旋转方形截面螺旋管内流动与传热特性

利用数值计算方法研究了旋转矩形截面螺旋管内的粘性流动，分析了在离心力，科氏力共同作用下曲线管道中的二次流动结构、轴向流速分布、截面温度分布、摩擦系数比以及管道Nusselt数比随各参数的变化情况。计算结果表明：当旋转方向和主流方向相同时，旋转的作用与增大Dean数的作用相同，使得管道摩擦系数变大，管道换热效果增强，而当旋转方向和主流方向相反时，管道内流动结构变化十分明显，当F≈-1．2时(F为科氏力与离心力之比)，二次流出现类似于直扭管内的鞍状流动结构，轴向速度类似于静止直管内的流动结构，管道内的摩擦系数与静止直管内的摩擦系数大约相等，换热效果减至最弱；挠率对流动结构以及摩擦系数比和Nusselt系数比的影响效果与F有关。     

一种浆体管道中气体含量的测试方法

实际的浆体输送管道中通常都含有少量的气体并会使泵的性能明显下降,现有的常规方法很难测量该气体含量。本文给出了浆体管道中气液固三相伪均质流和非均质流压力波波速计算式,数值分析表明,波速随着浆体中气体含量增加而迅速降低,并应用实例探讨了利用声速来测量浆体管道中气体含量的可行性和具体的测试方法,结果表明,通过在线测量管路中声波的速度或频率可以较准确地获得浆体中微量气体体积含量。     

除尘管道内铝粉运移及沉积的数值研究

基于DPM(Discrete Phase Model)模型，研究了长直通风管道内粒径服从Rosin-Rammler 分布的铝粉的运移与沉积规律．基于颗粒与壁面的碰撞过程中的能量分析，建立了粉尘沉积-回弹模型，得出了粉尘沉积的判定准则及脱离壁面时的回弹速度．利用UDF 将沉积-回弹模型嵌入Fluent，完成了对管道内粉尘运移和沉积的数值模拟．粉尘沉积的数值结果与实验结果符合得较好，验证了所提模型的有效性．数值结果表明风速的增大使管道内粉尘浓度明显降低，管壁粉尘沉积率也降低；粒径的增大对粉尘浓度的大小影响不明显，主要影响粉尘浓度在管道内的分布情况，同时会增大粉尘在管壁的沉积率．     

FV/MC混合算法求解轴对称钝体后湍流流场

介绍一种有限容积／Monte Carlo结合求解湍流流场的相容的混合算法．有限容积法求解Reynolds平均的动量方程和能量方程，Monte Carlo方法求解模化的脉动速度—频率—标量联合的PDF方程．将该算法发展到无结构网格，探讨了在无结构网格中实现两种方法的耦合，包括颗粒定位，颗粒场和平均场之间数据交换等问题．并以二维轴对称钝体后湍流流场作为算例，比较了计算结果与实验结果．     

管内固-液两相流动阻力特性影响因素的敏感性分析

在浆体管道的工程设计中，管道阻力损失是一项关键参数。在大量实验的基础上，本文根据取得的有关实验成果，对影响管内固-液两相流动阻力的4个最主要因素-管径D、颗粒比重S、浆体浓度Cv和倾角θ进行了深入探讨，并采用多因素分析法比较了它们对于固体物料管道水力输送阻力输送阻力损失的影响程度大小关系，从而为在工程设计降低管道输送阻力提供了主要调整手段。     

从分子运动论看连续介质气体动力学和稀薄气体的新特性

首先，综述了根据分子运动论对连续介质极限气体行为的最近研究．它表明：经典的连续气体动力学是不完整的；用分子运动论分析在连续介质极限时一些重要情况得到气体的正确行为是必不可免的．即，除了特殊的情况，甚至在平均自由程变为零的极限下热传导方程不能描述静止气体温度场；文中给出了根据分子运动论导出的温度场的正确方程组和边界条件及其具体应用．还用同轴圆筒间的包含气体凝聚相的气体流场的渐近分析，论证了经典连续气体动力学方程组的不完整性．其次，综述了最近几年发现的稀薄气体流动的新特性．如在凸体周围速度分布函数的不连续性及它与Ｓ层的关系，加热平板边缘周围引起的流动，有周期性温度分布的管道内产生的单方向流动．     

W/ZrNiAlCu亚稳态合金复合材料破片对RHA靶的侵彻释能特性

为研究W/ZrNiAlCu亚稳态合金复合材料破片对RHA靶板的侵彻释能特性,采用高速摄影弹道枪侵彻实验和能量方程、Avrami-Erofeev方程理论分析的方法,对破片的侵彻释能过程、侵彻规律、释能规律进行了研究。结果表明,破片在撞击并贯穿靶板的过程中激发了材料的燃烧反应,在靶板前方和后方产生了明显火光,随着撞击速度增加,火光范围增加、亮度提高;破片撞击速度、冲塞体速度的关系符合采用能量法推导的包含质量损失的破片侵彻公式,破片理论弹道极限速度为987.1 m·s?1;在实验速度范围内,材料反应效率随着冲击压力的增加而增加,与实验现象吻合。     

