后过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂的研究进展

综述了近两年来后过渡金属(VIII族)催化剂在乙烯、丙烯和α-烯烃聚合,α-烯烃和极性单体共聚,α-烯烃活性聚合,以及乙烯齐聚等方面的最新进展.     

AlCl3／SbCl3复合体系引发α—蒎烯／苯乙烯阳离子共聚合

比较了ＡｌＣｌ３和ＡｌＣｌ３／ＳｂＣｌ３复合体系的α蒎烯／苯乙烯阳离子共聚反应及产物的摩尔质量分布。结果表明，由于用ＡｌＣｌ３体系两种单体活性差大而难以共聚，用ＡｌＣｌ３／ＳｂＣｌ３复合体系，苯乙烯聚合速率相对减小，而α蒎烯聚合速率增大，加之苯乙烯的共催化剂作用，加速α－蒎烯聚合，可使α－蒎烯与苯乙烯进行有效共聚，考察（Ｓｂ）／（Ａｌ）比，催化剂浓度，单体投料比等对共聚体系α蒎烯，苯乙烯转化速率及     

AlCl_3／SbCl_3复合体系引发α－蒎烯／苯乙烯阳离子共聚合

比较了ＡｌＣｌ_３和ＡｌＣｌ_３／ＳｂＣｌ_３复合体系的α－蒎烯／苯乙烯阳离子共聚反应及产物的摩尔质量分布。结果表明，由于用ＡｌＣｌ_３体系两种单体活性差大而难以共聚，用ＡｌＣｌ_３／ＳｂＣｌ_３复合体系，苯乙烯聚合速率相对减小，而α－蒎烯聚合速率增大，加之苯乙烯的共催化剂作用，加速α－蒎烯聚合，可使α－蒎烯与苯乙烯进行有效共聚。考察了［Ｓｂ］／［Ａｌ］比、催化剂浓度、单体投料比等对共聚体系α－蒎烯、苯乙烯转化速率及产物Ｍ_ｎ的影响。     

橡胶相具有交联结构的新型抗冲聚丙烯合金

利用具有"颗粒反应器技术(RGT)"特征的Ziegler-Natta催化剂进行丙烯多相共聚(丙烯均聚+乙烯/丙烯无规共聚),通过在乙丙共聚阶段引入双烯烃单体1,9-癸二烯,使乙丙共聚物在聚合的同时实现交联,制备了新型抗冲聚丙烯合金.聚合反应结果表明,1,9-癸二烯可参与乙丙共聚,同时对聚合反应速率和共聚物组成影响较小;1,9-癸二烯使乙丙共聚物发生支化/部分交联,合金聚合物的熔体流动速率在引入1,9-癸二烯后显著降低,且凝胶含量随1,9-癸二烯用量的增加而增大.形态研究结果表明,乙丙共聚物的交联显著降低了其在聚丙烯基体中的分散尺度,提高了分散均匀性,分散相粒径随支化/交联程度提高而减小.力学性能测试结果表明,乙丙共聚物的交联使合金聚合物在保持较高韧性的同时显著提升了刚性,有利于实现抗冲聚丙烯合金的刚韧平衡.     

氮配位单茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂

本文综述了近些年来以含氮基团为阴离子配体的单茂金属化合物作为烯烃精确聚合的催化剂的研究。氮配位单茂金属催化剂在烯烃聚合中显示出独特的特性,特别是对于乙烯的共聚合,不仅能得到Ziegler-Natta催化剂和传统茂金属催化剂不能合成的新的共聚物,还有优于其他单茂金属催化剂的共聚活性。环戊二烯基和含氮阴离子配体的改性是所得催化剂聚合效果的关键。本文涉及了乙烯均聚以及乙烯与α-烯烃(己烯-1、辛烯-1等)、苯乙烯和环烯烃(降冰片烯、四环十二碳烯等)的共聚合。     

Et(Ind)_2ZrCl_2/MAO催化乙烯和ω-对甲苯基-α-烯烃共聚合的研究

使用Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO催化剂催化乙烯和3种ω-对甲苯基-α-烯烃(对甲苯基-1-丙烯,4-对甲苯基-1-丁烯,6-对甲苯基-1-己烯)共聚,主要研究了共单体加入量对催化剂活性和所得共聚物性能的影响.4-对甲苯基-1-丁烯表现出最好的共聚性能.使用1H-NMR、13C-NMR、GPC和DSC对共聚物进行了表征.     

