点击化学作为分子连接工具:机遇与挑战（英文）

2022年诺贝尔化学奖授予点击化学以及生物正交化学领域的三位科学家,显示了点击化学在当代合成领域的重要地位.点击化学本质是一类连接反应,旨在通过将不同单元分子高效地拼接在一起,最终得到具有特定结构与功能的分子.在传统有机化学中,碳碳键的合成通常具有较大难度,因为它们涉及较低的化学驱动力和较多的副反应.点击化学强调开发基于碳杂原子键的新型组合化学反应,并通过这些反应简单有效地获得多样性分子.点击化学的发展将科学家们从复杂、专业性强的有机合成中解放出来,使他们可以专注于分子功能的开发,一定程度拓宽了合成化学的应用范围.基于点击化学的优越性能,其在聚合物合成以及生物医学等领域表现出了非常广泛的应用前景.本文简要概述了几种涉及不同底物和催化剂类型的典型点击反应,并尝试解释这一领域背后的发展逻辑.此外,阐述了点击化学在现代科学,尤其是聚合物合成和生命科学等领域的应用,及其目前存在的局限性和未来可能的发展方向.点击反应的主要特征包括产率高、选择性好、副产物无害且易分离、反应条件简单、原料易得、符合原子经济性和应用范围广等.典型的点击化学包括亲核开环反应、环加成反应、保护基反应、碳碳多键加成反应和施...     

基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合

综述了近年来基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合的最新进展.其中,基于环糊精合成化学的原子转移自由基聚合主要表现在:一方面,通过原子转移自由基聚合反应实现环糊精母体的共价键修饰;另一方面,利用该反应参与构筑非共价键的环糊精自组装体系.而通过原子转移自由基聚合反应获得的这些新型环糊精衍生物和自组装体系还可以被进一步应用到有机合成化学、复杂“智能型”超分子自组装体系的构筑、药物输运与控缓释工具、蛋白识别以及手性分离等领域.     

以多组分点击化学为基础的高分子合成——高分子合成的新机遇

高分子合成是高分子学科的基础,合理选择有机反应制备新型聚合物是高分子合成方法学的重要研究内容.最近,利用多组分反应合成高分子引起了人们的广泛关注,成为高分子合成中充满活力的新领域.在研究多组分反应的过程中,人们发现了多组分反应与点击反应存在交集,并提出了多组分点击化学的概念,即某些高效、原子经济、环境友好的多组分反应也可视为点击反应.本文将系统介绍多组分点击反应的特点、以多组分点击反应为基础的聚合物合成方法、通过多组分点击反应得到的功能聚合物及其应用等,归纳总结这一新兴领域的初步结果,并对其未来发展提出一些拙见.     

点击化学法快速合成氨基酸功能化的环糊精聚轮烷

通过叠氮-炔环加成点击反应制备了各种氨基酸功能化的生物相容性β-环糊精封端的α-环糊精聚轮烷.利用FTIR和氢核磁共振谱对产物的结构进行了表征.结果证明对于空间位阻较小的分子,点击反应能够在很短的时间(几分钟)内达到近100%的转化率.点击化学为功能化聚轮烷的制备提供了快速有效的新途径.     

“点击”反应在制备环状聚合物中的应用

环状聚合物具有不同于线性高分子的独特性质,是一类具有应用前景的新型聚合物材料,但复杂的结构导致其合成过程复杂繁琐.＂点击＂化学由于其高效、可靠、高选择性的特点已成为拓扑高分子合成的新方法,活性自由基聚合（ATRP、RAFT和NMP）具有聚合物结构可控等特点,二者联用为环状聚合物的合成拓宽了思路.本文就近几年＂点击＂反应、＂点击＂反应与活性自由基聚合联用以及其他方法联用在环状聚合物中的应用进行综述.＂点击＂反应与这些方法的结合将在功能性环状聚合物的设计与合成中发挥积极的作用.     

