Balanced Deep Matrix Algebras

This paper continues the study of associative and Lie deep matrix algebras, DM(X,\mathbbK){\mathcal{DM}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) and \mathfrakgld(X,\mathbbK){\mathfrak{gld}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}), and their subalgebras. After a brief overview of the general construction, balanced deep matrix subalgebras, BDM(X,\mathbbK){\mathcal{BDM}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) and \mathfrakbld(X,\mathbbK){\mathfrak{bld}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}), are defined and studied for an infinite set X. The global structures of these two algebras are studied, devising a depth grading on both as well as determining their ideal lattices. In particular, \mathfrakbld(X,\mathbbK){\mathfrak{bld}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) is shown to be semisimple. The Lie algebra \mathfrakbld(X,\mathbbK){\mathfrak{bld}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) possesses a deep Cartan decomposition and is locally finite with every finite subalgebra naturally enveloped by a semi-direct product of \mathfraksl_n{\mathfrak{{sl}_n}}’s. We classify all associative bilinear forms on \mathfraksl₂\mathfrakd{\mathfrak{sl}_2\mathfrak{d}} (a natural depth analogue of \mathfraksl₂{\mathfrak{{sl}_2}}) and \mathfrakbld{\mathfrak{bld}}.     

On algebraic integrability of Gelfand-Zeitlin fields

We generalize a result of Kostant and Wallach concerning the algebraic integrability of the Gelfand-Zeitlin vector fields to the full set of strongly regular elements in \mathfrakg\mathfrakl \mathfrak{g}\mathfrak{l} (n, ℂ). We use decomposition classes to stratify the strongly regular set by subvarieties X_D {X_\mathcal{D}} . We construct an étale cover [^(\mathfrakg)]_D {\hat{\mathfrak{g}}}_\mathcal{D} of X_D {X_\mathcal{D}} and show that X_D {X_\mathcal{D}} and [^(\mathfrakg)]_D {\hat{\mathfrak{g}}}_\mathcal{D} are smooth and irreducible. We then use Poisson geometry to lift the Gelfand-Zeitlin vector fields on X_D {X_\mathcal{D}} to Hamiltonian vector fields on [^(\mathfrakg)]_D {\hat{\mathfrak{g}}}_\mathcal{D} and integrate these vector fields to an action of a connected, commutative algebraic group.     

Simple and Nearly Simple Deep Matrix Algebras

Deep matrix algebras were originally created by Cuntz (Comm. Math. Phys. 57:173–185, 1977) and McCrimmon (2006). Further study of the associative case was done by the author in Kennedy (2004) and Kennedy (Algebr. Represent. Theory 9:525–537, 2006). In this paper, the associative algebra DM(X,\mathbbK){\mathcal{DM}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) based on a set X over a field \mathbbK{\mathbb{K}} and various of its subalgebras are studied for the purpose of determining the structure of the associated Lie algebra \mathfrakgld(X,\mathbbK){\mathfrak{gld}}(X,{\mathbb{K}}) and its subalgebras. Several key examples of deep matrix Lie algebras are constructed. These are shown to be either simple or nearly simple depending on the cardinality of the set X. Cartan subalgebras are constructed and two of the key Lie algebras are then decomposed with respect to the adjoint action of these subalgebras. In the process, an infinite dimensional analogue to \mathfraksl₂(\mathbbK)\mathfrak{sl}_2({\mathbb{K}}) is naturally realized as a key subalgebra in deep matrix Lie algebras.     