流致振动能量收集的钝头体几何设计研究

流致振动蕴含着可观的能量, 通过能量收集技术可将其转化为电能. 为提高低速流场中能量转化效率, 本文实验研究了不同截面下钝头体以及它们的宽厚比(W/T)对流致振动能量收集特性的影响, 并通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamic, CFD)仿真分析了尾流特性. 流致振动能量收集装置由压电悬臂梁和不同截面的钝头体构成. 首先搭建了流致振动能量收集风洞实验平台, 钝头体的截面分别设置为矩形、三角形和D形, 宽厚比分别设定为1, 1.3, 1.8和2.5. 然后利用实验方法分析不同形状钝头体的宽厚比(W/T)对位移响应和电压响应的影响规律. 最后通过计算流体动力学模拟揭示实验结果的内在力学机理. 实验结果表明, 当钝头体截面为矩形时, 增大宽厚比可以显著提高电压输出峰值; 当钝头体为三角形和D形时, 增加宽厚比将使系统呈现“驰振”→“驰振 + 涡激振动”→“涡激振动”响应特性变化趋势, 提高了低风速时的能量收集效果. CFD结果解释了实验现象, 即随着宽厚比增加, 钝头体尾流会产生更加强劲的涡街, 显著提高流致振动能量收集效果. 相关结果可优化流致振动能量收集装置结构, 为提高低速流场的能量收集效果提供理论和实验依据.      

用简化Acierno模型预测LDPE熔体的触变环实验

考察了简化Acierno型本构方程的预测能力．用简化Acierno方程预测了LDPE(Q200)熔体的触变环实验,比较了该方程和变型Huang方程在拟合和预测触变环实验方面的差异．虽然简化Acierno方程只能拟合LDPE熔体的部分触变环实验,但该方程预测的触变环与实验值的偏差较小,而同样的计算条件下,变型Huang方程的预测结果与实验值相差较大．简化Acierno方程的构造比变型Huang方程的构造更为合理．     

牵引斜碰撞的过程分析及应用

与中学物理不同,力学问题需要具体确认相关原理的适用条件.物体因绳索作用而速度急剧变化的牵引碰撞,受到速度方向、绳子变形以及地面摩擦等多种因素的影响,可能作直线、圆周或抛体运动,且可以追上牵引者.不过,汽车牵拉石头从静止起动似难以砸到后窗,相关视频的解释需要在绳索拉力之外寻找引起竖直速度的外力.     

等效粒径与非均匀沙起动条件研究

阐述了泥沙起动机理，通过对等效粒径概念及表达式的引入，推得了泥沙起动公式，该公式的系数并非一个常量，而是位于某个区间，且随泥沙粒径、相对暴露度及起动标准而变，同时得到了均匀沙的起动公式，该公式系数同样位于一个区间，通过与部分均匀沙公式的系数比较可知，所给出的系数的取值区间基本涵盖了其他公式系数，说明采用等效粒径能反映泥沙的起动特性。     

A conductivity probe for measuring local concentrations in slurry systems

A simple, economical and accurate technique has been developed to measure local in situ solids concentration in slurry systems. The instrument relies on measuring slurry resistivity, as it changes with the solids concentration, for a small region in space. The device was tested in comparison with isokinetic sampling and γ-ray absorption for a variety of slurry pipeline flows. The effects of fluid properties, temperature, velocity, particle size and pipe wall material were examined experimentally. In contrast with previous techniques the effect of fluid velocity upon the measurements was eliminated by a dual electrode-pair system.     

A new approach to solve the problems of seismic vibrations for periodically nonuniform buried pipelines

The method proposed by E.A. Il’yushina is used to study the longitudinal vibrations of segmented buried pipelines. It is shown that the averaged wave velocity in a periodically nonuniform pipeline is specified by the effective static moduli of the periodicity cell and that, in the case of using a vibration damping material made of rubber or soft metal at joints between pipes, this velocity can be much less than the velocity of longitudinal waves in the main pipe. The last fact makes it reasonable to consider supersonic regimes in the problems of seismic vibrations when the wave velocity in a pipeline is less than the wave velocity in the soil.     

