逆向环形分布射流迴流特性的数值计算

数值计算表明,逆向多环形分布射流可造成颗粒能直接进入,并能进行强烈的动量、能量交換的理想的迴流区结构。多环形结构可在大范围內造成所需尺寸的迴流区。逆向射流和主流速度比、环直径、射流直径和孔数、环的结构形式及离燃烧室进口的距离是影响迴流特性的主要参数。     

重大工程场址的地壳稳定度及其应用

依据板块构造和岩石圈动力学研究结果,以不同规模的活动断裂或地壳活动带作为边界可把地壳分成不同规模的地块,相对稳定的地块称为“安全岛”。提出用稳定度(△f)的概念来定量表达“安全岛”的稳定程度,从而为选定和评价重要工程场址提供了一种新的途径。文章以黑山峡水坝选址为例进行了应用研究,提出该峡段小观音和大柳树两地均可作为坝址的结论。     

在工程流体力学教学中引入CFD工程案例的探讨

在长期的工程流体力学教学过程中,发现学生对这门课普遍存在畏难情绪,对复杂的理论知识掌握困难.考虑到工程流体力学的研究方法分为理论分析方法,实验方法和数值方法,而其中数值方法在传统教学中应用的较少,所以试图通过适当增加数值方法的应用来改善教学效果.随着本科生对计算机应用能力的增强以及知识面的逐渐扩展,本文提出增加结合专业背景,理论知识及软件应用的综合案例以满足当前课程及学生发展的需求.     

圆柱形汇聚激波诱导Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定的SPH模拟

汇聚激波诱导不同物质界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov(RM)不稳定现象在惯性约束核聚变领域有重要的学术意义和工程背景.基于网格离散的宏观流体力学方法由于数值扩散问题往往需要高阶精度算法才能准确追踪界面演化,且对大变形和破碎合并等复杂界面追踪也极为困难.光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法采用纯拉格朗日算法,可以有效克服上述难点.但经典SPH算法需采用人工黏性处理强间断,在激波间断处往往会出现严重的非物理振荡,对于涉及强冲击不稳定性问题,很难达到理想的模拟效果.本文采用基于HLL黎曼求解器的SPH算法,实现了对强激波和大密度比物质界面的有效分辨和追踪.一维数值校核证明了代码的可靠性、健壮性,并进一步模拟了二维圆柱形汇聚冲击波冲击四边形轻/重气界面诱导的RM不稳定性问题,与已有实验结果进行了对比,发现模拟结果与实验结果吻合.通过分析界面演化过程中的密度及压力变化,发现本文所采用的方法可准确地追踪激波与界面作用的复杂界面和波系演化规律.研究结果为进一步理解和解释汇聚冲击条件下的RM不稳定性机理奠定了基础.     

践行工程科学思想的体会

郑哲敏先生一生积极践行和倡导钱学森先生的工程科学思想, 传承和发扬工程科学思想对推动我国技术创新有十分重要的现实意义. 本文首先阐述了工程科学的定义、方法论和特点, 强调了提出新的解决方案是工程科学的核心内容以及工程科学家对技术创新的作用. 其次通过分析水下爆炸处理地基、三峡围堰相关技术等工程案例, 诠释了工程科学在技术创新中的作用; 讨论了工程计算与数值模拟的理论基础及工程科学属性, 选取广义计算变量、构建解的结构是数值模拟中创造性的工作; 连续非连续计算方法的核心在于构建了计算过程中时域内可增减的广义计算变量, 列举了几个体现工程科学方法论的计算案例; 介绍了滑坡灾害防治关键力学问题研究中践行工程科学思想的工作, 讨论了监测与数值模拟相结合的可行性及渐进破坏和破裂度概念. 最后基于开发高压卸荷矿石粉化技术的认知提出了岩石物理学发展的几个工程科学研究方向.      

极震区的地震动与潜在震源区内重大工程安全

潜在震源区是未来可能发生破坏性地震的震源所在地区 ,区内的地震属近场或“直下型” ,其地震破坏和地震动特征相应于已发生地震的极震区。近期国内外诸多强烈地震的实际资料和相关研究成果表明 ,直下型地震不仅地震峰值加速度大 ,且竖向和水平峰值加速度比值也有别于远场地震的统计关系。文中从极震区岩土体破坏、地震动特点及地震地质灾害等方面对潜在震源区内的重大工程问题进行了探讨     

裂隙型硬粘土的力学模型及其在边坡工程中的应用

硬粘土是介于软岩和硬土之间的一种介质, 其中含有规律分布的裂隙, 具有明显的方向性和各向异性特征; 本文从实际应用的角度出发, 提出一种适用于裂隙性硬粘土的损伤力学模型, 并应用于南水北调中线渠道边坡工程的数值模拟分析。     

