 500 K. The latter reaction is favored by higher concentrations of O-cus. Under steady-state flow condition with constant NH3 partial pressure and varying O2 pressure, the rate for N2 formation takes off first, passes through a maximum and then decreases again, whereas that for NO production exhibits an S-shape and rises continuously. In this way at 530 K almost 100% selectivity for NO formation (with fairly high reaction probability for NH3) is reached.     

煤焦油二次热解过程中HCN及NH3释放特性研究

对煤焦油中氮在惰性气氛中二次热解生成NOx前驱物HCN及NH3进行了研究。在两段炉固定床反应器上研究了四种煤样的焦油在二次热解过程中NOx前驱物HCN和NH3的释放规律,讨论了煤阶﹑温度以及灰分对焦油二次热解过程中HCN及NH3释放规律的影响,表明随着煤阶的增高,焦油中氮的质量分数减少,HCN和NH3的转化率也随之减少。随着二次热解温度的增高,HCN和NH3的转化率增加,在800 ℃~900 ℃HCN增幅最大,NH3的质量分数在900 ℃以后基本不变。煤中灰分的存在能减少氮在焦油中的质量分数,导致焦油二次热解过程中HCN和NH3的转化率下降。     

The catalytic chemistry of HCN + NO2 over Na- and Ba-Y,FAU: an in situ FTIR and TPD/TPR study

The adsorption of HCN and the reaction of HCN with NO(2) over Na-, and Ba-Y,FAU zeolite catalysts were investigated using in situ FTIR and TPD/TPR spectroscopies. Both catalysts adsorb HCN molecularly at room temperature, and the strength of adsorption is higher over Ba-Y than Na-Y. Over Na-Y, the reaction between HCN and NO(2) is slow at 473 K. On Ba-Y, HCN reacts readily with NO(2) at 473K, forming N(2), CO, CO(2), HNCO, NO, N(2)O, and C(2)N(2). The results of this investigation suggest that initial step in the HCN + NO(2) reaction over these catalysts is the hydrogen abstraction from HCN, and the formation of ionic CN- and NC- species. The formation of N(2) can proceed directly from these ionic species upon their interaction with NO+. Alternatively, these cyanide species can be oxidized to isocyanates which then can be further transformed to N(2), N(2)O and CO(x) in their subsequent reaction with NO(x).     

Density functional theory study of the oxidation of ammonia on the IrO2(110) surface

In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the oxidation of ammonia (NH(3)) on the IrO(2)(110) surface. We characterized the possible reaction pathways for the dehydrogenation of NH(x) species (x = 1-3) and for the formation of the oxidation products N(2), N(2)O, NO, NO(2), and H(2)O. The presence of oxygen atoms on coordinatively unsaturated sites (O(cus)) of the oxygen-rich IrO(2)(110) surface promotes the oxidation of NH(3) on the surface. In contrast, NH(3) molecules prefer undergoing desorption over oxidation on the stoichiometric IrO(2)(110) surface. Moreover, the O(cus) atoms are also the major oxidants leading to the formation of oxidation products; none of the oxidations mediated by the bridge oxygen atoms were favorable reactions. The energy barrier for formation of H(2)O as a gaseous oxidation product on the IrO(2)(110) surface is high (from 1.83 to 2.29 eV), potentially leading to the formation of nitrogen-atom-containing products at high temperature. In addition, the selectivity toward the nitrogen-atom-containing products is dominated by the coverage of O(cus) atoms on the surface; for example, a higher coverage of O(cus) atoms results in greater production of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO(2)).     

Removal of NO in NO/N2, NO/N2/O2, NO/CH4/N2, and NO/CH4/O2/N2 systems by flowing microwave discharges

In this paper, continuing previous work, we report on experiments carried out to investigate the removal of NO from simulated flue gas in nonthermal plasmas. The plasma-induced decomposition of small concentrations of NO in N2 used as the carrier gas and O2 and CH4 as minority components has been studied in a surface wave discharge induced with a surfatron launcher. The reaction products and efficiency have been monitored by mass spectrometry as a function of the composition of the mixture. NO is effectively decomposed into N2 and O2 even in the presence of O2, provided always that enough CH4 is also present in the mixture. Other majority products of the plasma reactions under these conditions are NH3, CO, and H2. In the absence of O2, decomposition of NO also occurs, although in that case HCN accompanies the other reaction products as a majority component. The plasma for the different reaction mixtures has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. Intermediate excited species of NO*, C*, CN*, NH*, and CH* have been monitored depending on the gas mixture. The type of species detected and their evolution with the gas composition are in agreement with the reaction products detected in each case. The observations by mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy are in agreement with the kinetic reaction models available in literature for simple plasma reactions in simple reaction mixtures.