Cryogenic radiometer based absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of integrating sphere radiometer to be used in power measurements at optical fiber communication wavelengths

This paper covers the absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of spectralon-coated Integrating Sphere Radiometer (ISR) equipped with 3 mm diameter InGaAs photodiode to be used as a transfer standard in fiber optic power measurements against Electrical Substitution Cryogenic Radiometer (ESCR) in Optics Laboratory of National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME) of Turkey. The initial uncertainty arising from the use of the Electrically Calibrated Pyroelectric Radiometer (ECPR) as a transfer standard in radiometric scale is 0.5% (k=2), which particularly comes from irregularity in the surface homogeneity of ECPR. In order to eliminate the ECPR step as well as its initial uncertainty contribution in fiber optic power measurements, the calibration application herein was carried out. Moreover power stabilization measurements of DFB laser sources at both 1309.1 nm and 1549.0 nm, the beam size determinations, and spectral analyses of these laser sources as well as spatial and angular dependence of spectral responsivities of the ISR were presented in this paper. The total expanded uncertainties were calculated as 0.283% and 0.315% in the determination of absolute spectral power responsivities of the ISR for 1309.1 nm and 1549.0 nm wavelengths respectively (k=2).     

硅陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率校准实验研究

以Ar^＋Kr^＋激光器、He—Ne激光器和半导体泵浦激光器作为光源,利用激光稳功率装置以及闭环机械制冷型低温辐射计,校准了硅陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应率。在硅探测器的光谱响应范围400-1100nm内,选择476．1nm、488nm、514．7nm、521nm、568nm、632．8nm、647．1nm、1064nm共8条谱线进行了实验研究。实验数据表明,绝对光谱响应率的测量不确定度为可见光波段优于0．02％,1064nm波长点优于0．03％。     

Characterization of silicon photodiode-based trap detectors and establishment of spectral responsivity scale

Spectral responsivity scale was established at National Metrology Institute of Turkey (UME) between 350 and 850 nm wavelength ranges. The scale is based on UME made reflection type trap detector consisting of three single element silicon photodiodes. Various measurements systems were established in order to make optical characterization of trap detectors like linearity, polarization sensivity, uniformity and spectral responsivity. The absolute responsivity linked to the absolute optical power was obtained using improved laser stabilization optics and electrical substitution cryogenic radiometer system at discrete laser wavelengths. Using physical models for the trap detectors, reflectance and internal quantum efficiency the scale was realized with an expanded uncertainty of 0.05%.     

可见-近红外(488～944 nm)基于低温辐射计的高精度光辐射绝对定标研究

报道了可见-近红外波段(488～944nm)基于低温辐射计的光谱辐射功率定标和标准传递实验和研究,并对测量结果的各个不确定因素进行了测量和分析。首先低温辐射计采用电替代方法测量单个波长激光绝对光功率,测量不确定度低于0．016％。然后利用低温辐射计定标作为标准传递探测器的硅陷阱探测器,从而建立可见-近红外波段陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应率标准,其不确定度小于0．028％。结果证明了在此波段以探测器为基础建立和传递高精度光辐射标准的合理性和可行性。     

Establishment of Illuminance Scale at UME with an Accurately Calibrated Radiometer

Traceability in illuminance measurements at the National Metrology Institute of Turkey (TüBITAK-UME) was established in 2003 with a detector-based realization. The new measurement technique was developed for the determination of illuminance responsivity and upgrating of the illuminance scale. The unit of the illuminance responsivity, in A/lx, was measured with an expanded uncertainty of 0.2% (k = 2) by supplying using the developed scanning technique for the calculation of color correction factor. The surface of a radiometer was scanned using a double-monochromator facility upgraded with an x-y scanning system. The illuminance responsivity as a function of bandpass and temperature were also investigated in this study. To use a radiometer in the photometric applications of metrology, a light-sensitive device, a so-called trap detector, was characterized by measuring the absolute responsivity, the non-linearity, and spatial non-uniformity.     

