椭球颗粒体系剪切过程中自由体积的分布与演化

颗粒材料是一种复杂的多体相互作用体系, 由大量离散的颗粒和其周围的自由体积组成. 虽然颗粒的自由体积与颗粒材料的力学性能和变形特征的相关性已得到证实, 但是由于表征上的困难, 目前对非球形颗粒体系的局部自由体积的认识还不够充分. 本文采用连续离散耦合分析方法进行了不同主轴长度的椭球颗粒试样的三轴剪切数值模拟, 基于Set Voronoi算法对剪切过程中的颗粒试样进行了Voronoi元胞分割, 分析了颗粒试验在剪切过程中自由体积的统计分布特性和演化规律, 研究了颗粒形态对自由体积的影响. 剪切过程中Voronoi元胞的各向异性逐渐增强, 且各项异性增强程度随颗粒非球度的增加而增大, 表明非球颗粒在剪切过程中经历更加强烈的重排列. 具有不同非球度的椭球颗粒体系的局部孔隙比均服从k?Γ分布, 且这个分布仅与颗粒体系的全局孔隙比相关, 不受颗粒形态和剪切状态的影响. 局部孔隙比的波动呈现非对称拉普拉斯分布, 非对称参数刻画了局部自由体积收缩和膨胀的博弈, 其与全局孔隙比呈线性关系.      

基于介观结构的饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力

基于描述含液颗粒材料介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型和离散颗粒集合体与多孔连续体间的介-宏观均匀化过程, 定义饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力. 导出了计及孔隙液压引起之颗粒体积变形的饱和多孔介质广义有效应力. 用以定义广义有效应力的Biot 系数不仅依赖于颗粒材料的多孔连续体固体骨架及单个固体颗粒的体积模量(材料参数),同时与固体骨架当前平均广义有效应力及单个固体颗粒的体积应变(状态量) 有关. 提出了描述非饱和多孔介质中非混和固体颗粒、孔隙液体和气体等三相相互作用的具介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型.具体考虑在低饱和度下双联(binary bond) 模式的摆动(pendular) 液桥系统介观结构. 导出了基于介观水力-力学模型的非饱和多孔介质的各向异性有效应力张量与有效压力张量. 考虑非饱和多孔介质Voronoi 胞元模型介观结构的各向同性情况,得到了与非饱和多孔连续体理论中唯象地假定的标量有效压力相同的有效压力形式.但本文定义的与确定非饱和多孔介质有效应力和有效压力相关联的Bishop 参数由基于三相介观水力-力学模型, 作为饱和度、孔隙度和介观结构参数的函数导出,而非唯象假定.      

可破碎颗粒体在动力载荷下的耗能特性

采用离散元的数值方法, 通过连接键将若干小颗粒绑定为一个具有不规则外形的大颗粒体, 设置不同连接键强度模拟了颗粒体在外加动力载荷下破碎过程, 并探讨其中系统能量耗散特性. 计算结果表明, 颗粒体的破碎程度决定了系统能量耗散率, 即内部耗能占外界输入能量的比例. 破碎率越高, 颗粒间相互摩擦和碰撞越剧烈,系统能量耗散率越高. 同时, 在循环载荷下系统内颗粒体破碎绝大部分发生在加载初期, 随着颗粒体的分解破碎速率逐渐减小, 系统耗能能力也随之降低.      

