树形聚醚的合成及其应用

树形聚合物高度支化,与线形结构的聚合物相比具有较低的粘度及良好的溶解性,而且其单分子尺寸通常在纳米尺度,在多方面具有广阔的应用前景。树形聚合物通常分为3种,即树枝状聚合物、超支化聚合物和树枝化聚合物。作为树形聚合物的主要一类,树形聚醚由于其良好的化学、物理稳定性,良好的水及有机溶剂的溶解性,以及生物相容性等诸多优点,其合成及应用研究得到了广泛重视。本文对不同种类树形聚醚的合成及其应用作一详尽的综述,包括树枝状聚醚、树枝化聚醚及超支化聚醚3种主要类型,同时报道了作者等在该领域的最新研究进展,并对该领域的研究进行了相应的展望。     

s-Triazine containing flame retardant hyperbranched polyamines: Synthesis, characterization and properties evaluation

A s-triazine containing hyperbranched polyamine (HBPA) has been synthesized from cyanuric chloride and aromatic diamine, 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenediisopropylidene) bis-aniline by nucleophilic displacement polymerization technique using an A₂ + B₃ approach with high yield (>80%). The synthesized polymer has been characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopic studies, elemental analysis, solubility and measurement of solution viscosity. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies indicate that the polymer is thermostable upto 290 °C without any decomposition and has glass transition temperature of 243 °C. The flame retardancy of the pure powder polymer and the blends with linear commercial polymers such as plasticized PVC and LDPE with this hyperbranched polymer were investigated by the measurement of limiting oxygen index (LOI) value. The results show that the polymer has self-extinguishing characteristic (LOI = 38) and acts as an effective flame retardant additive for the above linear base polymers. The synergistic effect of this hyperbranched flame retardant was observed with triphenyl phosphine oxide in the same base polymers. The flammability efficiency of the hyperbranched polyamine is also evaluated by help of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The heat aging and leaching in different chemical media did not influence the flame retardancy of the blends.     

Hyperbranched aliphatic polyether polyols

Hyperbranched polymers, dendritic macromolecules with branch‐on‐branch structures, have become an important polymer class since the early 1990s. They combine several advantages of the perfectly branched dendrimers with easy accessibility, typically in a one‐step synthesis. Hyperbranched polyethers are a particularly interesting class of chemically stable and often biocompatible materials. Multifunctional hyperbranched polyethers with controllable molar mass and comparably low polydispersities can been prepared using hydroxyl‐functional epoxides or oxetanes for polymerization via anionic and cationic polymerization mechanisms. Here, we review the progress in the preparation, characterization, and application of these uniquely versatile aliphatic polyether polyols. Their unusual mechanical, thermal, and solution properties render them useful for a variety of applications, for example, as building blocks for various complex macromolecular architectures or in biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Tri‐block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and hyperbranched poly‐3‐ethyl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)oxetane through cationic ring opening polymerization

Tri‐block copolymers of linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hyperbranched poly‐3‐ethyl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)oxetane (poly‐TMPO) are reported. The novel dumb‐bell shaped polyethers were synthesized in bulk with cationic ringopening polymerization utilizing BF₃OEt₂ as initiator, via drop‐wise addition of the oxetane monomer. The thermal properties of the materials were successfully tuned by varying the amount of poly‐TMPO attached to the PEG‐chains, ranging from a melting point of 54 °C and a degree of crystallinity of 76% for pure PEG, to a melting point of 35 °C and a degree of crystallinity of 12% for the polyether copolymer having an average of 14 TMPO units per PEG chain. The materials are of relatively low polydispersity, with M_n/M_w ranging from 1.2 to 1.4. The materials have been evaluated for usage with the energetic oxidizer ammonium dinitramide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6191–6200, 2009     