澜沧江某水电站右坝肩工程边坡倾倒变形问题的数值 模拟研究

澜沧江某水电站处于青藏高原东部边缘地带,属于高山峡谷地形地貌,高地应力环境,岩体卸荷裂隙很发育,使得倾倒变形和岩体质量、断裂活动及地震构造一样成为影响工程边坡岩体稳定的主要因素。针对工程边坡的大变形问题可采用离散元的数值模拟分析方法。通过建立理论开挖和工程边坡开挖离散元模型,可分别得出倾倒变形破坏机理发展过程为初期弱倾倒变形岩体的层内剪切错动、强倾倒变形岩体的层内拉张变形、强倾倒变形岩体的切层张-剪破裂及极强倾倒破裂岩体的折断张裂(坠覆)破裂和工程边坡的变形范围、确定开挖面及加固方式等。通过工程边坡模型的计算结果和现场地质调查成果的比较表明,计算结果和实际情况基本吻合。     

非均匀水流水域波浪的传播变形

将两个不同的、考虑波流相互作用和能量耗散项的、依赖时间变化的双曲型缓坡方程分别化 为一组等价的控制方程组,具体分析了底摩阻项对相对频率和波数矢的影响,从而选择了合 适的数学模型. 将所选择的缓坡方程化为依赖时间变化的抛物型方程,并用ADI法进 行数值求解,建立了缓变水深水域非均匀水流中波浪传播的数值模拟模型. 通过和波流共线 的解析解的比较,说明数值解和解析解相一致. 结合Arthur(1950)水流这一经典算例,定 量地讨论了考虑联合折射-绕射作用后的波数和仅考虑折射作用的波数的差别及其对波高分 布的影响. 在基本同样的条件下, 本文的数值解与他人的计算结果一致.     

Unsteady interaction of shock wave diffracting around a circular cylinder in air

The reflection and diffraction of a planar shock wave around a circular cylinder are a typical problem of the complex nonlinear shock wave phenomena in literature. It has long been studied experimentally, analytically as well as numerically. Takayama in 1987 obtained clear experimental pictures of isopycnics in shock tube under the condition that the impinging shock wave propagates as far as 3 diameters away from the cylinder. To know more completely the whole unsteady process, it is desirable to get experimental results in a region which is more than 10 diameters away from the cylinder. This is what has been done in this paper by using the pulsed laser holographic interferometry for several shock Mach numbers of the impinging shock. Results for several moments are shown, giving more knowledge about the whole unsteady flow field. This is useful for a reliable and complete understanding of the changing force acting on the cylinder, and provides interesting data to check the performance of many recently developed high resolution numerical methods for unsteady shock wave calculation. The project suported partially by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Tunable three-dimensional nonreciprocal transmission in a layered nonlinear elastic wave metamaterial by initial stresses

In this work, the three-dimensional(3 D) propagation behaviors in the nonlinear phononic crystal and elastic wave metamaterial with initial stresses are investigated.The analytical solutions of the fundamental wave and second harmonic with the quasilongitudinal(qP) and quasi-shear(qS1 and qS2) modes are derived. Based on the transfer and stiffness matrices, band gaps with initial stresses are obtained by the Bloch theorem.The transmission coefficients are calculated to support the band gap prope...     

Application of wave method in investigations of single gear transmission

Summary Dynamic investigations for the discrete-continuous model of a single gear transmission are performed using the wave solution of the equations of motion. Transient as well as steady states are considered. Damping is taken into account by means of an equivalent external damping of the viscous type and an equivalent damping of the Voigt type. Angular displacements in arbitrary shaft cross-sections and dynamic reactions on teeth of the gear transmission in resonance conditions are determined. Results for the wave method and the multibody system approach are compared in the case of amplitude-frequency curves.

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Anwendung der Wellengleichungen bei Untersuchungen einstufiger Getriebe

Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Wellengleichungen werden dynamische Untersuchungen für das Modell eines einstufigen Getriebes aus Starrkörpern und verformbaren, kontinuierlichen Teilen durchgeführt. Sowohl Übergangs- als auch stationäre Zustände werden betrachtet. Dämpfung wird mit Hilfe einer äquivalenten äußeren viskosen Dämpfung und einer äquivalenten Dämpfung vom Voigt-Typ berücksichtigt. Bestimmt werden die Winkeländerungen in beliebigen Wellenquerschnitten und die dynamischen Reaktionen der Getriebezähne unter Resonanzbedingungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Methode werden anhand der Amplituden-Frequenz-Kurven mit denen nach der Mehrkörper-Dynamik verglichen.