Marangoni效应下气泡上升过程的FTM模拟

采用界面跟踪法FTM(Front-Tracking Method),并结合CSF(continuum surface force)模型,研究了在垂直方向上温度分布不均匀的对称流场中由Marangoni效应引起的气泡上升运动问题。模拟了在不同的M a数和Pr数下单气泡及同轴双气泡的运动。研究结果表明,在不同的M a数下气泡的运动差异较大,M a数越大,气泡运动至稳态时的速度越大,且气泡运动的最大速度值与M a数呈正相关关系;增大Pr数所造成的粘度增大或热扩散率减小将削弱气泡的迁移运动;Marangoni对流中双气泡的局部运动证实了温度梯度和气泡运动速度紧密相关。     

Studies of dynamics of a lightweight wheeled mobile robot during longitudinal motion on soft ground

The paper is concerned with the study of longitudinal motion of a lightweight wheeled mobile robot on soft ground. The study is focused on the influence of the desired longitudinal velocity of a robot on both the longitudinal slip of the wheels and the ratio of wheel-terrain contact angles. Design of the four-wheeled skid-steered robot and research environment are described. Experimental investigations were conducted on a dedicated test stand with dry sand. A dynamics model of the robot-ground system taking into account properties of soft ground is presented. The classical terramechanics models of Bekker and Janosi-Hanamoto are used. Results of simulation research of robot motion and of the analogous experimental investigations are presented. Actual motion parameters of the robot and the values of longitudinal slip ratio of the wheels are determined. The results of simulation and experimental investigations are compared and discussed. A formula to describe front-to-back wheel-terrain contact angle ratio dependency on the desired velocity is proposed.     

The mechanical properties of the slurry and the resistance force of a sphere moving with uniform velocity in the slurry

It is commonly considered that the mechanical properties of the slurry are different from that of ordinary Newtonian fluid, and can be described by that of Bingham fluid. Hence its shearing stress should be described by the formula of the shearing stress of Bingham fluid. But the author holds the contrary opinion and firmly believes that the slurry is a highly viscous fluid with very long relaxation time such as those of asphalt, glass, etc. In this article, we have discussed the mechanical properties of the slurry and the resistance of a sphere moving with uniform velocity in the slurry. In the process of discussion, we use Stokes solution of the viscous fluid passing around a sphere. When the sphere is in equilibrium under the action of gravitational force, the force of buoyancy and the resistance, we get the velocity of sedimentation. When the velocity of sedimentation is equal to zero, we get the relation between the yield stress of Bingham fluid and the diameter of the particles which will not sink. The theoretical results calculated are compared with the experimental data of Northwest Institute of Hydrotechnical Research and Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission. They are congruous.     

Basic properties of natural vibrations of an extended segment of a pipeline

Natural transverse vibrations of an extended segment of a pipeline containing a uniformly moving fluid are considered. The mechanical model under study takes into account the inertial forces of the pipe and environment and the moment of Coriolis and centrifugal forces arising because of the medium motion. It is proved that all natural frequencies of the pipeline rigidly clamped at both ends are real (and hence no flutter can arise in this model). For the first three modes, the dependence of the eigenvalues on the fluid flow velocity (varying from zero to the buckling velocity) are constructed, and their properties depending on the inertia parameter are studied. Families of vibration mode shapes of the pipeline are constructed and investigated.     

A simple and explicit algebraic expression for the Rayleigh wave velocity

In this note a factorization technique based on the theory of the Riemann problem is used to derive a compact algebraic formula for the velocity of Rayleigh waves. Unlike previous results based on rationalization and Cardan’s solution of a cubic, the present formulation leads to a formula for the velocity which is a continuous function of the Poission’s ratio and yet is simple enough to be of practical interest. The new formula also enables us to express the complex roots associated with the Rayleigh wave equation as simple functions of the Rayleigh wave velocity.     

Modeling and theoretical analysis of a novel ratcheting-type cam-based infinitely variable transmission system

An infinitely variable transmission (IVT) is a system that allows for a continuous (non-discrete) variation (including zero) in transmission ratio between two rotating elements. In this paper, a novel ratcheting-type IVT mechanism is presented and its geometrical design and kinematic analysis are studied in details. The proposed system contains two identical units. Each unit includes a cam with a follower, oscillatory slotted links pivoted at a shaft that can be moved vertically by a hydraulic ram (alterable transmission ratio), and a grooved wheel with an actuating rod. The input rotational motion is converted through each unit to an oscillatory angular motion of controlled amplitude. This resulting motion is rectified using a ratchet to get a unidirectional output rotational motion. Therefore, the system output motion will have a different velocity and acceleration than those of the system input. The kinematic analysis revealed that the transmission ratio can be varied continuously in a range from zero to infinity. The analysis also showed that, for particular transmission ratios, the system gives uniform output (angular velocity and acceleration) for a corresponding uniform input.     

WATER HAMMER PRESSURE OF HYDRAULIC LIFTING PIPELINE IN DEEP-SEA MINING PILOT SYSTEM

深海采矿系统可能由于突然停泵、断电或机械故障等引起提升管道中流体速度瞬间变化, 导致管道内压力剧烈变化, 这种水击现象对管道破坏极大. 基于固液两相流体连续性原理和动量定理, 推导出含粗颗粒的固液两相流体管道水击压力的计算公式. 采用深海采矿中试系统参数, 模拟计算不同水体流速、不同流体浓度以及不同管径条件下的水击压力. 分析结果表明, 流速、体积浓度和管径是影响水击压力的重要因素, 其中, 流速影响最大. 研究结果可为深海采矿系统工程设计提供依据.