Synthesis and characterization of a flame retardant hyperbranched polyether

<正>A brominated hyperbranched polyether has been synthesized from cyanuric chloride and sodium salt of tetrabromobisphenol-A by an A_2+B_3 approach.The synthesized polyether was characterized by ~1H-NMR,~(13)C-NMR,UV, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies,measurements of solution viscosity,molecular weight and solubility and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses.The flame retardancy of the synthesized polyether and its blends with commercially available plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) and low density polyethylene(LDPE) was investigated by measurements of limiting oxygen index(LOI) value and thermogravimetric analysis.The properties are compared with a non-halogenated similar type of bisphenol-A based aromatic polyether after blending at different dose levels with the same base polymers.The LOI values of these blends indicated that these hyperbranched polyethers acted as flame retardant additives,and antimony trioxide had prominent synergistic effect with the bromo hyperbranched polyether for the above base polymers,and an increment of 4 to 6 units in LOI values was observed.     

Synthesis and solvatochromism of soluble polyethers containing isolated emissive p‐aryl vinylene derivatives

Two soluble polyethers (η_red > 0.4 dL/g) consisting of isolated emissive p‐aryl vinylene derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. The introductions of ether linkages and aliphatic chains result in enhanced solubility in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and chloroform. The polyethers exhibit good thermal stability with onset decomposition temperatures at around 400 °C in nitrogen. The photoluminescence spectra of the two polyethers show a maximum peaks at 446 and 394 nm, respectively. The shifts of the photoluminescence maxima are controlled by the steric conformation of the emissive chromophores. On the other part, an interesting solvatochromism of three polyethers was observed in solution. The absorption maxima of dilute polymeric solutions exhibit bathochromism at first, and then hypsochromism with increasing solvent polarity. This may be due to the alteration of the electronic structure in these emissive polyethers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1311–1317, 2000     

Synthesis of novel multi-arm star azobenzene side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers with a hyperbranched core

A series of novel multi-arm star side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) copolymers with hyperbranched core moieties were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a multi-functional hyperbranched polyether as the initiator and chlorobenzene as the solvent. The multi-functional hyperbranched polyether initiator was prepared from poly(3-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane) (PEHO) and 2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide. The azobenzene side-chain liquid crystalline arms were designed to have an LC conformation of poly[6-(4-methoxy-4^′-oxy-azobenzene)hexyl methacrylate] with different molecular weights. Their characterization was performed with ¹H NMR, size exclusion chromatograph (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal polarized optical microscopy (POM). The multi-arm star side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers exhibited a smectic and a nematic phase, and the phase transition temperatures from the smectic to the nematic phase and from the nematic to isotropic phase increased with increasing the molecular weight of the multi-arm star side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers from 1.78 × 10⁴ to 9.07 × 10⁴.     

s‐Triazine‐based hyperbranched polyethers: Synthesis,characterization, and properties

A series of s‐triazine‐based hyperbranched polyethers (HBPE) have been synthesized to obtain thermostability but flexible polymers by an interfacial polycondensation of different diols as A₂ and cyanuric chloride as B₃ monomers using A₂ + B₃ approach in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. The polymerization reaction parameters are optimized, and the results indicate that the optimum conditions for the interfacial polycondensation are a 2:3 mole ratio of cyanuric chloride to diol using butanediol, benzyldimethylhexadecyl ammonium chloride as the catalyst, dichloromethane as the organic solvent, and a three‐step procedure with keeping the reaction mixture at different low temperatures for 2h/2h/5h. Other techniques such as high‐temperature solution, one‐step polycondensation, and transesterification were also carried out to synthesize the HBPE but proved to be not suitable due to large number of side reactions. The synthesized polymers were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, hydroxyl number determination, solution viscosity measurements, and GPC analysis. The thermal behavior of the hyperbranched polymer was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. All the results were compared with those from an analogous linear polyether, obtained from 2‐methoxy‐4,6‐dichloro‐s‐triazine and butanediol by using the same polymerization technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3994–4004, 2010     