巯基-烯点击化学

点击化学自2001年由Sharpless提出后,由于其高效、可靠、高选择性的特点迅速成为药物和高分子材料合成的新方法。随着对点击化学研究的深入,其反应类型在不断增多,应用范围也在不断扩大。自由基或亲核试剂引发的巯基-烯反应作为其中一种新型的点击反应具有点击化学的所有特性。本文从点击化学的概念、特征和类型出发,重点介绍了巯基-烯反应的机理和在合成功能聚合物、制备拓扑结构高分子、表面修饰以及生物药物等方面的应用,并对巯基-烯反应的最新研究成果进行综述,最后展望了巯基-烯的点击化学的发展前景。     

巯基-烯/炔点击化学研究进展

近年来,点击化学以其应用范围广、反应条件简单、速度快,产率高、环境友好、选择性强等诸多优点受到科学家的青睐,点击化学的概念对有机合成领域有很大的贡献,在药物开发和生物医用材料等诸多领域中,它已经成为目前最为有用和吸引人的合成理念之一.而巯基-烯/炔点击化学是近年来发展衍生出来的一类新型的点击化学,它以光引发自由基反应为催化介质,充分将光引发过程的优点和传统的点击反应的特点相结合,在特定的区域和官能团间反应,具有高度的选择性,成为合成材料的又一重要途径.本文着重就巯基-烯/炔点击化学在制备功能性聚合物微球、两亲性的嵌段聚合物、分子器件材料、高度支化聚合物等领域及化学修饰与改性方面进行了评述,并对点击化学在新领域中的应用及其发展方向进行了展望.     

硫醇-烯/炔点击化学合成功能聚合物材料

点击化学具有反应条件温和、产率高、速率快、产物容易分离以及高度选择性等优点,成为国内外研究的热点之一。硫醇-烯/炔光化学反应作为新型高效的点击反应近年来备受关注,通过这种方法制备高性能及功能性聚合物材料也是新材料领域的前沿研究内容。本文综述了近年来硫醇-烯/炔点击化学在功能聚合物材料合成中的研究成果,详细介绍了硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的特点、优势及其反应机理,重点归纳了利用硫醇-烯/炔点击化学合成线型、超支化、交联等分子结构的功能聚合物材料的研究进展,并对由这种方法合成功能聚合物的单体特点、反应路线及产物应用进行了阐述,最后对硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的进一步应用前景做了展望。     

基于环糊精模板法的有机合成

利用"模板"理念综述了基于环糊精模板法的有机合成反应,并将基于环糊精模板法的有机合成反应分为两大类.第一类是基于环糊精"静态模板法"的有机合成,主要是指以环糊精刚性结构主、次面和空腔为模板进行的有机反应.其中,基于环糊精主次面的有机反应主要是体现了模板效应对空间结构的限定.而基于环糊精空腔的有机反应,重点是介绍那些利用环糊精空腔的手性和空间限定性等特点进行化学选择、区域选择和立体选择的反应,这体现了模板效应中的"信息"传递性.第二类有机反应则是基于"动态模板法",该模板自身是可调控的.其中,既可以具有可变空间构象的桥连环糊精二聚体为模板,也可以环糊精衍生物以及环糊精主客体包合物的自组装体系为模板.     

木糖苷三氮唑鹰嘴豆芽素A的合成与结构表征

利用"点击化学"将木糖叠氮化物和炔丙基取代鹰嘴豆芽素A引入Cu催化的1,3-偶极环加成反应体系,合成了一种木糖苷三氮唑鹰嘴豆芽素A衍生物;产物结构经核磁共振谱、红外光谱、质谱和元素分析确认.     

点击化学在拓扑结构聚合物合成中的应用

首先对点击化学进行简述,介绍了点击化学的概况、特征及主要反应类型;随后,重点介绍点击化学在拓扑结构聚合物(包括线形、刷形、星形、环状及树枝状大分子等)合成中的应用,并对这一领域的研究进展进行综述;最后,提出目前点击化学存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行展望.     