单轴压缩条件下溶蚀岩体力学特性数值试验研究

工程尺度的溶蚀岩体难以开展室内外力学试验,导致溶蚀岩体的力学参数获取存在困难,因此基于岩石矿物含量特征、室内力学试验和岩体结构面特征,采用三维颗粒流离散元法,通过建立等效孔隙型溶蚀岩体模型进行单轴压缩数值试验,进而分析其力学特性和变形破坏机制。研究表明：采用改进平行黏结模型,基于细观矿物特征,通过元胞自动机算法剔除颗粒可建立孔隙型溶蚀岩体模型;加载前期,岩体结构面首先快速破坏而产生以剪切为主的微裂纹;随加载进行,岩块内逐渐产生以拉裂纹为主的破坏,其微裂纹呈指数增加,而结构面微裂纹先激增后趋于稳定;相同轴向应变时,岩块内拉裂纹随溶蚀率增加而增加,而结构面剪切微裂纹减少;岩体的变形破坏分为结构面快速破坏、岩块弹性变形、岩块塑性变形和岩体完全破坏等4个阶段,其破坏形式随溶蚀率增加而从整体均匀性破坏转化为局部结构性破坏;溶蚀使岩体强度降低,溶蚀率与单轴抗压强度和变形模量分别呈反比和负指数函数关系。     

铝蜂窝结构单向压缩、失稳和破坏机制研究

采用结构代表胞元模型数值模拟了在没相对密度范围的单型铝蜂窝结构在单向压缩过程中的变形、失稳和破坏现象。我们推广了转角刚度方法,并结合数值模拟结果分析了结构失稳和破坏的三种不同特征及相应 拗观力学机制,计算了结构代表胞元开始失稳分岔时的宏观应力σT,其值与有限元数值计算和实验得到的结构宏观极限应力σu一致吻合。     

正六角形蜂窝夹芯层弯曲刚度理论分析

论文研究了由正六角形胞元构成的正六角形蜂窝夹芯层弯曲刚度.由于正六角形蜂窝夹芯层受面内载荷作用时在胞元斜壁上引起的弯矩与受面外载荷作用时在胞元斜壁上产生的弯矩有所不同,因此,基于面内变形的正六角形蜂窝夹芯层面内等效弹性参数不能用于计算正六角形蜂窝夹芯层弯曲变形.论文基于正六角形蜂窝夹芯层产生弯曲变形时三胞元壁板连接处转角为零的条件会导致正六角形胞元斜壁产生扭曲变形的事实,提出了一种新的正六角形蜂窝夹芯层理论分析方法.用论文方法计算得到的数值结果与有限元商用软件MSC.Marc计算得到的数值解进行对比,表明论文方法不但有效而且可行.     

高频振动下岩土颗粒材料动力行为及细观机理

针对高频振动条件下岩土颗粒材料动力响应放大的现象,采用离散元法开展了一系列动双轴数值试验,分析了不同荷载频率下岩土颗粒材料的动力行为及其细观特征．试验结果表明：对于模拟的岩土颗粒材料,在加载频率为30～40 Hz时的动力变形尤其明显,加载过程中塑性变形快速发展,试件内部形成“八”字型剪切带,动刚度显著降低．提出了“竖向分布系数”描述试件内部的局部变形规律,并结合颗粒细观受力特征,探究了试件变形加剧和刚度弱化的细观机理．研究发现相较20 Hz和60 Hz工况,加载频率为40 Hz时试件中下部区域的局部动变形振动幅值明显增大,颗粒处于高度动力非平衡态,颗粒体系的排列结构和接触力剧烈调整,使得试件变形加剧、承载性能显著弱化．     

钢筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程的细观数值模拟研究

在细观层次上将混凝土视为由粗骨料、硬化水泥砂浆及界面粘结带组成的三相非均质复合材料,能够较好地模拟混凝土加载时的裂缝扩展过程和分布规律。本文采用细观刚体弹簧元法模拟了钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲受力性能和破坏过程,加载方式采用两点对称加载。数值计算得到了钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态和荷载一变形曲线,并分析了受力过程中纵向钢筋的应力变化。与试验结果对比表明,细观刚体弹簧元法可以有效模拟钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝开展过程、破坏形态和荷载一变形响应。     