超支化聚醚涂层毛细管柱在线推扫富集检测6种有机磷农药

合成了3种不同支化度的超支化聚醚,采用化学键合的方法将其涂覆于石英毛细管电泳柱内壁,制备了一种新型的毛细管电泳涂层柱。利用该涂层柱通过胶束电动毛细管色谱在线推扫富集技术对6种有机磷农药进行了富集和检测。结果表明:由于超支化聚醚涂层柱显著降低了电渗流,其富集倍数远高于未涂层柱,有效提高了检测的灵敏度。其中支化度为0.43的S3涂层柱的富集倍数高达530倍,是未涂层柱的4倍。利用S3涂层柱建立了分析6种有机磷农药的方法,检出限为0.03～0.08mg/L;加标回收率为85.8%～104.6%;RSD为3.0%～8.4%。此超支化聚醚涂层柱的稳定性良好。     

Bio-based thermostable, biodegradable and biocompatible hyperbranched polyurethane/Ag nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity

The enhanced thermal and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prompts their uses in many medical devices. Mesua ferrea L. seed oil based antimicrobial biocompatible hyperbranched and linear polyurethane/Ag nanocomposites have been prepared in dimethylformamide without using any extra reducing agent. Formation of the stable and well-dispersed Ag nanoparticles was confirmed by ultra violet, X-ray diffractometeric, transmission electron microscopic and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic analyses. The enhancement of properties like thermal stability by (46-53)°C and 42 °C, tensile strength to ∼170% and ∼180% for hyperbranched and linear polyurethanes respectively was observed by the formation of nanocomposites. The cytocompatibility test based on the inhibition of RBC hemolysis showed that the materials lack cytotoxicity. The nanocomposites showed biodegradability as conferred from the bacterial degradation. Dose dependent excellent antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and antifouling activity against Candida albicans was observed.     

支状嵌段聚醚的界面聚集行为及对原油乳状液的破乳作用

合成了三种不同聚氧丙烯/聚氧乙烯(PPO/PEO)比例的含苯环支状嵌段聚醚, 通过界面张力、界面流变、表面压以及对原油乳状液的破乳脱水效果的测定, 考察了其界面聚集行为和破乳作用对PEO含量和分子量的依赖性, 并且对比研究了三种支状聚醚分子交联前后的破乳性能. 结果表明, PEO含量高且分子量大者,其单分子界面占据面积大, 在油/水界面达到吸附平衡的时间短, 其油/水界面扩张模量及扩张弹性均高于PEO含量较少者. 但是对原油乳状液的破乳脱水效果则是PEO含量居中的聚醚最好. 温度影响和交联与否的研究表明, 交联并不能提高分子量较大的聚醚对原油乳状液的破乳效果, 温度对聚醚分子交联前后的破乳效果有不同的影响规律. 本研究可为原油集输过程中化学品的选择与应用提供一定的依据.     

Synthesis and properties of segmented block copolymers based on mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) segments

The synthesis and characterisation of segmented block copolymers based on mixtures of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrophobic poly(tetramethylene oxide) polyether segments and monodisperse crystallisable bisester tetra-amide segments are reported. The PEO length was varied from 600 to 8000 g/mol and the PTMO length was varied from 650 to 2900 g/mol. The influence of the polyether phase composition on the thermal mechanical and the elastic properties of the resulting copolymers was studied.The use of high melting monodisperse tetra-amide segments resulted in a fast and almost complete crystallisation of the rigid segment. The copolymers had only one polyether glass transition temperature, which suggests that the amorphous polyether segments were homogenously mixed. Thermal analysis of the copolymers showed one polyether melting temperature that was lower than in the case of ideal co-crystallisation between the two polyether segments. However, at PEO or PTMO lengths larger than 2000 g/mol two polyether melting temperatures were observed. The copolymer with the best low temperature properties was based on a mixture of PEO and PTMO segments, both having a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol, at a weight ratio of 30/70.     