8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸钛配合物的合成及催化乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应

合成了新型催化剂8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸钛配合物, 并应用于乙烯与降冰片烯的共聚合反应中. 分别考察了助催化剂种类[甲基铝氧烷(MAO)和三乙基铝(TEA)]、 降冰片烯浓度、 Al/Ti摩尔比、 聚合温度和聚合压力对催化活性与共聚性能的影响. 通过核磁共振、示差扫描量热和凝胶渗透色谱等对所制备的共聚物进行了表征. 结果表明, 在相同条件下, 以MAO为助催化剂时, 共聚催化活性更高, 催化剂为单活性中心, 可得到分子量分布较窄(PDI≈3)的共聚产物, 其共聚反应机理为加成聚合. 另外, 随着降冰片烯浓度的升高, 共聚物中降冰片烯单元的摩尔比呈线性上升趋势, 所得共聚物的熔点随之降低.     

桥联茂金属催化剂用于双功能催化体系制备LLDPE的研究

以四种取代基不同的桥联茂金属作为乙烯共聚催化剂 ,以Ti(OR) 4为二聚催化剂组成双功能原位聚合催化剂体系 ,在同一反应釜中 ,乙烯为唯一聚合单体 ,以阳离子助剂B(C6 F5 ) 3为唯一助催化剂 ,原位制备LLDPE .该聚合体系催化剂活性高、单体插入率高、得到的聚合物为熔点低、分子量可调的超低密聚乙烯     

烯烃高效催化剂及聚合与共聚合的研究

为中山大学高分子研究所烯烃配位聚合研究室在高效Ziegler-Natta催化剂、茂金属催化剂烯烃聚合与共聚合方面部分研究工作的概述。重点叙述了催化剂的设计、过渡金属配合物配体结构及聚合条件对乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、丁二烯、苯乙烯等烯烃单体聚合及共聚合活性以及聚合产物结构和分子量的影响。     

非茂钯催化剂催化乙烯/丙烯/ω-Cl-α-乙烯基单体三元共聚合的研究

本文探索了乙烯/丙烯/极性单体三元共聚物的合成方法.乙烯/丙烯/ω-Cl-α-乙烯基单体三元共聚物由于分子中引入了ω-Cl-α-乙烯基极性单体,改变了乙烯丙烯共聚物的化学惰性.我们采用催化剂Cat.L-Pd配位催化乙烯/丙烯/ω-Cl-α-乙烯基单体三元共聚合,合成了极性三元无规共聚物.探讨了催化剂结构、聚合条件对三元共聚合行为的影响,并优化了聚合条件.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振碳谱(氢谱)(~(13)C(~1H)NMR)、示差扫描量热(DSC)和高温凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等方法研究了共聚物的结构与性能.FTIR与~(13)C(~1H)NMR结果表明,催化剂Cat.L-Pd能够有效催化乙烯/丙烯/ω-Cl-α-乙烯基单体三元共聚合,共聚物中ω-氯代极性单体的插入量达3.6 mol%.极性单体不发生均聚合反应,但能够有效参与乙烯和丙烯的共聚合反应,形成三元无规共聚物.丙烯能够发生均聚合反应,但是不能形成聚丙烯长链段,主要发生乙烯与丙烯共聚合反应.乙烯最易发生聚合反应,并能够形成较长链段的聚乙烯.共聚物的Mw高于2×10~5g/mol.分子量分布在1.6～3.0,说明该类催化剂催化乙烯/丙烯/ω-Cl-α-乙烯基单体三元共聚合行为遵循单中心聚合机理.     

The “comonomer effect” in ethylene/α‐olefin copolymerization using homogeneous and silica‐supported Cp2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst systems: Some insights from the kinetics of polymerization,active center studies,and polymerization temperature

