A phase‐separable second‐generation hoveyda‐grubbs catalyst for ring‐opening metathesis polymerization

Polyisobutylene‐supported second‐generation Hoveyda‐Grubbs catalyst is shown to be an effective nonpolar phase tag for ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The catalytic activities of the supported Ru–carbene complex in ROMP are comparable to those of their homogeneous counterparts. The separability of these catalysts leads to lower Ru contamination (0.5 ppm levels) in the polymer products in comparison to the nonsupported Hoveyda‐Grubbs catalyst (10 PPM). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

A new class of ruthenium complexes containing Schiff base ligands as promising catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization and ring opening metathesis polymerization

A novel series of Schiff base ruthenium complexes that are active catalysts in the field of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have been prepared. Moreover, when activated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD), these species exhibit good catalytic activity in the ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene and cyclooctene. The activity for both the ROMP and ATRP reaction is dependent on the steric bulk and electron donating ability of the Schiff base ligand. The control over polymerization in ATRP was verified for the two substrates that exhibit the highest activity, namely MMA and styrene. The results show that the optimal ATRP equilibrium leading to a controlled polymerization, can be established by adjusting the steric and electronic properties of the Schiff base ligand.     

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene: Search for active catalysts,variation of monomer to catalyst ratios and monomer concentrations

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene initiated by ruthenium‐based catalysts of the first, second, and third generation was studied. For the polymerization with the second generation Grubbs catalyst [RuCl₂(?CHPh)(H₂IMes)(PCy₃)] (H₂IMes = N,N′‐bis(mesityl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene), the critical monomer concentration at which polymerization occurs was determined, and variation of monomer to catalyst ratios was performed. For this catalyst, ROMP of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene did not show the features of a living polymerization as M_n did not linearly increase with increasing monomer conversion. As a consequence of slow initiation rates and intramolecular polymer degradation, molar masses passed through a maximum during the course of the polymerization. With third generation ruthenium catalysts (which contain 3‐bromo or 2‐methylpyridine ligands), polymerization proceeded rapidly, and degradation reactions could not be observed. Contrary to ruthenium‐based catalysts of the second and third generation, a catalyst of the first generation was not able to polymerize cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A

The use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for bisphenol A (BPA) was reported in this article. The resulting MIPs have high imprinting and adsorption capacities, and can be used for separation and determination of BPA in environmental water samples. The successful application of ROMP in the molecular imprinting field is described here. For the first time, two cross-linkers (dicyclopentadiene and 2,5-norbornadiene) and two Grubbs catalysts (first and second generation) were investigated to compare their effects on the binding performance of MIPs. The ROMP technique is able to create the imprinted polymers within 1 h under mild conditions. Furthermore, it can provide MIPs with obvious imprinting effects towards the template, very fast template rebinding kinetics, high binding capacity and appreciable selectivity over structurally related compounds. The adsorption process for MIPs in this study can be completed within 45 min, which is much faster than that of bulk MIPs synthesized by traditional free-radical polymerization. The resulting imprinting polymer was evaluated for its use as a sorbent support in an off-line solid-phase extraction approach to recover BPA from diluted aqueous samples. The optimized extraction protocol resulted in a reliable MISPE method suitable for selective extraction and preconcentration of BPA from tap water, human urine and liquid milk samples. This article demonstrates the practical feasibility of the MIPs prepared via ROMP as solid-phase extraction materials.     

Catalytic Living Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerisation: The Importance of Ring Strain in Chain Transfer Agents

A recently developed catalytic living ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) was investigated using a series of reversible chain transfer agents (CTA) carrying either cyclopentene or cyclohexene rings, differing only in ring strain. All cyclopentene derivatives examined showed significantly faster reaction rates than the corresponding cyclohexene derivatives. This resulted in lower molecular weight dispersities and better control of the molecular weight for the cyclopentene compared to the cyclohexene CTAs. Both Grubbs’ second and third generation catalysts could be employed in catalytic living ROMP using cyclopentene CTA derivatives. The kinetics of different CTAs were studied, block copolymers were synthesised and residual ruthenium quantified by ICP‐OES. All polymers were fully characterised by NMR, GPC and MALDI‐ToF mass spectrometry. The new cyclopentene CTAs are readily synthesised in a few straightforward steps and provide faster reaction kinetics than all previously reported reversible CTAs.     