Modular Lie algebras and the Gelfand–Kirillov conjecture

Let ${\mathfrak{g}}Let \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}} be a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field \mathbbK\mathbb{K} of characteristic 0. Let \mathfrakg_\mathbbZ{\mathfrak{g}}_{{\mathbb{Z}}} be a Chevalley ℤ-form of \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}} and \mathfrakg_\Bbbk=\mathfrakg_\mathbbZ?_\mathbbZ\Bbbk{\mathfrak{g}}_{\Bbbk}={\mathfrak{g}}_{{\mathbb{Z}}}\otimes _{{\mathbb{Z}}}\Bbbk, where \Bbbk\Bbbk is the algebraic closure of  \mathbbF_p{\mathbb{F}}_{p}. Let G_\BbbkG_{\Bbbk} be a simple, simply connected algebraic \Bbbk\Bbbk-group with \operatornameLie(G_\Bbbk)=\mathfrakg_\Bbbk\operatorname{Lie}(G_{\Bbbk})={\mathfrak{g}}_{\Bbbk}. In this paper, we apply recent results of Rudolf Tange on the fraction field of the centre of the universal enveloping algebra U(\mathfrakg_\Bbbk)U({\mathfrak{g}}_{\Bbbk}) to show that if the Gelfand–Kirillov conjecture (from 1966) holds for \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}}, then for all p≫0 the field of rational functions \Bbbk (\mathfrakg_\Bbbk)\Bbbk ({\mathfrak{g}}_{\Bbbk}) is purely transcendental over its subfield \Bbbk(\mathfrakg_\Bbbk)^G_\Bbbk\Bbbk({\mathfrak{g}}_{\Bbbk})^{G_{\Bbbk}}. Very recently, it was proved by Colliot-Thélène, Kunyavskiĭ, Popov, and Reichstein that the field of rational functions \mathbbK(\mathfrakg){\mathbb{K}}({\mathfrak{g}}) is not purely transcendental over its subfield \mathbbK(\mathfrakg)^\mathfrakg{\mathbb{K}}({\mathfrak{g}})^{\mathfrak{g}} if \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}} is of type B _n , n≥3, D _n , n≥4, E₆, E₇, E₈ or F₄. We prove a modular version of this result (valid for p≫0) and use it to show that, in characteristic 0, the Gelfand–Kirillov conjecture fails for the simple Lie algebras of the above types. In other words, if \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}} is of type B _n , n≥3, D _n , n≥4, E₆, E₇, E₈ or F₄, then the Lie field of \mathfrakg{\mathfrak{g}} is more complicated than expected.     

An $ \mathfrak{X} $-crown of a finite soluble group

Let G be a finite soluble group and F_\mathfrakX(G) {\Phi_\mathfrak{X}}(G) an intersection of all those maximal subgroups M of G for which G

Discreteness and rationality of F-jumping numbers on singular varieties

We prove that the F-jumping numbers of the test ideal t(X; D, \mathfraka^t){\tau(X; \Delta, \mathfrak{a}^t)} are discrete and rational under the assumptions that X is a normal and F-finite scheme over a field of positive characteristic p, K _X  + Δ is \mathbb Q{\mathbb {Q}}-Cartier of index not divisible p, and either X is essentially of finite type over a field or the sheaf of ideals \mathfraka{\mathfrak{a}} is locally principal. This is the largest generality for which discreteness and rationality are known for the jumping numbers of multiplier ideals in characteristic zero.     

Around splitting and reaping for partitions of ω

We investigate splitting number and reaping number for the structure (ω) ^ω of infinite partitions of ω. We prove that \mathfrakr_d ￡ non(M),non(N),\mathfrakd{\mathfrak{r}_{d}\leq\mathsf{non}(\mathcal{M}),\mathsf{non}(\mathcal{N}),\mathfrak{d}} and \mathfraks_d 3 \mathfrakb{\mathfrak{s}_{d}\geq\mathfrak{b}} . We also show the consistency results ${\mathfrak{r}_{d} > \mathfrak{b}, \mathfrak{s}_{d} < \mathfrak{d}, \mathfrak{s}_{d} < \mathfrak{r}, \mathfrak{r}_{d} < \mathsf{add}(\mathcal{M})}${\mathfrak{r}_{d} > \mathfrak{b}, \mathfrak{s}_{d} < \mathfrak{d}, \mathfrak{s}_{d} < \mathfrak{r}, \mathfrak{r}_{d} < \mathsf{add}(\mathcal{M})} and ${\mathfrak{s}_{d} > \mathsf{cof}(\mathcal{M})}${\mathfrak{s}_{d} > \mathsf{cof}(\mathcal{M})} . To prove the consistency \mathfrakr_d < add(M){\mathfrak{r}_{d} < \mathsf{add}(\mathcal{M})} and \mathfraks_d < cof(M){\mathfrak{s}_{d} < \mathsf{cof}(\mathcal{M})} we introduce new cardinal invariants \mathfrakr_pair{\mathfrak{r}_{pair}} and \mathfraks_pair{\mathfrak{s}_{pair}} . We also study the relation between \mathfrakr_pair, \mathfraks_pair{\mathfrak{r}_{pair}, \mathfrak{s}_{pair}} and other cardinal invariants. We show that cov(M),cov(N) ￡ \mathfrakr_pair ￡ \mathfraks_d,\mathfrakr{\mathsf{cov}(\mathcal{M}),\mathsf{cov}(\mathcal{N})\leq\mathfrak{r}_{pair}\leq\mathfrak{s}_{d},\mathfrak{r}} and \mathfraks ￡ \mathfraks_pair ￡ non(M),non(N){\mathfrak{s}\leq\mathfrak{s}_{pair}\leq\mathsf{non}(\mathcal{M}),\mathsf{non}(\mathcal{N})} .     