Homogeneous and silica‐supported Cp₂ZrCl₂/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst systems have been used for the copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐butene, 1‐hexene, 4‐methylpentene‐1 (4‐MP‐1), and 1‐octene in order to compare the “comonomer effect” obtained with a homogeneous metallocene‐based catalyst system with that obtained using a heterogenized form of the same metallocene‐based catalyst system. The results obtained indicated that at 70 °C there was general rate depression with the homogeneous catalyst system whereas rate enhancement occurred in all copolymerizations carried out with the silica‐supported catalyst system. Rate enhancement was observed for both the homogeneous and the silica‐supported catalyst systems when ethylene/4‐MP‐1 copolymerization was carried out at 50 °C. Active center studies during ethylene/4‐MP‐1 copolymerization indicated that the rate depression during copolymerization using the homogeneous catalyst system at 70 °C was due to a reduction in the active center concentration. However, the increase in polymerization rate when the silica‐supported catalyst system was used at the same temperature resulted from an increase in the propagation rate coefficient. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 267–277, 2008     

单茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂*

本文综述了近年来带有给电子配体的单茂金属化合物应用于烯烃聚合的研究。带有给电子配体的单茂金属化合物是目前烯烃配位聚合催化剂的研究热点之一。作为新型的聚合催化剂,这类催化剂具有合成简单、结构清晰的特点,用于催化烯烃聚合,可得到高聚合活性,同时聚合物可得到高的分子量。用于共聚时,具有很好的共聚能力。通过共聚,可以得到Zieler-Natta催化剂和传统茂金属催化剂不能得到的新共聚物。通过调整催化剂上茂配体和给电子配体的结构,可以方便地调节聚合行为,从而调整聚合物的结构。文中涉及了乙烯、alpha-烯烃的均聚与共聚,乙烯与环烯烃共聚合,苯乙烯聚合等方面的研究。     

Researches on the In Situ Copolymerization of Ethylene with Catalysts Immobilized onto the Molecular Sieves

In this paper,the bi-functional catalyst system composed of molecular sieve(MCM-41) immobilized oligomerization catalyst(C25H17Cl2N3·FeCl2) and copolymerization catalyst(Et(Ind)2ZrCl2) was employed in the in situ copolymerization of ethylene aiming to prepare the Linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE).In this paper,we mainly argued the regular pattern of the in situ copolymerization of ethylene in limited nano-space and compared it with that happening in free space.The impact of variance of the reaction temperature,Fe/Zr value and the A1/(Fe+Zr) value on the activity of the in situ copolymerization of ethylene has also been introduced.Furthermore,the degree of branching,thermal properties and crystalline changes of the obtained polymerization products prepared from different reactivity were investigated.     

单茂钛/MAO体系催化乙烯/丙烯共聚合研究Ⅰ.乙烯/丙烯共聚物的合成及聚合反应规律研究

采用合成的催化剂五甲基环戊二烯基三烯丙氧基钛 [Cp Ti(OAllyl) 3]与改性甲基铝氧烷 (mMAO)组成新型催化体系进行乙烯 /丙烯共聚合 ,考察了助催化剂 (mMAO)中TMA含量、气体配比、聚合温度、助催化剂和主催化剂浓度等因素对共聚合活性及产物分子量的影响 ,研究其变化规律 .结果表明 ,Cp Ti(OAllyl) 3/mMAO催化体系中钛的价态分布为Ti(Ⅳ )时对共聚合更为有利 ,制得了乙烯 /丙烯无规共聚物弹性体     

Ethylene (Co)Polymerization with Metallocene Catalysts Encapsulated in Gel‐Type Poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) Beads

Gel‐type poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads (PS bead) were used as a carrier to encapsulate metallocene catalysts through a simple swelling‐shrinking procedure. The catalytic species were homogeneously distributed in the PS bead particle. The catalyst exhibited high and stable ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization activity affording uniform spherical polymer particles (1 mm). Polymerization rate profiles exhibited slow initiation and stable increase in polymerization activity with time.     

The influence of mixed activators on ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization with silica-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst

This article reveals the effects of mixed activators on ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization over MgCl?/SiO?-supported Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalysts. First, the conventional ZN catalyst was prepared with SiO? addition. Then, the catalyst was tested for ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene (E/H) co-polymerization using different activators. Triethylaluminum (TEA), tri-n-hexyl aluminum (TnHA) and diethyl aluminum chloride (DEAC), TEA+DEAC, TEA+TnHA, TnHA+ DEAC, TEA+DEAC+TnHA mixtures, were used as activators in this study. It was found that in the case of ethylene polymerization with a sole activator, TnHA exhibited the highest activity among other activators due to increased size of the alkyl group. Further investigation was focused on the use of mixed activators. The activity can be enhanced by a factor of three when the mixed activators were employed and the activity of ethylene polymerization apparently increased in the order of TEA+ DEAC+TnHA > TEA+DEAC > TEA+TnHA. Both the copolymerization activity and crystallinity of the synthesized copolymers were strongly changed when the activators were changed from TEA to TEA+DEAC+TnHA mixtures or pure TnHA and pure DEAC. As for ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization the activity apparently increased in the order of TEA+DEAC+TnHA > TEA+TnHA > TEA+DEAC > TnHA+DEAC > TEA > TnHA > DEAC. Considering the properties of the copolymer obtained with the mixed TEA+DEAC+TnHA, its crystallinity decreased due to the presence of TnHA in the mixed activator. The activators thus exerted a strong influence on copolymer structure. An increased molecular weight distribution (MWD) was observed, without significant change in polymer morphology.     