Retardation of dibenzo polyether-formaldehyde resin formation by alkali-metal cations

Macrocyclic polyethers are well-known complexing agents for alkali-metal and alkaline earth-metal cations. The influence of alkali-metal cations upon the polycondensation rate of acyclic and cyclic dibenzo polyethers with formaldehyde in formic acid and alkali-metal cation sorption by some of the resultant resins have been investigated. For certain dibenzo polyether and alkali-metal cation combinations, polymer formation is markedly reduced. The alkali-metal cation that provides the best fit for the macrocyclic polyether cavity produces the greatest retardation of polymer formation. It is proposed that metal ion complexation renders the dibenzo polyether monomer inert to polymerization under the reaction conditions. No template effect for alkali-metal cation sorption by dibenzo polyether carboxylic acid resins was observed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Study of bulk chain coupling reactions. II. Reaction between bisoxazolones and amine-terminated polyether: Synthesis of polyether-block-polyamides

The bulk reactions between 2,2′-bis(4,4-dimethyl-5(4H)-oxazolone) ( B3 ) or 2,2′-(1,2-ethylene)-bis(4,4-dimethyl-5(4H)-oxazolone) ( B4 ) and amine-terminated polyether (Jeffamine ED-900) have been studied by SEC, and ¹H-and ¹³C-NMR and the resulting polymers were characterized by DSC and TGA. These chain coupling reactions have been applied to the synthesis of polyether-block-polyamides, starting from mixtures of amineterminated polyether and polyamide-12. High molar mass block copolymers were synthesized in the bulk within 1 h at 200°C and under atmospheric pressure, instead of several hours at 240°C under vacuum for the usual reaction between dicarboxy polyamides and dihydroxy polyethers. No other side reactions than the formation of a very small amount of 2-imidazolin-5-ones has been found. The DSC studies of block copolymers show the existence of a phase separation between the soft (polyether) and hard (polyamide) blocks. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Novel blue light-emitting hyperbranched polyfluorenes incorporating carbazole kinked structure

A novel series of soluble hyperbranched polyfluorenes P1−P6 with various branching degrees and contents of kinked carbazole units were successfully synthesized with good yields and high molecular weight via a facile “A2 + B2 + C3 + D2” approach. The thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties as well as thermal spectral stability of the resulting hypberbranched polymers were investigated. All polymers exhibited good thermal stabilities and bright blue emission in both solutions and solid-states. Hyperbranched polyfluorenes (P3 and P6) exhibited improved spectral stability upon annealing at 200 °C in air, in sharp contrast to the linear poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PDHF) that showed significant additional green emission at ca. 530 nm within minutes. In particular, outstanding spectral stability was observed with carbazole-incorporating hyperbranched polyfluorene P6. Electrochemical characterization indicated that the presence of carbazole also effectively raised the HOMO level with respect to that of polyfluorene homopolymer, suggesting better hole-injection properties. Hence, the incorporation of kinked carbazole unit into hyperbranched polyfluorenes could provide a new methodology for preparing blue light-emitting polymers with improved optoelectronic characteristics.     

一种低代超支化聚醚的合成、表征及表面活性研究

以十二胺、丙烯酸甲酯和乙二胺为原料,甲醇为溶剂,采用发散合成法合成一种低代超支化分子骨架.采用1H NMR对分子骨架的结构进行了表征.在此基础上,以低代骨架为起始剂,分别与环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷加成制备了一种超支化聚醚,测定了它的表面张力、浊点,同时计算出了它的HLB值.结果表明:骨架的分子结构与所设计的结构相符,合成的聚醚具有典型表面活性剂的性质.     

A novel hyperbranched copolymer constituted of triphenylamine and divinyl bipyridyl units

A hyperbranched copolymer (HTP) containing triphenylamine and divinyl bipyridyl units has been synthesized via Heck coupling reaction from 5,5′-divinyl-2,2′-bipyridyl and tris(4-bromophenyl)amine. The polymer had a number-average molecular weight of 1895 and a weight-average molecular weight of 2315, and was readily soluble in common organic solvents, such as THF, DMF and chloroform. The chemical structure of HTP was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR. Its thermal, electrochemical and optical properties have been investigated. The thermal analysis revealed that the polymer had a good thermal stability with the onset decomposition temperature at ca. 267 °C. The Uv-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited that the Stokes shift between the absorption and emission of HTP was relatively large: 103 for HTP solution and 135 nm for HTP film. The electrochemical analysis showed that the electrochemical band gap of HTP was 0.92 eV. The fluorescence of the polymer in solution can be quenched by various transition metal ions and HTP showed different sensitivity in transition metal ions sensing.     