In situ generation of highly active olefin metathesis initiators

A ruthenium based benzylidene complex bearing an O,N-bidentate Schiff base ligand exhibits poor olefin metathesis activity but generates a highly active catalyst system when treated with acidic cocatalysts. Various Lewis acids were able to boost the ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cycloocta-1,5-diene (COD). The best results were obtained with trichlorosilane (HSiCl₃), which was also found to improve metathesis activity of the Grubbs second generation catalyst [RuCl₂(CHPh)(H₂IMes)(PCy₃)] in the ROMP of COD and the ring closing metathesis (RCM) of diethyl diallylmalonate.     

Latent catalytic systems for ring-opening metathesis-based thermosets

Synthesis and curing activity of latent ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)-based catalytic systems are reported using polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) as a model system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to monitor the ROMP reactions and to characterize the cured networks. These systems are either slow or completely inactive at ambient temperatures, yet at high temperatures the superior curing activity of other ROMP catalysts are retained. The resulting thermosets show glass transition temperatures from 10 to 25 °C higher than when cured with other ROMP catalysts.     

Improved Molecular Weight Control in Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) Reactions with Ru‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Using N Donors and Acid: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigation

The effect of the addition of H₃PO₄ on the ROMP activity of cyclooctene (COE) with first‐ [Cl₂(PCy₃)₂Ru?CHPh] and second‐generation [(H₂IMes)Cl₂(PCy₃)Ru?CHPh] Grubbs’ catalysts 1 and 4 (Cy=cyclohexyl, Ph=phenyl, Mes=2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl (mesityl)), their inhibited mixtures with 1‐methylimidazole (MIM), as well as their isolated bis‐N,N′‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) derivatives [Cl₂(PCy₃)(DMAP)₂Ru?CHPh)] ( 5 b ) and [Cl₂(H₂IMes)(DMAP)₂Ru?CHPh] ( 7 b ) (DMAP=dimethylaminopyridine), a novel catalyst, has been investigated. The studies include the determination of their initiation rates, as well as a determination of the molecular weights and molecular weight distributions of the polymers obtained with these catalysts and catalyst mixtures from the exo‐7‐oxanorbornene derivative 11 . The structure of catalyst 7 b was confirmed by means of X‐ray diffraction. All N‐donor‐bearing catalysts or N‐donor‐containing catalyst mixtures not only exhibited elevated activity in the presence of acid, but also increased initiation rates. Using the reversible inhibition/activation protocol with MIM and H₃PO₄ enabled us to conduct controlled ROMP with catalyst 4 producing the isolated exo‐7‐oxanorbornene‐based polymer 12 with predetermined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. This effect was based on fast and efficient catalyst initiation in contrast to the parent catalyst 4 . Hexacoordinate complex 5 b also experienced a dramatic increase in initiation rates upon acid‐addition and the ROMP reactions became well‐controlled in contrast to the acid‐free reaction. In contrast, complex 7 b performs well‐controlled ROMP in the absence of acid, whereas the polymerization of the same monomer becomes less controlled in the presence of H₃PO₄. The closer evaluation of catalysts 5 b and 7 b demonstrated that their initiation rates exhibit a linear dependency on the substrate concentration in contrast to catalysts 1 and 4 . As a consequence, their initiation rates are determined by an associative step, not a dissociative step as seen for catalysts 1 and 4 . A feasible associative metathesis initiation mechanism is proposed.     

Easy and effective method to produce functionalized particles for cellular uptake

In this contribution, a versatile approach for the synthesis of functionalized particles for drug delivery is presented, using two nonaggressive standardized procedures. The first procedure considered is the functionalization of an azido‐terminated α‐norbornenyl poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomer with an alkyne‐containing active molecule via the copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition, click type reaction. The functionalized macromonomer is then polymerized by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) in dispersion to form functionalized particles. The second procedure consists in synthesizing particles by ROMP in dispersed media of norbornene with azido‐terminated α‐norbornenyl PEO macromonomer. The ROMP was initiated by the first generation Grubbs catalyst. Such functionalized core‐shell particles have stealthy properties due to their PEO shell and can be viewed as universal nanocarriers on which any alkyne‐modified active molecule can be grafted by click chemistry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