Tuning the Outcome of Enzyme-Mediated Dynamic Cyclodextrin Libraries to Enhance Template Effects

Enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial chemistry combines the concept of thermodynamically controlled covalent self-assembly with the inherent biological relevance of enzymatic transformations. A system of interconverting cyclodextrins has been explored, in which the glycosidic linkage is rendered dynamic by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). External factors, such as pH, temperature, solvent, and salinity are reported to modulate the composition of the dynamic cyclodextrin library. Dynamic libraries of cyclodextrins (CDs) could be obtained in wide ranges of pH (5.0–9.0), temperature (5–37 °C), and salinity (up to 7.5 m NaNO₃), and with high organic solvent content (50 % by volume of ethanol), showing that enzyme-mediated dynamic systems can be robust and not limited to physiological conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how strategic choice of reaction conditions can enhance template effects, in this case, to achieve highly selective production of α-CD, an otherwise challenging target due to competition from the structurally similar β-CD.     

分析化学的第二个春天

从研究分析化学的历史发展入手，以大量历史事实为根据，指出分析化学曾经历过两次重大变革。第一次变革(19世纪末至20世纪初)使分析化学从分析化学家的技艺发展为科学；第二次变革(20世纪70年代迄今)则使分析化学进入了分析化学家重新当家作主的、欣欣向荣的“第二个春天”。     

Cyclodextrin-Based Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of multiple glucose subunits. CDs are widely used in host–guest chemistry and biochemistry due to their structural advantages, biocompatibility, and ability to form inclusion complexes. Recently, CDs have become of high interest in the field of medical imaging as a potential scaffold for the development of a large variety of the contrast agents suitable for magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and computed tomography. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the achievements in the field of cyclodextrin-based contrast agents for medical imaging.     

点击化学在食品安全检测中的应用研究进展

点击化学因具有反应模块化、无有毒有害副产物、反应效率高等出色的反应性能备受关注,是继组合化学之后又一新型合成技术,在材料表面功能化、大分子聚合物的合成、生物标记等领域得到了广泛应用。点击反应试剂的活性基团易于修饰在其他化学基团上,表明点击反应有望作为中间反应介导特定反应的信号转换或放大。近几年出现了大量基于点击化学构建的一系列分析检测方法,此类分析方法具有检测限低、线性范围广、可对目标分析物进行准确定量的优势,有着良好的应用前景。经典的点击反应——“叠氮-炔环加成(CuAAC)”是点击反应中应用最为广泛的反应,具有传感反应所需的几个独特优势：(1)以Cu+作为催化剂可极大提高反应效率以及反应灵敏度;(2)炔烃和叠氮基间的正交反应决定了良好的反应特异性;(3)反应对环境条件(温度、水、pH值等)不敏感,能够在室温和水溶剂条件下进行。这些良好的反应性能使得利用CuAAC反应构建灵敏度高、特异性好且稳定性强的传感检测方法成为可能。食品安全检测是控制食品中危害物、保障公众健康的重要手段。当前食品安全监测常用的技术手段几乎都依赖于一些笨重的仪器设备而无法具有较高检测效率,点击化学的优越性能为食品安全检测提供了新的思路。该文综述了点击化学的概念、主要反应类型、反应原理以及特点,对基于点击化学的一系列快速检测方法如比色法、荧光法、电化学法等进行列表比较,并着重介绍了CuAAC反应在检测食品成分及添加剂、农残兽残、真菌毒素、重金属以及食源性致病菌方面的应用实例,最后指出了现阶段CuAAC反应在应用中存在的不足,并对其在食品安全检测等研究领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

Multifunctional "clickates" as versatile extended heteroaromatic building blocks: efficient synthesis via click chemistry, conformational preferences, and metal coordination