基于低温辐射计的InGaAs陷阱探测器高精度光辐射定标研究

介绍了以InGaAs陷阱探测器作为传递探测器,基于低温辐射计的高精度光辐射定标和标准传递实验与研究。在红外(944-1589nm)三个波长初步给出了InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率定标结果。InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率的联合不确定最大为0.655%,最小为0.026%。     

低温辐射计紫外探测器光谱响应度测试技术研究北大核心CSCD

通过研制真空多光路切换组件,结合Y型真空比较通道、探测器真空舱,在保证超高真空环境的前提下,实现激光、紫外连续可调单色光以及真空紫外单色光3个光路的快速切换,从而以低温辐射计为基准,以紫外增强硅陷阱探测器为传递标准,实现波长115 nm~400 nm紫外探测器绝对光谱响应度的测量,实验验证绝对光谱响应度测量不确定度在115 nm~230 nm可达到0.8%~1.5%(k=2),在230 nm~400 nm可达到0.5%~1.0%(k=2)。     

硅陷阱探测器在350—1064 nm波段的绝对光谱响应度定标

介绍了利用钛宝石可调谐激光器、倍频器和单波长激光器作为光源,在24个波长分立点定标了三个硅陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应度,解决了红外激光的精确定位与调整、窗口透过率模拟定标等关键技术.结果显示：在激光波长为412—800nm时,三个陷阱探测器定标的不确定度约低于0.05％;当激光波长大于800nm以及低于355nm时,获得的陷阱探测器的定标不确定度约低于0.065％.硅陷阱探测器可以作为空间各类遥感器在350—1064nm波段定标的传递标准探测器. 关键词： 陷阱探测器 低温辐射计 光谱响应度 辐射定标     

成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标技术研究

为了实现成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标,以高稳定均匀光源为基础,结合单色仪、大口径平行光管和标准辐射计,建立了一套绝对辐射定标系统。在绝对辐射定标系统上采用替代法标准辐射计标定出被测成像光谱仪入瞳面上的光谱辐射照度,通过获得被测成像光谱仪各像元的输出信号,计算得到各像元的光谱辐射照度响应度,从而实现成像光谱仪可见到远红外波段范围内的绝对辐射定标。实验验证成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标的不确定度优于5%。     

基于可调谐激光的光谱辐射照度响应度定标

探测器的光谱辐射照(亮)度响应度是辐射定标中最重要的参数之一.传统的光谱辐射定标采用宽谱段光源和单色仪装置测量,新建的激光辐射测量装置采用激光和探测器测量,可以大大降低测量的不确定度.该装置首先将可调谐激光耦合进入积分球生成均匀的朗伯体单色光源,然后采用低温辐射计量传的标准陷阱探测器和面积已知的光阑,进行400～900...     

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator(FBM) and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer(ISTR) was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band(RSB) covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.     

一种用于UV-A、UV-B波段地基观测的光谱辐射计

研制了一台可以在250 nm~400 nm波段测量绝对光谱辐亮度和绝对光谱辐照度的扫描式光谱辐射计,辐亮度辐照度相对定标准确度2％,可用于UV-A、UV-B紫外波段地基观测.通过在云南丽江地区(26°52＇N,100°13＇E)开展的大气散射光谱辐亮度和地面太阳直射紫外光谱辐照度观测试验,进一步检验了仪器的性能.观测数据与利用MODTRAN模式模拟计算值存在约8％的偏差,分析了产生偏差的相关因素.     

大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标

介绍了大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标方法。研制了大口径红外辐射计。该辐射计主要由前置光学系统, 红外探测器(热释电探测器和碲镉汞探测器2～14 μm), 机械斩波器,锁相放大器,信号采集器等组成。首先对大口径红外辐射计的光谱定标方法进行了分析,然后建立红外辐射计光谱定标的测量装置,并分别测试腔体热释电探测器和HgCdTe探测器的响应非线性,最后用腔体热释电探测器在该测量装置上对HgCdTe探测器进行红外光谱响应度校准实验。通过两种相对光谱响应度测量方法的对比,给出多次测量结果的平均值及两种方法的对比分析。分析结果表明,测量系统的不确定度优于3.4%。     

Optical characterization of the silicon photodiodes for the establishment of national radiometric standards

Optical properties of the silicon photodiodes are investigated in the visible spectral regime. Non-linearity measurement standard was established by using Hamamatsu S1337-11 type windowless silicon photodiode whose non-linearity value was found to be better than 6×10⁻⁵ at photocurrent level of 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁴ A. Temperature effects on the spectral responsivity for S1337-11, S1337-1010BQ and S1227-1010BQ type photodiodes were analyzed between 20°C and 40°C at 488.1, 514.7 and 632.8 nm vacuum wavelengths. The spatial uniformities of the responsivity for three type photodiodes are performed with a laser beam having 1 mm diameter by using home made two-axis micro translation system. Results of the reflectance measurements for three elements of reflection-based trap detectors were compared with the predicted values obtained from Fresnel equations.     