部分充液多胞元结构的面内动态力学特性研究

为探究部分充液多胞元结构的抗冲击防护性能,结合充液内凹胞元的落锤冲击试验,建立了充液内凹胞元、部分充液内凹多胞元结构的冲击动态特性二维FEM数值分析,计算得到了部分充液内凹多胞元结构的变形破坏模式,讨论了不同冲击速度下部分充液内凹多胞元结构的动力学响应特性。结果表明:在充液胞元破损后,水介质会流入相邻未充液胞元,形成二次鼓胀吸能效应,从而有效提高结构壁面的变形吸能水平;结构中的充液区域和未充液区域的变形破坏模式分别为鼓胀拉伸和屈曲弯折;随着冲击速度的提高,结构的单位体积应变能以及对初始冲击载荷的削弱作用均得到增强。横向充液方式可以等效为变刚度弹簧的串联布置,该方式仅影响结构的局部刚度,纵向充液方式可以等效为多层变刚度弹簧的并联布置,该方式会影响结构的整体刚度;充液区域与未充液区域的等效刚度呈动态变化,结构变形模式由各区域实时的等效刚度决定。当载荷冲击速度较高时,横向和纵向部分充液内凹多胞元结构对初始冲击载荷的削弱能力均优于未充液内凹多胞元结构。     

非线性能量汇胞元减振效率分析

非线性能量汇(nonlinear energy sink, NES)具有减振频带宽、减振效果好等诸多优点.但是NES没有线性刚度的特征导致其难以驱动大重量的NES振子,从而难以应用于对大型工程结构的减振.因此,将NES以高效和便捷的方式应用于工程减振,仍然是有待研究的问题.将NES以胞元的形式装配于振动的主结构中,通过多个NES胞元的共同作用,是一种有前景的减振策略.文章在偏心转子激励下,探究了多个NES胞元对远大于单个NES自身重量的振动结构的减振效果,分析了多个NES胞元耦合主结构组成的系统的整体响应特征.建立了NES胞元减振系统的运动微分方程,采用复化平均法(complexification-averaging,CxA)导出系统的慢不变流形及稳态响应满足的近似解析表达式,通过慢变流形的扰动运动微分方程对稳态解进行稳定性分析,再利用伪弧长法获得系统响应的近似解,分析了NES胞元的减振规律及系统响应规律,最后利用龙格-库塔(Runge-Kutta, R-K)法进行数值验证.结果表明,通过多个NES胞元共同作用,能够有效控制较大重量的主系统振动,而且减振效率随NES胞元个数和重量的增加...     

微纳米晶金属的应变率敏感性及应变硬化行为分析

基于亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形过程中多种变形机制(位错机制、扩散机制及晶界滑动机制)共存,建立了理论模型,用于定量研究亚微米、纳米晶粒组织的塑性变形行为.以铜为模型材料,计算分析了晶粒尺度、应变率以及温度对亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形行为的影响.结果表明:相比粗晶铜,亚微米晶铜表现出明显的应变率敏感性,并且应变率敏感系数随晶粒尺度及变形速率的减小而增大;同时,增大变形速率或降低变形温度都能提高材料的应变硬化能力,延缓颈缩发生,进而提高材料的延性.计算分析结果与实验报道吻合.     

考虑时变效应的面板堆石坝三维湿化变形研究1）

针对堆石料浸水后的湿化变形并不是瞬时产生,而是一个渐进发展过程这一现象,建议将湿化变形进行时变计算。首先采用Prandtl-Reuss流动法则推导了湿化剪切应变分量,然后叠加湿化体积应变分量,获得三维湿化应变分量;通过分析三维湿化应变分量和单轴应力状态下的湿化应变的关系,指出有关文献推导的三维湿化应变分量计算公式不严谨;然后类比于堆石料流变变形计算公式,推导了湿化变形时变计算公式。实例分析表明,湿化引起坝顶沉降随时间逐渐增大,变形稳定的时间与湿化变形速率呈反比关系。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL WETTING DEFORMATION FOR CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAM CONSIDERING TIME-EFFECT

针对堆石料浸水后的湿化变形并不是瞬时产生,而是一个渐进发展过程这一现象,建议将湿化变形进行时变计算. 首先采用Prandtl-Reuss 流动法则推导了湿化剪切应变分量,然后叠加湿化体积应变分量,获得三维湿化应变分量;通过分析三维湿化应变分量和单轴应力状态下的湿化应变的关系,指出有关文献推导的三维湿化应变分量计算公式不严谨;然后类比于堆石料流变变形计算公式,推导了湿化变形时变计算公式. 实例分析表明,湿化引起坝顶沉降随时间逐渐增大,变形稳定的时间与湿化变形速率呈反比关系.     

