接触与摩擦对行走影响的仿真与实验研究

主要通过实验测量的方法研究被动行走中的足地接触过程,得到接触过程对行走稳定性的影响,对实验测量结果与仿真计算结果进行了对比,得到了较好的吻合效果.     

LCP method for a planar passive dynamic walker based on an event-driven scheme

The main purpose of this paper is to present a linear complementarity problem (LCP) method for a planar passive dynamic walker with round feet based on an event-driven scheme. The passive dynamic walker is treated as a planar multi-rigid-body system. The dynamic equations of the passive dynamic walker are obtained by using Lagrange’s equations of the second kind. The normal forces and frictional forces acting on the feet of the passive walker are described based on a modified Hertz contact model and Coulomb’s law of dry friction. The state transition problem of stick-slip between feet and floor is formulated as an LCP, which is solved with an event-driven scheme. Finally, to validate the methodology, four gaits of the walker are simulated: the stance leg neither slips nor bounces; the stance leg slips without bouncing; the stance leg bounces without slipping; the walker stands after walking several steps.     

A passive-biped model with multiple routes to chaos

This paper presents a new passive-biped model consisting of a simplest walking model beneath an upper body, with no kinematic constraint. The upper body is attached to the legs with a linear torsional spring. The model is a passive dynamic walker, so it walks down a slope without energy input. The governing equations of motion are derived and simulated for the parameter analysis purposes. Simulation results reveal some different routes to chaos that have not been observed in previous models.     

摩擦与滚阻对被动行走器步态影响的研究

本文研究了圆弧足被动行走器支撑足与地面间的摩擦系数和滚阻系数对被动行走器步态的影响. 首先分别利用扩展的 赫兹接触力模型和LuGre摩擦模型描述了支撑足与地面接触点处的法向支撑力和切向摩擦力,并考虑了行走过程中支撑足 所受的滚动摩阻;其次利用第二类Lagrange方程推导出了该系统的动力学方程,并通过与已有成果的对比确定 了合适的LuGre摩擦模型参数;最后仿真分析了摩擦系数和滚阻系数对被动行走器步态的影响. 研究发现:摩擦系数的改变 虽然对被动行走器行走的平均速度、步幅,以及支撑足接触点处的最大法向接触力的影响较小,但摩擦系数的减小 会改变其行走步态类型,如发生倍周期分岔甚至混沌现象;然而,滚阻系数的改变会对行走器行走的 平均速度、步幅,以及支撑足接触点处的最大法向接触力的影响较大,尚未发现滚阻系数的改变会引起其行走步态的变化.      

Modeling and analysis of passive dynamic bipedal walking with segmented feet and compliant joints

Passive dynamic walking has been developed as a possible explanation for the efficiency of the human gait. This paper presents a passive dynamic walking model with segmented feet, which makes the bipedal walking gait more close to natural human-like gait. The proposed model extends the simplest walking model with the addition of flat feet and torsional spring based compliance on ankle joints and toe joints, to achieve stable walking on a slope driven by gravity. The push-off phase includes foot rotations around the toe joint and around the toe tip, which shows a great resemblance to human normal walking. This paper investigates the effects of the segmented foot structure on bipedal walking in simulations. The model achieves satisfactory walking results on even or uneven slopes.     

???????????????漰????????????????

简单回顾了被动行走的发展,建立了无量纲形式的平面直腿圆弧足被动行走动力学 模型,详细介绍了被动行走模型仿真的步骤. 并且采用胞胞映射计算得到该圆弧足模型的吸 引盆,发现该模型的吸引盆大于以前研究者研究的点状足模型的吸引盆. 这表明在初始状态 变量偏离不动点很大时,模型仿真仍可收敛到稳定的步态,即该模型具有较高的鲁棒性.     