     

Theoretical model studies of wave transmission in semicircular canal ducts

Summary Some aspects of the dynamic behavior of semicircular canal ducts are examined by analyzing the wave transmission characteristics of an elastic fluid-filled toroidal shell which is suspended in a rigid fluid-filled toroidal channel. The fluids contained in the elastic and in the rigid channel are considered incompressible and inviscid. Linear equations of motion are derived which interrelate approximately the inertia, elastic and hydrodynamic forces in the system. If we disregard a possible twisting of the elastic torus and bending perpendicular to the plane of the canals, the system is shown to transmit three basic types of waves. The corresponding dispersion curves and mode shapes are computed for a representative set of parameter values and are compared with experimental data obtained from a laboratory model. Certain findings of this investigation are expected to be relevant to a study of the pulse wave in the aortic arch.

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Übersicht Es werden einige Aspekte des dynamischen Verhaltens von halbkreisförmigen Kanälen (Bogengänge) an Hand einer Analyse der charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Wellen untersucht. Die Kanäle befinden sich in einer elastischen, mit Flüssigkeit gefüllten, torusförmigen Schale, die in einem starren, mit Flüssigkeit gefüllten, torusförmigen Kanal schwebt. Die Flüssigkeiten im elastischen und starren Kanal werden als inkompressibel und reibungsfrei vorausgesetzt. Lineare Bewegungsdifferentialgleichungen werden abgeleitet, die näherungsweise die Trägheitskräfte mit den elastischen und hydrodynamischen Kräften des Systems in Beziehung bringen. Wenn man eine mögliche Verdrehung des Querschnittes und eine Ausbiegung senkrecht zur Bogengangebene außer acht läßt, dann können im System drei verschiedene Wellentypen auftreten. Die zugehörigen Dispersionskurven und Wellenformen werden für bestimmte Parameterwerte berechnet und mit Messungen an einem Laboratoriumsmodell verglichen. Gewisse Resultate dieser Untersuchung dürften für das Studium der Pulswelle im Aortenbogen von Bedeutung sein.

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Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Ziegler on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Primary wave transmission in systems of elastic rods with granular interfaces

We study analytically and numerically primary pulse transmission in one dimensional systems of identical linearly elastic non-dispersive rods separated by identical homogeneous granular layers composed of n beads. The beads interact elastically through a strongly (essentially) nonlinear Hertzian contact law. The main challenge in studying pulse transmission in such strongly nonlinear media is to analyze the ‘basic problem’, namely, the dynamical response of a single intermediate granular layer, confined from both ends by barely touching linear elastic rods subject to impulsive excitation of the left rod. The analysis of the basic problem is carried out under two basic assumptions; namely, of sufficiently small duration of the shock excitation applied to the first layer of the system, and of sufficiently small mass of each bead in the granular interface compared to the mass of each rod. In fact, the smallness of the mass of the bead defines the small parameter in the asymptotic analysis of this problem. Both assumptions are reasonable from the point of view of practical applications. In the analysis we focus only in primary pulse propagation, by neglecting secondary pulse reflections caused by wave scattering at each granular interface and considering only the transmission of the main (primary) pulse across the interface to the neighboring elastic rod. Two types of shock excitations are considered. The first corresponds to fixed time duration (but still much smaller compared to the characteristic time of pulse propagation through the length of each rod), whereas the second type corresponds to a pulse duration that depends on the small parameter of the problem. The influence of the number of beads of the granular interface on the primary wave transmission is studied, and it is shown that at granular interfaces with a relatively low number of beads fast time scale oscillations are excited with increasing amplitudes with increasing number of beads. For a larger number of beads, primary pulse transmission is by means of solitary wave trains resulting from the dispersion of the original shock pulse; in that case fast oscillations result due to interference phenomena caused by the scattering of the main pulse at the boundary of the interface. Considering a periodic system of rods we demonstrate significant reduction of the primary pulse when transmitted through a sequence of granular interfaces. This result highlights the efficacy of applying granular interfaces for passive shock mitigation in layered elastic media.     

Unsteady motions of dense envelopes generated by ionization-shock fronts in the interstellar medium

The process of formation and acceleration of a neutral gas envelope during the propagation of an ionization-shock front in a spherical gas cloud is numerically modeled. The velocity and acceleration of the envelope as well as its mass variation with time are determined. The results obtained are compared with some approximate formulas known in the literature. The growth of small velocity perturbations in the dense gas and the effects of mass and momentum accumulation in “finger-like” condensations are studied in the framework of a two-dimensional model.     

齿轮系统传动轴受横向冲击的响应分析

将齿轮传动系统的齿轮轴承简化为具有集中质量的固支梁,将齿轮受到啮合齿轮的意外撞击看成是质量块对梁的冲击。给出弯扭组合的Mises屈服条件,指出传动轴受冲击时不能忽略扭矩作用。分析了弯曲和扭转作用下的结构响应,进行了应变率修正,给出特殊情况下弯扭响应的简化分析。算例表明,弯扭冲击下传动轴的横向位移和扭转角都较大,不可忽略应变率效应;传动轴直径是影响横向位移的重要因素。