On divisible weighted Dynkin diagrams and reachable elements

Let e be a nilpotent element of a complex simple Lie algebra $ \mathfrak{g} Let e be a nilpotent element of a complex simple Lie algebra \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} . The weighted Dynkin diagram of e, D(e) \mathcal{D}(e) , is said to be divisible if D(e)

Bounded reductive subalgebras of \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}

Let \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} be a reductive Lie algebra and \mathfrakk ì \mathfrakg \mathfrak{k} \subset \mathfrak{g} be a reductive in \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} subalgebra. A ( \mathfrakg,\mathfrakk \mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{k} )-module M is a \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} -module for which any element m ∈ M is contained in a finite-dimensional \mathfrakk \mathfrak{k} -submodule of M. We say that a ( \mathfrakg,\mathfrakk \mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{k} )-module M is bounded if there exists a constant C _M such that the Jordan-H?lder multiplicities of any simple finite-dimensional \mathfrakk \mathfrak{k} -module in every finite-dimensional \mathfrakk \mathfrak{k} -submodule of M are bounded by C _M . In the present paper we describe explicitly all reductive in \mathfraks\mathfrakl_n \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n} subalgebras \mathfrakk \mathfrak{k} which admit a bounded simple infinite-dimensional ( \mathfraks\mathfrakl_n,\mathfrakk \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n},\mathfrak{k} )-module. Our technique is based on symplectic geometry and the notion of spherical variety. We also characterize the irreducible components of the associated varieties of simple bounded ( \mathfrakg,\mathfrakk \mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{k} )-modules.     

Polynomiality of invariants, unimodularity and adapted pairs

Let \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra and Y( \mathfraka ) Y\left( \mathfrak{a} \right) the \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} invariant subalgebra of its symmetric algebra S( \mathfraka ) S\left( \mathfrak{a} \right) under adjoint action. Recently there has been considerable interest in studying situations when Y( \mathfraka ) Y\left( \mathfrak{a} \right) may be polynomial on index \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} generators, for example if \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} is a biparabolic or a centralizer \mathfrakg^x {\mathfrak{g}^x} in a semisimple Lie algebra \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} .     

Cohomology of solvable lie algebras and solvmanifolds

The cohomology H _{\mathfrakg\mathfrak{g} ) of the tangent Lie algebra \mathfrakg\mathfrak{g} of the group G with coefficients in the one-dimensional representation \mathfrakg\mathfrak{g} \mathbbK\mathbb{K} defined by [(W)\tilde] \mathfrakg \tilde \Omega _\mathfrak{g} of H ¹(G/ \mathfrakg\mathfrak{g} .}     

Revisiting the Farey AF Algebra

In a recent paper, F. Boca investigates the AF algebra \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} associated with the Farey-Stern-Brocot sequence. We show that \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} coincides with the AF algebra \mathfrakM₁{{\mathfrak{M_{1}}}} introduced by the present author in 1988. As proved in that paper (Adv. Math., vol.68.1), the K ₀-group of \mathfrakA{\mathfrak{A}} is the lattice-ordered abelian group M₁{\mathcal{M}_{1}} of piecewise linear functions on the unit interval, each piece having integer coefficients, with the constant 1 as the distinguished order unit. Using the elementary properties of M₁{\mathcal{M}_{1}} we can give short proofs of several results in Boca’s paper. We also prove many new results: among others, \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} is a *-subalgebra of Glimm universal algebra, tracial states of \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} are in one-one correspondence with Borel probability measures on the unit real interval, all primitive ideals of \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} are essential. We describe the automorphism group of \mathfrakA{{\mathfrak{A}}} . For every primitive ideal I of \mathfrakA{{{\mathfrak{A}}}} we compute K ₀(I) and K₀(\mathfrakA/I){{K_{0}(\mathfrak{A}/I)}}.     