含吡啶配体的钌催化剂合成及在离子液体中开环易位聚合反应

合成了离子液体负载的钌催化剂, 考察了该催化剂在离子液体中对极性环烯烃单体的开环易位聚合(ROMP)反应规律. 首先设计合成含离子液体的吡啶配体1,2-二甲基-3-己氧基吡啶六氟磷酸盐咪唑离子液体配体, 利用其与Grubbs第二代催化剂配位反应, 制备离子液体负载的钌催化剂, 通过1H, 13C NMR等方法对合成的化合物和催化剂进行表征. 催化剂中与钌连接的苯亚甲基上氢(RuCH—Ph) 的振动峰由原来Grubbs第二代催化剂的δ 19.2移至δ 18.6, 表明得到了新的催化剂, ICP测定催化剂混合物中纯催化剂的质量分数为36.2%. 该催化剂易溶于丙酮、甲醇及咪唑类离子液体等极性溶剂, 解决了Grubbs催化剂不溶于离子液体的问题, 实现了在纯离子液体中均相ROMP反应. 考察了催化剂对极性单体5-羟基环辛烯在离子液体[BMIm]BF4中的ROMP反应规律, 研究了离子液体中ROMP反应动力学.     

离子液体负载钌络合物的合成及其催化环烯烃开环易位聚合

设计合成了含离子液体的吡啶配体1,2-二甲基-3-乙氧基吡啶六氟磷酸盐咪唑离子液体,在丙酮∶石油醚=3∶1的混合溶剂制备了含咪唑的离子液体.该离子液体可以做配体与Grubbs第二代催化剂反应,制备离子液体负载的钌催化剂,利用(1H,13C,31P)-NMR、元素分析等方法对合成的化合物和催化剂进行表征,催化剂中与钌连接的苯亚甲基上氢(RuCH—Ph)的振动峰由原来第二代催化剂的δ=19.2移至δ=16.27,在δ=-143.3处只出现PF6-中磷的信号峰,PCy3的信号消失,表明PCy3已经被置换完全,得到了新的催化剂.通过ICP测定含吡啶配体的离子液体负载的催化剂在混合物中的含量为14wt%.该催化剂在丙酮、甲醇、咪唑类离子液体等极性溶剂中易于溶解,解决了Grubbs催化剂在离子液体中不溶解的问题,实现了在纯离子液体中均相ROMP反应.考察了催化剂对不同极性单体在离子液体[BMIm]BF4中的开环易位聚合反应,非极性的环辛烯、含有中等极性取代基的5-羟基环辛烯单体以及含强极性取代基的5-腈基-2-降冰片烯单体的转化率分别为96%、73%和51.7%.利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了聚合物的分子量及分子量分布.     

开环易位聚合聚双环戊二烯的合成及结构与性能的研究进展

开环易位聚合环烯烃已成为高分子工程领域的一个研究热点。其中,由于双环戊二烯（DCPD）价格低廉、来源充分、聚合后形成的聚双环戊二烯（PDCPD）具有优异的力学性能等优点,使得DCPD的开环易位聚合得到广泛关注。本文综述了DCPD开环易位聚合反应机理、催化体系、PDCPD的结构、PDCPD的表面改性、纳米共聚物以及PDC...     

Highly Active Ruthenium Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: The Synergy of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Coordinatively Labile Ligands

Two N-heterocyclic carbene ligands at once may be one too many , at least if you intend to have highly active ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis. Density functional calculations recommend the replacement of the second carbene ligand in the successful ROMP catalysts 1 by coordinatively more labile ligands as in 2 or 3 . In both cases, the catalytic activity is greatly improved.     

Olefin metathesis polymerization: Some recent developments in the precise polymerizations for synthesis of advanced materials (by ROMP,ADMET)

Recent results for synthesis of end-functionalized polymers (EFP) by using olefin metathesis polymerization have been introduced including basic characteristics in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic olefins and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization for synthesis of conjugated polymers. Several approaches were demonstrated for synthesis of EFP by living ROMP using molybdenum (exclusive coupling with aldehyde) and ruthenium catalysts (sacrificial ROMP, chain transfer). Cis specific (Z selective) ROMPs were achieved by molybdenum, ruthenium, and vanadium catalysts by the ligand modification. The catalytic synthesis of EFP with high cis selectivity has been achieved by combined ROMP with chain transfer by V(CHSiMe₃)(N-2,6-Cl₂C₆H₃)[OC(CF₃)₃](PMe₃)₂. The ADMET polymerization using molybdenum and ruthenium catalysts afforded defect-free, high molecular weight poly(arylene vinylene)s containing all trans olefinic double bonds. The methods for precise synthesis of EFPs, exhibiting unique optical properties combined with the end groups, were developed. The catalytic one-pot syntheses for EFPs have also been developed.     