Development of filter radiometer based high accurate calibration facility for solar UV meters

A reference filter radiometer based measurement system was established in the laboratory to calibrate solar UV radiometers. Filter radiometer was constructed from three-element silicon photodiode based reflection type trap detector, band-pass filters and precision aperture in a temperature-controlled enclosure. Spectral responsivity of trap detector was determined as traceable to the cryogenic radiometer and electrically calibrated pyroelectric detector. Relative uncertainties in the filter radiometer's responsivities at six wavelengths between 291 nm and 434 nm were calculated. In order to engage this radiometer in various types of implementations, filter(s) having previously known spectral transmittance was used in the radiometer housing. Calibration of solar UV meters can be achived accurately by using the developed system.     

基于超光谱比值辐射仪的卫星自动化场地定标与分析

针对我国光学遥感卫星高频次和高精度定标的技术需求,以及目前人工方式进行定标的不足,调研国内外卫星定标的发展现状,研制了超光谱比值辐射仪自动化定标系统,并开展了卫星传感器自动化定标的试验。根据场地定标中的参数需求与自动化定标的目标,比值辐射仪设计积分球测量光谱总照度,并通过遮挡的方式实现了光谱漫照度测量,获得卫星定标中的漫总比数据;同时,辐射仪利用光学镜头的方式实现地面辐亮度测量,实现了大气-地表辐射特性的自动观测,同时仪器集成了定标数据实时预处理和远程传送等功能。在2015年敦煌辐射校正场试验中,辐射仪得到了理想的应用效果并获得了大气光学参数、地表反射率的数据,为卫星传感器的定标提供了数据支持。经过与传统测量仪器的对比,地表反射率的相对偏差在0.5%~1.5%,大气参数中光谱辐照度的绝对偏差小于5%,漫总比的绝对偏差不大于0.015%。采用辐照度基法利用测量的数据对Aqua MODIS光学遥感器的通道1～5进行了场地定标,通道1~4的对比相对偏差小于1%,通道5的偏差结果为7.24%,验证结果满足了卫星传感器自动化定标的初步需求。     

太阳辐射计直射通道实验室定标方法研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递标准,将可调谐激光导入积分球,通过功率稳定、退相干等措施,形成均匀、稳定、无偏的辐照度场。利用替代定标技术,对太阳辐射计CE318的870nm直射通道的三个偏振通道(P1、P2和P3)和无偏通道(UP)的绝对光谱辐照度响应度进行了光谱扫描定标,获得这四个通道的光谱辐照度响应度,并预测了大气层顶太阳辐照度的信号值。最后,对定标过程的不确定度进行评价,三个偏振通道和无偏通道的定标不确定度分别达到了1.83%、1.98%、1.73%和1.2%,与Langley定标法定标精度相当。     

低温辐射计不同结构黑体腔吸收率仿真与实验测量

目前,国际最高光辐射功率基准为低温辐射计,其可探测光谱范围覆盖真空紫外到太赫兹波段(115 nm～T Hz),利用真空低温超导条件下的电替代测量原理,将光辐射功率参数溯源到可以精确测量的电参数进行高精度测量,实现超宽光谱范围的光辐射绝对功率测量,其测量不确定度达到10-5量级,尤其在国防军事和光辐射计量领域,光电有效载...     

激光点阵扫描法绝对定标太阳辐射计直射通道研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准传递探测器作为激光束功率测量探测器,采用激光点阵扫描方法在太阳辐射计有效孔径光阑面形成均匀照度场,精确测量太阳辐射计870 nm无偏直射通道中心波长处绝对辐照度响应度。利用灯-单色仪系统扫描获得该通道相对光谱辐照度响应度,最终在实验室条件下获得该通道绝对光谱辐照度响应度,联合大气层外太阳照度谱数据通道内积分得到该通道大气层外响应常数V₀值,与NASA的GSFC中心的2009年定标结果差异仅为3.75%,定标不确定度达到2.06%,验证了这一新技术的原理可行性。     

Improvements of optical power scale realization with a CCD-based laser stabilization system

This paper deals with improvements in the measurements of optical power by using CCD-based stabilization optics. Absolute optical power scale has been realized at discrete laser wavelengths of vertically polarized tuneable Ar⁺, fixed He–Ne and fixed Nd:YAG (with second harmonic) laser sources. Electrical-substitution cryogenic radiometer was operated at the helium temperature for this purpose. To make measurements on the metrological level the intensities of lasers were stabilized to better than 0.004% by using an established system. Using the highly collimated and stabilized lasers, whose beam shape and dimension were adjusted properly, leads us to measure the absolute optical powers with an uncertainty in the order of 10⁻⁴.