含有二个聚醚软链段的聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物的合成及其血液相容性的研究

本文报道了一类新的具有二种聚醚软链段(PTMGT和PEGT)和一种聚酯硬链段(PET)的混合聚醚-聚酯嵌段共聚物(MPEE)的合成和它的血液相容性,并与具有相同软、硬链段比及相同软链段组成比(PTMGT/PEGT)的二种聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物(PTMGT-PET和PEGT-PET)的共混物(BPEE)的性质进行了比较,结果表明:(1)聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物的血液相容性可以通过引入亲水性好的PEGT组分而得到提高;(2)在多数的组成比下,共聚型的MPEE具有比共混型的BPEE优良的血液相容性;(3)特定的组成比:PTMGT/PEGT=60/40(mol),共混型的BPEE:(60/40)呈现最好的血液相容性以及最佳的力学性质。研究中发现材料的微相分离结构同血液相容性有关,细微的相分离结构可导致优良的血液相容性。     

新型大环聚醚的合成及配位性能

本文报道一类新型大环聚醚的合成.在以1,7-二氧杂-4,10-二氮杂环十二烷(1a)及1,7,10,16-四氧杂-4,13-二氮杂环十八烷(1b)中的两个仲胺上进行含醚键的卤代烷取代反应,获得一批带有两个含有侧链醚键的新型冠醚.以碳酸钾为缩合剂,所得冠醚碱金属配合物经酸分解及四甲基氢氧化铵处理后,得游离的大环聚醚. 用溶解度法初步测定了这类冠醚对碱金属的配位性能.结果指出,其母环及侧链上氧原子数的多少及碱金属离子半径的大小均影响配合物的稳定性,其中有些冠醚对碱金属有良好的配位能力,有的还具有优异的选择性,例如N,N′-β-甲氧基乙基-1,7-二氧杂-4,10-二氮杂环十二烷(13a)对钾及钠离子的选择比大于18-c-β,并比4,4′(5′)-二甲基苯并-30-c-10还高.     

Synthesis and characterization of soluble polyimides based on a new fluorinated diamine: 4-Phenyl-2,6-bis[3-(4′-amino-2′-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy) phenyl] pyridine

A new kind of pyridine-containing aromatic diamine monomer, 4-phenyl-2,6-bis[3-(4′-amino-2′-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy) phenyl] pyridine (m-PAFP), was successfully synthesized by a modified Chichibabin reaction of 3-(4′-nitro-2′-trifluoro-methyl-phenoxy)-acetophenone with benzaldehyde, followed by a catalytic reduction. A series of fluorinated pyridine-bridged aromatic poly(ether-imide)s were prepared from the resulting diamine monomer with various aromatic dianhydrides via a conventional two-step thermal or chemical imidization method. The inherent viscosities values of these polyimides were in the range of 0.56-1.02 dL/g, and they could be cast and thermally converted into transparent, flexible, and tough polyimide films. The polyimides displayed higher solubility in polar solvents such as NMP, DMSO and m-cresol. The polyimides had good thermal stability, with the glass transition temperatures (T_g) of 187-211 °C, the temperatures at 5% weight loss of 511-532 °C, and the residue at 800 °C in air was higher than 50%. These films also had dielectric constants of 2.64-2.74 at 10 MHz and low water uptake 0.53-0.66%. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that these polyimides were predominantly amorphous. Moreover, the polymer films of these novel polyimides showed outstanding mechanical properties with the tensile strengths of 90.1-96.6 MPa, elongations at breakage of 8.9-10.7% and tensile modulus of 1.65-1.98 GPa.