Enveloping algebras of Slodowy slices and Goldie rank

Let U( \mathfrakg,e ) U\left( {\mathfrak{g},e} \right) be the finite W-algebra associated with a nilpotent element e in a complex simple Lie algebra \mathfrakg = \textLie(G) \mathfrak{g} = {\text{Lie}}(G) and let I be a primitive ideal of the enveloping algebra U( \mathfrakg ) U\left( \mathfrak{g} \right) whose associated variety equals the Zariski closure of the nilpotent orbit (Ad G) e. Then it is known that I = \textAn\textn_{U( \mathfrakg )}( Q_e ?_{U( \mathfrakg,e )}V ) I = {\text{An}}{{\text{n}}_{U\left( \mathfrak{g} \right)}}\left( {{Q_e}{ \otimes_{U\left( {\mathfrak{g},e} \right)}}V} \right) for some finite dimensional irreducible U( \mathfrakg,e ) U\left( {\mathfrak{g},e} \right) -module V, where Q _e stands for the generalised Gelfand–Graev \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} -module associated with e. The main goal of this paper is to prove that the Goldie rank of the primitive quotient U( \mathfrakg )

On quasiorder lattices and topology lattices of algebras

In this paper, it is shown that the dual [(\textQord)\tilde]\mathfrakA \widetilde{\text{Qord}}\mathfrak{A} of the quasiorder lattice of any algebra \mathfrakA \mathfrak{A} is isomorphic to a sublattice of the topology lattice á( \mathfrakA ) \Im \left( \mathfrak{A} \right) . Further, if \mathfrakA \mathfrak{A} is a finite algebra, then [(\textQord)\tilde]\mathfrakA @ á( \mathfrakA ) \widetilde{\text{Qord}}\mathfrak{A} \cong \Im \left( \mathfrak{A} \right) . We give a sufficient condition for the lattices [(\textCon)\tilde]\mathfrakA\text, [(\textQord)\tilde]\mathfrakA \widetilde{\text{Con}}\mathfrak{A}{\text{,}} \widetilde{\text{Qord}}\mathfrak{A} , and á( \mathfrakA ) \Im \left( \mathfrak{A} \right) . to be pairwise isomorphic. These results are applied to investigate topology lattices and quasiorder lattices of unary algebras.     

Slices for biparabolics of index 1

Let \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} be an algebraic Lie subalgebra of a simple Lie algebra \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} with index \mathfraka \mathfrak{a}  ≤ rank \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} . Let Y( \mathfraka ) Y\left( \mathfrak{a} \right) denote the algebra of \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} invariant polynomial functions on \mathfraka^* {\mathfrak{a}^*} . An algebraic slice for \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} is an affine subspace η + V with h ? \mathfraka^* \eta \in {\mathfrak{a}^*} and V ì \mathfraka^* V \subset {\mathfrak{a}^*} subspace of dimension index \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} such that restriction of function induces an isomorphism of Y( \mathfraka ) Y\left( \mathfrak{a} \right) onto the algebra R[η + V] of regular functions on η + V. Slices have been obtained in a number of cases through the construction of an adapted pair (h, η) in which h ? \mathfraka h \in \mathfrak{a} is ad-semisimple, η is a regular element of \mathfraka^* {\mathfrak{a}^*} which is an eigenvector for h of eigenvalue minus one and V is an h stable complement to ( \textad  \mathfraka )h \left( {{\text{ad}}\;\mathfrak{a}} \right)\eta in \mathfraka^* {\mathfrak{a}^*} . The classical case is for \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} semisimple [16], [17]. Yet rather recently many other cases have been provided; for example, if \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} is of type A and \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} is a “truncated biparabolic” [12] or a centralizer [13]. In some of these cases (in particular when the biparabolic is a Borel subalgebra) it was found [13], [14], that η could be taken to be the restriction of a regular nilpotent element in \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} . Moreover, this calculation suggested [13] how to construct slices outside type A when no adapted pair exists. This article makes a first step in taking these ideas further. Specifically, let \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} be a truncated biparabolic of index one. (This only arises if \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} is of type A and \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} is the derived algebra of a parabolic subalgebra whose Levi factor has just two blocks whose sizes are coprime.) In this case it is shown that the second member of an adapted pair (h, η) for \mathfraka \mathfrak{a} is the restriction of a particularly carefully chosen regular nilpotent element of \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} . A by-product of our analysis is the construction of a map from the set of pairs of coprime integers to the set of all finite ordered sequences of ±1.     