Click chemistry has been utilized to access 2,6-bis(1-aryl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridines (BTPs) as versatile extended heteroaromatic building blocks for their exploitation in supramolecular chemistry, in particular foldamer and ligand design. In addition to their high-yielding synthesis using Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen-type 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions the formed triazole moieties constitute an integral part of the BTP framework and encode both its pronounced conformational preferences as well as its chelating ability. A diverse set of symmetrical and non-symmetrical BTPs carrying electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents at both terminal aryl and the central pyridine moieties has efficiently been synthesized and could furthermore readily be postfunctionalized with amphiphilic side chains and porphyrin chromophores. In both solution and solid state, the BTP scaffold adopts a highly conserved horseshoe-like anti-anti conformation. Upon protonation or metal coordination, the BTP scaffold switches to the chelating syn-syn conformation. Iron and europium complexes have been prepared, successfully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and investigated with regard to their spin state and luminescent properties. The extended heteroaromatic BTP scaffold should prove useful for the design of responsive foldamer backbones and the preparation of new magnetic and emissive materials.     

Molecular recognition and biological application of modified β-cyclodextrins

The molecular recognition based on cyclodextrins(CDs) has become a focus of interest in modern supramolecular chemistry.CDs are known to encapsulate various ions and organic/inorganic molecules in their hydrophobic cavities and form stable inclusion complexes through cooperative noncovalent interactions. During the past few decades, a large variety of modified CDs have been elaborately designed and synthesized, which significantly promotes our molecular-level understanding of the structure–function relationship in many supramolecular systems. Through the accurate analysis on the molecular binding behaviors, one can create a library of CD-based nanoassemblies with controlled physicochemical properties. In this review, we will focus on the stability constant-directed molecular recognition and the biological activities of β-CDs toward some representative bioactive substrates, including metal ions, steroids, porphyrins, amino acids and oligopeptides, as well as drug molecules, with the final goal of promoting their practical applications in the biomedical field.     

Dramatic Fluorescence Enhancement of Bare Carbon Dots through Facile Reduction Chemistry

Reduction of bare carbon dots (CDs) in aqueous NaBH₄ solution is a facile and effective approach to enhance their fluorescence without any surface coverage. CDs are treated with dilute aqueous NaBH₄ solutions, enhancing their quantum yields (QYs) successfully from 1.6 % to 16 % which is comparable to semiconductive QDs in aqueous environments. If pristine CDs are treated hydrothermally prior to reduction by NaBH₄, QYs reach 40.5 %. This value is among the highest QYs reported for bare CDs in the literature. The approach to enhance fluorescence through chemical reduction is generally applicable to other kinds of CDs synthesized by various methods. Alteration of the chemical structure of the CDs by NaBH₄‐reduction is analyzed by ¹³C NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, which demonstrate that the carbonyl group content is decreased after NaBH₄‐reduction, whereas the number of sp³‐type carbon defects is increased. The valence‐band maxima (VBM) near the surface related to the surface energy bands of the CDs are estimated by XPS. VBM data show a semiconducting layer on the surface of the CDs, and the VBM of the CDs decrease with increasing NaBH₄‐reduction time. The layered graphite structures in the cores of the CDs are clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CDs could perhaps be regarded as semiconductive surface defect layers formed by chemical erosion over conductive graphite cores. Chemical reduction by NaBH₄ changes the surface‐energy bands of the CDs, thus, enhances their fluorescence. The fluorescence properties of aqueous NaBH₄‐reduced CDs are also studied for possible biological applications.     

One-pot synthesis of nuclear targeting carbon dots with high photoluminescence

Carbon dots (CDs) are novel fluorescent nanomaterials with good water solubility, high resistance to photobleaching and low toxicity. While, there are few studies elaborate on the relationship among reaction conditions, properties and applications of CDs. In this study, a series of CDs are synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method, and different reaction conditions are carried out to study the influencing factors of CDs properties. As a result, with the increase of temperature and reaction time, the particle size and zeta potential of CDs increased, the maximum emission wavelength red-shifted and the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) improved. Among them, CD₃₀₀₆ has good water solubility and highest QY of 81.4%, which is beneficial for its applications in bioimaging and ion detection. CD₃₀₀₆ is almost nontoxic in cells at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. In addition, the positive charged CD₃₀₀₆ shows nuclear targeting potential because of its combination with DNA through electrostatic interaction in nucleus. The properties of CDs can be greatly enhanced by controlling reaction conditions, and it provides great application prospects.