Dynamical behavior of a mobile system with two degrees of freedom near the resonance

The design of mobile robots that can move without wheels or legs is an important engineering and technological problem.Self-propelling mechanisms consisting of a body that has contact with a rough surface and moveable internal masses are considered.Mathematical models of such systems are presented in this paper.First,a model of a vibration driven robot that moves along a rough horizontal plane with isotropic dry friction is studied.It is shown that by changing the off-resonance frequency detuning in sign,one can control the direction of motion of the system.In addition,a locomotion system which moves in an environment with anisotropic viscous friction is considered.For all models,the method of averaging to obtain an algebraic equation for the steady-state"average"velocity of the system is used. Prototypes were constructed to compare the theoretical results with experimental ones.     

Research on the iterative method for model updating based on the frequency response function

Model reduction technique is usually employed in model updating process.In this paper,a new model updating method named as cross-model cross-frequency response function(CMCF) method is proposed and a new iterative method associating the model updating method with the model reduction technique is investigated.The new model updating method utilizes the frequency response function to avoid the modal analysis process and it does not need to pair or scale the measured and the analytical frequency response function,which could greatly increase the number of the equations and the updating parameters.Based on the traditional iterative method,a correction term related to the errors resulting from the replacement of the reduction matrix of the experimental model with that of the finite element model is added in the new iterative method.Comparisons between the traditional iterative method and the proposed iterative method are shown by model updating examples of solar panels,and both of these two iterative methods combine the CMCF method and the succession-level approximate reduction technique.Results show the effectiveness of the CMCF method and the proposed iterative method.     

Stabilization control of a hovering model insect: lateral motion

Our previous study shows that the lateral disturbance motion of a model drone fly does not have inherent stability (passive stability),because of the existence of an unstable divergence mode.But drone flies are observed to fly stably.Constantly active control must be applied to stabilize the flight.In this study,we investigate the lateral stabilization control of the model drone fly.The method of computational fluid dynamics is used to compute the lateral control derivatives and the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis and modal decomposition are used for solving the equations of motion.Controllability analysis shows that although inherently unstable,the lateral disturbance motion is controllable.By feeding back the state variables (i.e.lateral translation velocity,yaw rate,roll rate and roll angle,which can be measured by the sensory system of the insect) to produce anti-symmetrical changes in stroke amplitude and/or in angle of attack between the left and right wings,the motion can be stabilized,explaining why the drone flies can fly stably even if the flight is passively unstable.     

Interaction of subway LIM vehicle with ballasted track in polygonal wheel wear development

This paper develops a coupled dynamics model for a linear induction motor (LIM) vehicle and a subway track to investigate the influence of polygonal wheels of the vehicle on the dynamic behavior of the system. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom. A Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are discretely supported by sleepers. The sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies with their vertical, lateral, and rolling motions being considered. In order to simulate the vehicle running along the track, a moving sleeper support model is introduced to simulate the excitation by the discrete sleeper supporters, in which the sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed that is the same as the train speed. The Hertzian contact theory and the Shen- Hedrick-Elkins’ model are utilized to deal with the normal dynamic forces and the tangential forces between wheels and rails, respectively. In order to better characterize the linear metro system (LMS), Euler beam theory based on modal superposition method is used to model LIM and RP. The vertical electric magnetic force and the lateral restoring force between the LIM and RP are also taken into consideration. The former has gap-varying nonlinear characteristics, whilst the latter is considered as a constant restoring force of 1 kN. The numerical analysis considers the effect of the excitation due to polygonal wheels on the dynamic behavior of the system at different wear stages, in which the used data regarding the polygonal wear on the wheel tread are directly measured at the subway site.     