Differential operators and BV structures in noncommutative geometry

We introduce a new formalism of differential operators for a general associative algebra A. It replaces Grothendieck’s notion of differential operators on a commutative algebra in such a way that derivations of the commutative algebra are replaced by \mathbbDer(A){\mathbb{D}{\rm er}(A)}, the bimodule of double derivations. Our differential operators act not on the algebra A itself but rather on F(A){\mathcal{F}(A)}, a certain ‘Fock space’ associated to any noncommutative algebra A in a functorial way. The corresponding algebra D(F(A)){\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))} of differential operators is filtered and gr D(F(A)){\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))}, the associated graded algebra, is commutative in some ‘wheeled’ sense. The resulting ‘wheeled’ Poisson structure on gr D(F(A)){\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))} is closely related to the double Poisson structure on T_A \mathbbDer(A){T_{A} \mathbb{D}{\rm er}(A)} introduced by Van den Bergh. Specifically, we prove that gr D(F(A)) @ F(T_A(\mathbbDer(A)),{\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))\cong\mathcal{F}(T_{A}(\mathbb{D}{\rm er}(A)),} provided the algebra A is smooth. Our construction is based on replacing vector spaces by the new symmetric monoidal category of wheelspaces. The Fock space F(A){\mathcal{F}(A)} is a commutative algebra in this category (a “commutative wheelgebra”) which is a structure closely related to the notion of wheeled PROP. Similarly, we have Lie, Poisson, etc., wheelgebras. In this language, D(F(A)){\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))} becomes the universal enveloping wheelgebra of a Lie wheelgebroid of double derivations. In the second part of the paper, we show, extending a classical construction of Koszul to the noncommutative setting, that any Ricci-flat, torsion-free bimodule connection on \mathbbDer(A){\mathbb{D}{\rm er}(A)} gives rise to a second-order (wheeled) differential operator, a noncommutative analogue of the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) operator, that makes F(T_A(\mathbbDer(A))){\mathcal{F}(T_{A}(\mathbb{D}{\rm er}(A)))} a BV wheelgebra. In the final section, we explain how the wheeled differential operators D(F(A)){\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{F}(A))} produce ordinary differential operators on the varieties of n-dimensional representations of A for all n ≥ 1.     

On one class of extreme extensions of a measure

We consider a relationship between two sets of extensions of a finite finitely additive measure μ defined on an algebra \mathfrakB \mathfrak{B} of sets to a broader algebra \mathfrakA \mathfrak{A} . These sets are the set ex S _μ of all extreme extensions of the measure μ and the set H _μ of all extensions defined as l(A) = [^(m)]( h(A) ),   A ? \mathfrakA \lambda (A) = \hat{\mu }\left( {h(A)} \right),\,\,\,A \in \mathfrak{A} , where [^(m)] \hat{\mu } is a quotient measure on the algebra \mathfrakB

Lifting automorphisms of generalized adjoint quotients

Let G be a reductive algebraic group over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero. Let p:\mathfrakg^r ? X = \mathfrakg^r//G \pi :{\mathfrak{g}^r} \to X = {\mathfrak{g}^r}//G be the categorical quotient where \mathfrakg \mathfrak{g} is the adjoint representation of G and r is a suitably large integer (in general r ≥ 5, but for many cases r ≥ 3 or even r ≥ 2 suffices). We show that every automorphism φ of X lifts to a map F:\mathfrakg^r ? \mathfrakg^r \Phi :{\mathfrak{g}^r} \to {\mathfrak{g}^r} commuting with π. As an application we consider the action of φ on the Luna stratification of X.