钛镍形状记忆合金冲击变形后形状记忆效应的研究

采用SHPB技术和可控速率循环加温条件下变形恢复量测定装置研究了冲击及静载变形后的TiNi形状记忆合金的单程及双程形状记忆特性。发现马氏体状态下的TiNi合金的力学特性显示出明显的应变率强化效应 ,并且高应变率压缩应力应变曲线呈现流动平台。应变率对形状记忆效应的影响具有双重性 ,当外加应力或残余应变较小 ,可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,提高应变率可以增加其单程形状记忆效应 ;而随外加应力或残余应变增大 ,当基于位错机制的不可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,应变率提高却抑制了其单程形状记忆效应。应变率对TiNi合金双程形状记忆效应的影响视塑性变形的大小而异 ,高应变率动载后的双程形状记忆效应在较小塑性应变时 ,比静载后的要强 ;但在较大塑性应变时两者差别不大。     

各向同性率无关材料本构关系的不变性表示

在内变量理论的框架下,针对各向同性率无关材料,使用张量函数表示理论建立了塑性应变全量及增量本构关系的最一般的张量不变性表示. 它们均由3个完备不可约的基张量组合构成,这3个基张量分别是应力的零次幂、一次幂和二次幂. 因此得出,塑性应变、塑性应变增量与应力三者共主轴. 通过对基张量的正交化,给出了本构关系式在主应力空间中的几何解释. 进一步,全量(或增量)本构关系中3个组合因子被表达为应力、塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的不变量的函数. 当塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的3个不变量之间满足一定关系时,所给出的本构关系将退化为经典的形变理论(或塑性势理论).最后,还讨论它与奇异屈服面理论的关系,当满足一定条件时,两者是一致的.      

Effects of initial anisotropy on the finite strain deformation behavior of glassy polymers

Solid phase deformation processing of glassy polymers produces highly anisotropic polymer components as a result of the massive reorientation of molecular chains during the large strain forming operation. Indeed, the polymer preform used as the starting materials is usually anisotropic owing to its prior deformation history. The process end product has often been fashioned for a particular application, i.e. to possess an increased flow strength along a particular axis, thereby exploiting the orientation induced anisotropy effects. The fully three-dimensional issues involved in the use of glassy polymer components include anisotropic flow strenghts, limiting extensibilities, and deformation patterns. These characteristics have been altered by the initial forming operation but are obviously not expected to be enhanced in all directions. The presence of anisotropy in structural components may also lead to premature failure or unexpected shear localization. In this report the effects of initial deformation and the associated anisotropies are investigated through uniaxial compression tests on preoriented polycarbonate (PC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) specimens. The evolving anisotropy is monitored by testing materials preoriented by various amounts of strain and under different states of deformation. The tensorial nature of the anisotropic material is characterized by examining the preoriented material response in three orthogonal directions. A model for the large strain deformation response of glassy polymers has been shown by Arruda and Boyce [in press] to be well predictive of the evolution of anisotropy during deformation in initially isotropic materials. Here the authors evaluate the ability of the model developed in Arruda and Boyce [in press] to predict several aspects of the anisotropic response of preoriented materials. Using material properties determined from the characterization of the isotropic material response and a knowledge of the anisotropic state of the preoriented material, model simulations are shown to accurately capture all aspects of the large strain anisotropic response including flow strengths, strain hardening characteristics, cross-sectional deformation patterns, and limiting extensibilities. Although anisotropy has been shown to evolve with temperature and strain rate in Boyce, Arruda and Jayachandran [in press] and also state of deformation in Arruda and Boyce [in press], we submit an experimental observation that the subsequent deformation response of preoriented polymers may be predicted using only a measure of optical anisotropy, and not the prior strain or thermal history. Optical anisotropy, as measured for example by birefringence, therefore represents a true internal variable indicative of the evolution of anisotropy with inelastic strain, state of strain, and temperature.     

