毒性效应引导的高风险消毒副产物识别方法

水处理工艺中的消毒环节可有效预防介水疾病的传播,但消毒处理中产生的消毒副产物可能对人体健康和生态安全造成负面影响.由于水体中消毒副产物种类多、性质差异大、浓度水平跨度大,需综合考虑暴露剂量和毒性效应,筛选高风险消毒副产物并予以控制.目前多数研究的重点在未知消毒副产物的识别上,对高风险消毒副产物的识别效率较低,且存在一定的盲目性.本综述对消毒副产物的分子结构识别和毒性测试方法进行了简要总结,并介绍了毒性效应引导的消毒副产物识别方法的特点和流程,为消毒后水体的质量控制提供参考.     

饮用水消毒溴代副产物及其健康风险

受海水入侵影响严重的沿海地区,其饮用水源中常含有较高浓度的溴离子.研究表明,当原水中含有溴离子时,经氯化消毒、氯胺消毒或臭氧消毒后会增加溴代消毒副产物的形成,并且溴代副产物具有更高的遗传毒性.因此,对于溴代副产物的研究更具实际意义.现阶段国内对于消毒所产生的溴代副产物的研究很少.本文针对溴代副产物更高的健康风险,从其产生的原因、机理、影响因素及遗传毒性等方面进行了综述.     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定水中5种消毒副产物

正饮用水消毒是最有效的公共健康措施之一,但使用消毒剂消毒的同时容易产生多种消毒副产物,潜在威胁人体健康[1];与饮用水相比,生活污水需要投加更高剂量的消毒剂以达到排放和回收标准,这将导致消毒副产物的生成量及种类均高于饮用水,会对再生水及地表水的安全利用造成潜在的危险[2];如果消毒剂使用不当,废水中也会存在消毒副产物,进而加重水体的污染。生活饮用水常用的消毒剂有液氯、二氧化氯、次     

饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的形成与去除研究进展

N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)是一种强致痛物质,普遍存在于食品、工业制品和污染大气之中.作为一种新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,NDMA已逐渐成为水环境化学研究领域的一个热点.介绍了饮用水消毒副产物NDMA的相关背景,重点评述了NDMA在水中的形成机制,主要包括亚硝化和非对称二甲肼氧化两种途径,强调NDMA的前体物还有待进一步确认.对水中NDMA的去除方法进行了总结,包括物理方法、光解作用、生物降解和高级氧化技术.最后提出了饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的若干研究方向.     

金属离子对在饮用水氯化过程中形成消毒副产物的影响的研究进展

饮用水氯化消毒的安全性问题一直是水处理领域的研究热点之一.由于天然水体中矿物质的普遍存在以及微量重金属污染的经常发生,开展金属离子对消毒副产物形成的影响规律研究,对于实际饮用水消毒副产物的控制及其对人类健康的影响评价都具有重要意义.本文以目前研究较多的一些典型金属离子和金属氧化物（如铜离子、铁离子、二氧化锰和二氧化铅等...     

饮用水消毒预处理工艺研究进展

在消毒副产物的诸多控制途径中,去除其前体物被认为是比较经济可行的。本文通过对强化混凝、化学氧化、生物氧化、光降解、膜分离、离子交换以及活性炭吸附等常见饮用水预处理技术进行了分析,探讨了各种单一和组合工艺的特点以及对消毒副产物前体物的去除性能,为实际水处理工程中预处理工艺的选择提供参考。     

离子色谱法快速测定饮用水中4种卤氧化合物

<正>饮用水中的卤氧化合物主要包括亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、高氯酸盐和溴酸盐,这些物质都对人类健康有一定的威胁。亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐均属于饮用水消毒副产物。亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐是使用二氧化氯作为消毒剂产生的副产物[1-2],会破坏红血球,严重影响血液运输氧的功能,对人体健康的威胁不断凸显[3-4];溴酸盐是臭氧消毒的副产物,长期摄入会     