Chelating Ruthenium Phenolate Complexes: Synthesis,General Catalytic Activity,and Applications in Olefin Metathesis Polymerization

Cyclic Ru‐phenolates were synthesized, and these compounds were used as olefin metathesis catalysts. Investigation of their catalytic activity pointed out that, after activation with chemical agents, these catalysts promote ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), enyne and cross‐metathesis (CM) reactions, including butenolysis, with good results. Importantly, these latent catalysts are soluble in neat dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and show good applicability in ring‐opening metathesis polymeriyation (ROMP) of this monomer.     

New catalysts for the polymerization of cyclic olefins

Various routes to high T_g thermoplastic materials based on the Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polymerization of norbornene-type monomers are described. These routes involve both ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and addition polymerization. New catalysts, and a new catalytically-active metal (cobalt), for both ROMP and the addition homopolymerization of norbornene-type monomers are reported.     

Contact metathesis polymerization (CMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has been used to investigate adhesive and coating formation via a general process called contact metathesis polymerization (CMP). This process involves applying a metathesis catalyst directly to the surface to be modified and initiating the polymerization by exposing this newly formed catalyst-coated surface to a monomer capable of undergoing ROMP, thereby creating an adhesive bond or coating. In this paper, we describe excellent primary adhesion results of bonding low surface energy elastomers to metals and themselves using ROMP as the operative chemistry. The elastomers natural rubber, EPDM, and Santoprene^® are difficult to bond using conventional methods, particularly in their post-vulcanized state. CMP yields rubber-tearing bonds to pre- and post-vulcanized elastomers at room temperature under ambient conditions in air, in the presence of moisture, and with minimal surface preparation using well-defined olefin metathesis catalysts.     

Trends in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Abstract

Several transition metal alkylidene complexes are first discussed as catalysts for the ring-opening metathesis reaction. A new ruthenium catalyst with a slightly enhanced reaction rate is introduced. The stereochemistry and kinetics of the catalysts are investigated with different norbornene derivatives. Then it is shown that MgCl₂ alone is a good heterogeneous catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene compounds. This is the first catalyst which does not need activation by a transition metal compound or another organometallic cocatalyst. Applications of the ROMP reaction for the synthesis of polymer specialities covering conjugated liquid crystals and optically active polymers are shown. Poly(cyclopentadienylene vinylene) and sidechain liquid crystal polymers are discussed in more detail. Finally, the synthesis of liquid crystalline elastomers by incorporation of bifunctional monomers during the ROMP reaction is described. It is shown that this kind of polymer can be used for the fabrication of optically anisotropic materials.     

Drug-loaded, bivalent-bottle-brush polymers by graft-through ROMP

Graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts has enabled the synthesis of bottle-brush polymers with unprecedented ease and control. Here we report the first bivalent-brush polymers; these materials were prepared by graft-through ROMP of drug-loaded polyethylene-glycol (PEG) based macromonomers (MMs). Anticancer drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and camptothecin (CT) were attached to a norbornene-alkyne-PEG MM via a photocleavable linker. ROMP of either or both drug-loaded MMs generated brush homo- and co-polymers with low polydispersities and defined molecular weights. Release of free DOX and CT from these materials was initiated by exposure to 365 nm light. All of the CT and DOX polymers were at least 10-fold more toxic to human cancer cells after photoinitiated drug release while a copolymer carrying both CT and DOX displayed 30-fold increased toxicity upon irradiation. Graft-through ROMP of drug-loaded macromonomers provides a general method for the systematic study of structure-function relationships for stimuli-responsive polymers in biological systems.     

Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Kinetics of Cyclooctene with Second Generation Grubbs’ Catalyst

A kinetic study of the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cis-cyclooctene using the ruthenium initiator benzylidene [1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene]-dichloro-(tricyclohexylphosphine) (second generation Grubbs’ catalyst) was carried out by ¹H-NMR. The dependence on the reaction rate with the temperature and the influence of the addition of a chain transfer agent were evaluated. Some kinetic constants are also reported for this system.