Compatibility conditions for the Cauchy-Green strain fields: Solutions for the plane case

This paper considers the issues related to uniqueness and existence of a finite deformation generated by prescribed right or left Cauchy-Green strain tensor field in the plane. First, the questions of uniqueness and existence to a pre-assigned right strain field C are discussed. It is shown that the existence condition, in the context of continuum mechanics, are naturally posed using the field corresponding to the square root of C instead of C, the latter a classical approach. Then, the corresponding questions for the left strain field are considered, which is more involved. The analysis of uniqueness gives rise to an appropriate classification of the deformation fields. The question of existence is discussed and a complete solution is presented. In both the right and left cases, we stress the techniques for obtaining the corresponding deformation fields.     

基于图像相关分析的狗骨式钢框架子结构试验节点区变形场测量

为研究狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域在循环荷载作用下的损伤演化规律,采用图像相关技术对3榀、3层、单跨1/3缩尺的狗骨式钢框架子结构底层节点区域的应变场及变形进行了监测,重点分析了不同循环加载方式作用下狗骨式节点区域的应变场、节点域剪切变形的历程,并与传统测试方法所记录结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,加载方式对狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域的变形、应变及其损伤程度均有显著影响;图像相关技术可获得节点区域的变形及应变场,较传统测试方法更具优势;测点峰值应变及变形同传统方法测试结果吻合良好。     

A finite deformation theory of strain gradient plasticity

Plastic deformation exhibits strong size dependence at the micron scale, as observed in micro-torsion, bending, and indentation experiments. Classical plasticity theories, which possess no internal material lengths, cannot explain this size dependence. Based on dislocation mechanics, strain gradient plasticity theories have been developed for micron-scale applications. These theories, however, have been limited to infinitesimal deformation, even though the micro-scale experiments involve rather large strains and rotations. In this paper, we propose a finite deformation theory of strain gradient plasticity. The kinematics relations (including strain gradients), equilibrium equations, and constitutive laws are expressed in the reference configuration. The finite deformation strain gradient theory is used to model micro-indentation with results agreeing very well with the experimental data. We show that the finite deformation effect is not very significant for modeling micro-indentation experiments.     

Three-dimensional micromechanical modeling of voided polymeric materials

A three-dimensional micromechanical unit cell model for particle-filled materials is presented. The cell model is based on a Voronoi tessellation of particles arranged on a body-centered cubic (BCC) array. The three-dimensionality of the present cell model enables the study of several deformation modes, including uniaxial, plane strain and simple shear deformations, as well as arbitrary principal stress states.The unit cell model is applied to studies on the micromechanical and macromechanical behavior of rubber-toughened polycarbonate. Different load cases are examined, including plane strain deformation, simple shear deformation and principal stress states. For a constant macroscopic strain rate, the different load cases show that the macroscopic flow strength of the blend decreases with an increase in void volume fraction, as expected. The main mechanism for plastic deformation is broad shear banding across inter-particle ligaments. The distributed nature of plastic straining acts to reduce the amount of macroscopic strain softening in the blend as the initial void volume fraction is increased. In the case of plane strain deformation, the plastic flow is observed to initiate across inter-particle ligaments in the direction of constraint. This particular mode of deformation could not have been captured using a two-dimensional, plane strain idealization of cylindrical voids in a matrix.The potential for localized crazing and/or cavitation in the matrix is addressed. It is observed that the introduction of voids acts to relieve hydrostatic stress in the matrix material, compared to the homopolymer. It is also seen that the predicted peak hydrostatic stress in the matrix is higher under plane strain deformation than under triaxial tension (with equal lateral stresses), for the same macroscopic stress triaxiality.The effect of void volume fraction on the macroscopic uniaxial tension behavior of the different blends is examined using a Considère construction for dilatant materials. The natural draw ratio was predicted to decrease with an increase in void volume fraction.