A chromium catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene as a homogeneous model for the phillips catalyst

A structurally characterized cationic chromium(III) alkyl featuring a bulky nacnac ligand catalyzes the polymerization of ethylene as well as the copolymerization of ethylene with alpha-olefins. This well-characterized homogeneous catalyst constitutes a structural as well as functional model of the widely used heterogeneous Phillips olefin polymerization catalyst.     

Kinetics and mechanism of metallocene‐catalyzed olefin polymerization: Comparison of ethylene,propylene homopolymerizations,and their copolymerization

A series of ethylene, propylene homopolymerizations, and ethylene/propylene copolymerization catalyzed with rac‐Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) were conducted under the same conditions for different duration ranging from 2.5 to 30 min, and quenched with 2‐thiophenecarbonyl chloride to label a 2‐thiophenecarbonyl on each propagation chain end. The change of active center ratio ([C^*]/[Zr]) with polymerization time in each polymerization system was determined. Changes of polymerization rate, molecular weight, isotacticity (for propylene homopolymerization) and copolymer composition with time were also studied. [C^*]/[Zr] strongly depended on type of monomer, with the propylene homopolymerization system presented much lower [C^*]/[Zr] (ca. 25%) than the ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene–propylene copolymerization systems. In the copolymerization system, [C^*]/[Zr] increased continuously in the reaction process until a maximum value of 98.7% was reached, which was much higher than the maximum [C^*]/[Zr] of ethylene homopolymerization (ca. 70%). The chain propagation rate constant (k_p) of propylene polymerization is very close to that of ethylene polymerization, but the propylene insertion rate constant is much smaller than the ethylene insertion rate constant in the copolymerization system, meaning that the active centers in the homopolymerization system are different from those in the copolymerization system. Ethylene insertion rate constant in the copolymerization system was much higher than that in the ethylene homopolymerization in the first 10 min of reaction. A mechanistic model was proposed to explain the observed activation of ethylene polymerization by propylene addition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 867–875     

Crystalline titanium dichloride—an active catalyst in ethylene polymerization. II. Polymer structure,polymerization variables,and scope

Polymerization of ethylene with ball-milled titanium dichloride leads to a completely linear polymer with terminal unsaturation corresponding to approximately one carbon–carbon double bond per molecule. Polymerization rate is first-order in both monomer and catalyst concentration at 140°C. Due to a thermal deactivation of the catalyst, the polymerization rate falls sharply with temperature above 180°C. Propylene and butene-1 will copolymerization with ethylene in this system, propylene more efficiently than butene-1. Evidence for copolymerization of trans-2-butene, but not of the cis-isomer or of isobutene, in trace concentrations is presented. Propylene is homopolymerized to a product low in isotactic content. The significance of the structural and (limited) kinetic data in terms of the mechanism of polymerization are discussed.     

Effect of Prepolymerization on the Kinetics of Ethylene Polymerization and Ethylene/1‐Hexene Copolymerization with a Ziegler–Natta Catalyst in Slurry Reactors

The effect of prepolymerization on ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization with a commercial TiCl₄/MgCl₂ catalyst was investigated and the apparent homo‐ and copolymerization rate constants were estimated by varying polymerization temperature, pressure, time, and 1‐hexene/ethylene molar ratio during the prepolymerization. The apparent rate constants for activation, propagation, and deactivation depend on the prepolymerization conditions, showing that the prepolymerization stage strongly regulates the behavior of the catalyst in the main polymerization. Interestingly, the surface morphology of the prepolymer particles correlates to and explains these changes in polymerization kinetics behavior.