水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳检测二次曲线回归的研究

正氯消毒是水处理领域最成熟的消毒措施,具有持续时间长、价格低和操作简便等优点。自1974年Rook博士首次报道氯消毒的自来水中检出了具有"三致"效应的三氯甲烷[1],氯消毒及其副产物所致的健康风险备受关注。随着饮用水和水环境安全意识的不断增强及高新检测技术的发展,越来越多的氯消毒副产物被检出。目前,我国生活饮用水和桶装饮用水卫生标准中把三氯甲烷和四氯化碳列为常规监测项目,限值分别为60,2μg·L-1[2-3],常用检     

水中“PM2.5”引关注

正清华大学环境学院国家环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室的课题组,不久前发表了一项关于我国城市自来水消毒副产物的测试结果显示,其中含有健康风险很大的消毒副产物类别,消息一出,引发强烈关注。清华大学环境学院国家环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室陈超副研究员不久前表示,其课题组近三年中,从全国23个省、44个大中小城市和城镇采集了包括出厂水、用户龙头     

抗生素消毒副产物的分析检测及毒性效应研究进展

由于抗生素的大量使用和持续排放,其环境污染水平逐年升高,个别抗生素在地表水中浓度接近300 ng/L,在饮用水原水中浓度超过200 ng/L.在饮用水消毒过程中,抗生素会与消毒剂反应生成不同种类的消毒副产物(DBPs),其中一些副产物具有较高的致癌性和急性毒性.饮用水中的抗生素DBPs可危害人体健康,是环境健康科学研究...     

Monitoring and Statistical Analysis of Formation of Organochlorine and Organobromine Compounds in Drinking Water of Different Water Intakes

The main drawback of drinking water chlorination involves the formation of quite hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs), represented mainly by halogenated species. Based on the authors’ monitoring data since 2002, the prevalence of chlorine over bromine in the composition of volatile DBPs was shown for the drinking water in Ufa (Russia). However, the situation was completely reversed in the case of semi-volatile DBPs. The principal goal of the present study involved rationalization of the results of the long-term monitoring. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile DBPs. Identification of semi-volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS, while gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was used for their quantification. A significant contribution of oxygen to the composition of semi-volatile compounds proves the decisive role of the dissolved organic matter oxidative destructive processes. Statistical analysis revealed notable linear correlations for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation vs. chlorine dose. On the contrary, halogenated semi-volatile products do not demonstrate any correlations with the water quality parameters or chlorine dose. Principal component analysis (PCA) placed them into separate groups. The results allow for proposing that formation of the organohalogenated species involved the fast penetration of bromine into the humic matter molecules and, further, their oxidative destruction by active chlorine.     

Proportion of bromo-DBPs in total DBPs during reclaimed-water chlorination and its related influencing factors

During the chlorine disinfection of reclaimed-water, the proportion of bromo-disinfection by-products (bromo-DBPs) in total DBPs is affected by chlorine dosage, reaction time, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and preozonation. Results show that bromo-trihalomethanes (bromo-THMs) form more easily than bromo-haloacetic acids (bromo-HAAs) and bromine incorporation in DBPs decreases with the increase of chlorine dosage. Within 5 h, bromine incorporation in THMs (n(Br)) increases but bromine incorpo-ration in HAAs (n′(Br)) decreases with the extension of reaction time; however, n(Br) decreases and n′(Br) keeps relatively constant at a longer reaction time. Furthermore, bromine incorporation in DBPs is low under acidic and alkaline conditions. The increase of NH3-N concentration inhibits the formation of chloro-DBPs, resulting in the increase of n(Br) and n′(Br) to some extent. Preozonation enhances the formation of HOBr and the increase of bromine incorporation in DBPs; however, ozone of a high con-centration oxidizes HOBr to its salt form, leading to the decrease of bromine incorporation in DBPs.     