Input torque sensitivity to uncertain parameters in biped robot

Input torque is the main power to maintain bipedal walking of robot, and can be calculated from trajectory planning and dynamic modeling on biped robot. During bipedal walking, the input torque is usually required to be adjusted due to some uncertain parameters arising from objective or subjective factors in the dynamical model to maintain the pre-planned stable trajectory. Here, a planar 5-link biped robot is used as an illustrating example to investigate the effects of uncertain parameters on the input torques. Kine-matic equations of the biped robot are firstly established by the third-order spline curves based on the trajectory planning method, and the dynamic modeling is accomplished by taking both the certain and uncertain parameters into account. Next, several evaluation indices on input torques are intro-duced to perform sensitivity analysis of the input torque with respect to the uncertain parameters. Finally, based on the Monte Carlo simulation, the values of evaluation indices on input torques are presented, from which all the robot param-eters are classified into three categories, i.e., strongly sensi-tive, sensitive and almost insensitive parameters.     

Biomechanical evaluation of heel elevation on load transfer — experimental measurement and finite element analysis

In spite of ill-effects of high heel shoes, they are widely used for women. Hence, it is essential to understand the load transfer biomechanics in order to design better fit and comfortable shoes. In this study, both experimental measurement and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the biomechanical effects of heel height on foot load transfer. A controlled experiment was conducted using custom-designed platforms. Under different weight-bearing conditions, peak plantar pressure, contact area and center of pressure were analyzed. A three-dimensional finite element foot model was used to simulate the high-heel support and to predict the internal stress distributions and deformations for different heel heights. Results from both experiment and model indicated that heel elevations had significant effects on all variables. When heel elevation increased, the center of pressure shifted from the midfoot region to the forefoot region, the contact area was reduced by 26% from 0 to 10.2 cm heel and the internal stress of foot bones increased. Prediction results also showed that the strain and total tension force of plantar fascia was minimum at 5.1 cm heel condition. This study helps to better understand the biomechanical behavior of foot, and to provide better suggestions for design parameters of high heeled shoes.     

弹簧刚度对被动步行的稳定性影响

由人类步行的生物力学研究得到启发,在被动双足步行机器人的髋关节处引入了扭簧,并通过仿真和试验研究了弹簧刚度对被动步行稳定性的影响.在仿真中,用胞映射方法计算被动步行机器人的吸引盆,并用吸引盆来衡量机器人的稳定性,研究了弹簧刚度对被动步行吸引盆大小的影响. 仿真结果表明, 吸引盆随着弹簧刚度的增大而增大. 在试验中,使机器人在各弹簧刚度参数下沿斜坡向下行走100次,记录下行走到头的次数作为稳定性的度量. 试验结果表明, 存在一个大小适中的弹簧刚度使机器人稳定性最大. 对弹簧提高机器人稳定性的原因进行了分析,对造成仿真与试验之间差异的原因进行了分析.      

DYNAMICS MODELING AND EXPERIMENT OF A FLEXIBLE CAPTURING MECHANISM IN A SPACE MANIPULATOR 1)

柔性捕获机构是空间机械臂的关键性部件, 对空间在轨服务过程中的抓捕操作起着至关重要的作用. 捕获机构的原理分析与仿真建模工作对在轨捕获工况预测分析和任务规划有着重要的应用价值. 本文以空间机械臂的末端柔性捕获机构为研究对象, 建立了柔性捕获机构软捕获过程的动力学仿真模型. 考虑了软捕获过程中柔性绳索的空间构型和大变形特性, 采用绝对节点坐标方法建立了三维空间柔性绳索单元, 并通过引入一圆柱参考坐标系来建立柔性绳索与目标适配器端刚性捕获杆的接触碰撞模型. 为满足三维运动工况验证, 搭建了纯被动边界条件的悬吊实验, 通过对比软捕获过程中被捕获目标的运动信息和受力信息, 验证了模型的准确性. 实验结果表明该模型能够有效地模拟在轨捕获任务中柔性机构软捕获阶段的动力学行为, 可以用于后续与空间机械臂联合仿真任务预测以及作为地面气浮台二维试验的必要补充. 此外, 针对在轨任务中的舱外状态巡检和漂浮目标捕获两种典型工况, 进行了机械臂捕获动力学联合仿真分析, 在给定条件下成功完成软捕获阶段的操作.     