Evaluation of chlorinated by-products in drinking waters of Central Friuli (Italy)

Drinkable water supplied by aqueducts undergoes preliminar potabilization which, in Italy, is mainly accomplished by chlorine addition. The bactericidal action involved in this process is always accompanied by chlorination and oxidation of organic species (mainly humic and fulvic acids) naturally present in treated waters, so that many disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and halo-acetic acids (HAA), which can represent a chemical risk for public health. The aim of this study was the monitoring of DBPs in drinking water disinfected by chlorination, supplied by four different aqueducts of Central Friuli (Italy). DBP evaluations were performed in water samples consisting of both input and output of disinfection plants. The results of analytical determinations were worked out to provide the THM and HAA parameters for disinfected waters, while in feeding waters the following different conventional parameters were adopted: (i) trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), (ii) halo-acetic acids formation potential (HAAFP) and (iii) UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254). The quite moderate content of chlorinated products found in all samples considered highlighted the excellent quality of potabilized waters available in Central Friuli. Moreover, our results confirmed that the majority of DBPs formed when chlorine is used for water disinfection consists of THMs, while chlorites and chlorates prevailed when potabilization is accomplished by using chlorine dioxide. Finally, simple UV254 monitoring turned out to be a profitable approach for the determination of chlorinated by-products only when THMs prevail among DBPs.     

Effect of quenching time and quenching agent dose on total organic halogen measurement

Total organic halogen (TOX) is a collective parameter and a toxicity indicator for all the halogenated organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in a water sample. TOX measurement involves concentration of halogenated organic DBPs by adsorption onto activated carbon. Prior to activated carbon adsorption, quenching the chlorine residual in a water sample is an indispensable step to eliminate the positive interference resulting from continued chlorination with organic compounds adsorbed on the activated carbon surface or with the activated carbon surface itself. Arsenite is generally applied as the quenching agent. In this study, the arsenite quenching agent dose that was 100% of the stoichiometric amount of the chlorine residual in a water sample was demonstrated to be most appropriate. In practice, to ensure complete reduction of chlorine residual, slight overdose of arsenite is often recommended, but this was found to cause negative interferences in the TOX measurement due to two reasons. First, the competitive adsorption existed between halogenated organic DBPs and the excessive arsenite on the activated carbon. This competitive adsorption effect was pronounced within a quenching time of 15?min. After 15?min of quenching, a large fraction of arsenite might have reacted with some easily-reduced halogenated DBPs to become arsenate, which is partially ionized at pH 2 and less likely adsorbed on the activated carbon. In this case, more halogenated organic DBPs could be adsorbed on the activated carbon, resulting in the measured TOX concentrations to be much closer to the actual one contained in the sample. Second, excessive arsenite might lead to reduction or decomposition of halogenated organic DBPs with a prolonged quenching time (>60?min). Thus, to avoid the negative interferences, the appropriate quenching time should be 15–60?min.     

A step forward in the detection of byproducts of anthropogenic organic micropollutants in chlorinated water

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are widespread in the water cycle. Their levels in disinfected waters are usually low, as they may transform into CEC disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during disinfection processes or partially removed in previous water treatment steps. The occurrence of CEC DBPs in real waters has been scarcely addressed, although their presence may be of relevance in water circular economy scenarios, and thus deserves further study in water regeneration systems. In this work, a database of CEC DBPs (n=1338) after chlorination was generated and is ready to use in future screening studies to assess the relevance of these chemicals in contaminat mixtures. Moreover, the transformation of CECs during chlorination, their main reaction pathways with chlorine, and current knowledge gaps were critically reviewed.     

Clay-catalyzed reactions of coagulant polymers during water chlorination

The influence of suspended clay/solid particles on organic–coagulant reactions during water chlorination was investigated by analyses of total product formation potential (TPFP) and disinfection by-product (DBP) distribution as a function of exchanged clay cation, coagulant organic polymer, and reaction time. Montmorillonite clays appeared to act as a catalytic center where the reaction between adsorbed polymer and disinfectant (chlorine) was mediated closely by the exchanged clay cation. The transition-metal cations in clays catalyzed more effectively than other cations the reactions between a coagulant polymer and chlorine, forming a large number of volatile DBPs. The relative catalytic effects of clays/solids followed the order Ti-Mont > Fe-Mont > Cu-Mont > Mn-Mont > Ca-Mont > Na-Mont > quartz > talc. The effects of coagulant polymers on TPFP follow the order nonionic polymer > anionic polymer > cationic polymer. The catalytic role of the clay cation was further confirmed by the observed inhibition in DBP formation when strong chelating agents (o-phenanthroline and ethylenediamine) were added to the clay suspension. Moreover, in the presence of clays, total DBPs increased appreciably when either the reaction time or the amount of the added clay or coagulant polymer increased. For volatile DBPs, the formation of halogenated methanes was usually time-dependent, with chloroform and dichloromethane showing the greatest dependence.     

Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pools in the Area of Thessaloniki,Northern Greece. Assessment of Multi-Pathway Exposure and Risk

This study investigated the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halonitriles (HANs), halonitromethane (TCNM) and haloketones (HKs)) in different type of swimming pools in the area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece by employing the EPA methods 551.1 and 552.3. Moreover, general water quality parameters (pH, residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, UV₂₅₄ absorption, total nitrogen, alkalinity and conductivity) were also measured. The concentrations of DBPs showed great variability among swimming pools as well as within the same pool between sampling campaigns. HAAs exhibited the highest concentrations followed by THMs, HANs, TCNM and HKs. Exposure doses for four age groups (3–<6 y, 6–<11 y, 11–<16 y and adults) were calculated. Route-specific exposures varied among DBPs groups. Inhalation was the dominant exposure route to THMs and TCNM (up to 92–95%). Ingestion and dermal absorption were the main exposure routes to HAAs (40–82% and 18–59%, respectively), depending on the age of swimmers. HANs contributed up to 75% to the calculated cytotoxicity of pool water. Hazard indices for different exposure routes were <1, suggesting non-carcinogenic risk. Inhalation posed the higher carcinogenic risk for THMs, whereas risk via oral and dermal routes was low. Ingestion and dermal contact posed the higher risk for HAAs. Risk management strategies that minimise DBPs exposure without compromising disinfection efficiency in swimming pools are necessary.     

气相色谱法同时测定水中12种挥发性消毒副产物

建立液-液萃取气相色谱法电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)同时测定饮用水中12种挥发性消毒副产物(Disinfection byproducts, DBPs)的方法.采用过程标准校正降低预处理过程中引入的误差,方法检出限为0.08~0.21 μg/L, 全部组分在21.50 min内测定完成.不同浓度的DBPs在自来水和地表水中的回收率为80.9%~115.7%,相对标准偏差在0.9%~9.9%之间.各组分在0.5~200 μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R>0.99.应用本方法测定了饮用水和地表水及其氯化后样品中DBPs的含量.本方法简便、快速、稳定,满足饮用水中挥发性DBPs的检测要求.     

Rapid IC-ICP/MS method for simultaneous analysis of iodoacetic acids, bromoacetic acids, bromate, and other related halogenated compounds in water

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and bromate are toxic water disinfection by-products (DBPs) that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has regulated in drinking water. Iodoacetic acids (IAAs) are the emerging DBPs that have been recently found in disinfected drinking waters with higher toxicity than their corresponding chloro- and bromo-acetic acids. This study has developed a new rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of six brominated and four iodinated acetic acids, bromate, iodate, bromide, and iodide using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Mono-, di- and tri-chloroacetic acids are not detected by this method because the sensitivity of ICP-MS analysis for chlorine is poor. Following IC separation, an Elan DRC-e ICP-MS was used for detection, with quantitation utilizing m/z of 79, 127, and 74 amu for Br, I, and Ge (optional internal standard) species, respectively. Although the primary method used was an external standard procedure, an internal standard method approach is discussed herein as well. Calibration and validation were done in a variety of natural and disinfection-treated water samples. The method detection limits (MDLs) in natural water ranged from 0.33 to 0.72 μg L⁻¹ for iodine species, and from 1.36 to 3.28 μg L⁻¹ for bromine species. Spiked recoveries were between 67% and 123%, while relative standard deviations ranged from 0.2% to 12.8% for replicate samples. This method was applied to detect the bromine and iodine species in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and swimming pool water.