空间机械臂柔性捕获机构建模与实验研究

柔性捕获机构是空间机械臂的关键性部件, 对空间在轨服务过程中的抓捕操作起着至关重要的作用. 捕获机构的原理分析与仿真建模工作对在轨捕获工况预测分析和任务规划有着重要的应用价值. 本文以空间机械臂的末端柔性捕获机构为研究对象, 建立了柔性捕获机构软捕获过程的动力学仿真模型. 考虑了软捕获过程中柔性绳索的空间构型和大变形特性, 采用绝对节点坐标方法建立了三维空间柔性绳索单元, 并通过引入一圆柱参考坐标系来建立柔性绳索与目标适配器端刚性捕获杆的接触碰撞模型. 为满足三维运动工况验证, 搭建了纯被动边界条件的悬吊实验, 通过对比软捕获过程中被捕获目标的运动信息和受力信息, 验证了模型的准确性. 实验结果表明该模型能够有效地模拟在轨捕获任务中柔性机构软捕获阶段的动力学行为, 可以用于后续与空间机械臂联合仿真任务预测以及作为地面气浮台二维试验的必要补充. 此外, 针对在轨任务中的舱外状态巡检和漂浮目标捕获两种典型工况, 进行了机械臂捕获动力学联合仿真分析, 在给定条件下成功完成软捕获阶段的操作.      

Passive walker that can walk down steps： simulations and experiments

A planar passive walking model with straight legs and round feet was discussed. This model can walk down steps, both on stairs with even steps and with random steps. Simulations showed that models with small moments of inertia can navigate large height steps. Period-doubling has been observed when the space between steps grows. This period-doubling has been validated by experiments, and the results of experiments were coincident with the simulation.     

DETERMINATION OF QUADRICEPS FORCES IN SQUAT AND ITS APPLICATION IN CONTACT PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF KNEE JOINT

While the quadriceps muscles of human body are quite important to the daily activities of knee joints,the determination of quadriceps forces poses significant challenges since it cannot be measured in ...     

Dynamic analysis of an offshore pipe laying operation using the reel method

A system designed for a rigid and flexible pipe laying purposes is presented in the paper.Mathematical and numerical models are developed by using the rigid finite element method(RFEM).The RFEM is an efficient solution in the time domain.Static and dynamic problems related to pipe installation are solved by taking the advantage of simple interpretation and implementation of the method.Large deformations of the pipe during spooling and when it is reeled out at sea are considered.A material model implemented is used to take into consideration nonlinear material properties.In particular,the full elasto-plastic material characteristics with hardening and Bauschinger effect are included.Dynamic analyses are performed and the results attached in this work demonstrates how the sea conditions influence the machinery and pipeline,assuming a passive reel drive system. The influence of several other operational parameters on dynamic loads is verified.An active system,implemented as a part of the mathematical model,improves the system performance.Some results are presented as well.     

Contact-impact formulation for multi-body systems using component mode synthesis

The efficiency and accuracy are two most concerned issues in the modeling and simulation of multi-body systems involving contact and impact. This paper proposed a formulation based on the component mode synthesis method for planar contact problems of flexible multi-body systems. A flexible body is divided into two parts： a contact zone and an un-contact zone. For the un-contact zone, by using the fixed-interface substructure method as reference, a few low-order modal coordinates are used to replace the nodal coordinates of the nodes, and meanwhile, the nodal coordinates of the local impact region are kept unchanged, therefore the total degrees of freedom （DOFs） are greatly cut down and the computational cost of the simulation is significantly reduced. By using additional constraint method, the impact constraint equations and kinematic constraint equations are derived, and the Lagrange equations of the first kind of flexible multi-body system are obtained. The impact of an elastic beam with a fixed half disk is simulated to verify the efficiency and accuracy of this method.