环形磁场金属等离子体源冷却流场的数值模拟与优化

环形磁场金属等离子体源作为一种全新的等离子体源结构,可用于产生高度离化、无大颗粒、高密度的离子束流,但传统流道结构不能保证其高效、均匀散热,大功率工作时可能引起密封胶圈的烧蚀失效,需对其冷却流场进行优化设计.利用Solidworks Flow Simulation软件对等离子体源冷却流道进行模拟,分析出入水孔分布角度、孔数、孔径以及入水孔高度对冷却效果的影响规律,并对流道结构参数进行优化.结果表明,增大水孔的周向分布范围,有利于提高散热的均匀性;入水孔设置在结构上层有利于减少冷却水的温度分层现象,使铜套和密封胶圈都处于较好的冷却状态;适当减小孔径有利于增大冷却水射流速度,增大湍流程度强化传热,提高换热效率.优化后的流场结构可以提高冷却水的利用率,在相同流量条件下获得更好的冷却效果,改善等离子体源的放电稳定性,为环形磁场金属等离子体源的冷却结构设计提供理论依据.     

带气膜孔内部冷却通道的流动传热特性

燃气轮机高温透平内部冷却通道中弯头、肋片和气膜孔之间存在着复杂的交互作用。本文采用瞬态液晶技术对光滑通道、无抽吸的带肋通道和有气膜孔抽吸的带肋通道的表面传热分布和沿程压力损失进行了详细测量,同时采用RANS数值模拟方法研究其流场特性。结果表明180°弯头产生的大分离是压力损失的主要因素,45°斜肋片产生的螺旋形流动在弯头与大分离交互作用明显,气膜孔抽吸破坏孔附近边界层使得肋间传热而相对集中于孔附近。在13%抽吸量条件下,气膜孔抽吸降低U型通道中压力损失约20%,同时保持传热强化程度与无抽吸工况相同。     

强激光热管冷却镜的数值研究

 为消除强激光微沟道水冷镜冷却水压力和扰动对激光输出稳定性的影响和冷却水道对冷却水流量的限制,提出并设计了热管冷却镜。采用ANSYS有限元软件,模拟计算了相同结构下镜面热吸收为12 W/cm²,实心镜、微沟道水冷镜与热管冷却镜连续工作60 s下镜体温升和镜面变形量。计算结果表明：热管冷却镜镜面轴向位移最大峰谷值为0.109 4 μm,微沟道水冷镜最大峰谷值为0.845 μm,实心镜镜面最大峰谷值为1.33 μm,热管冷却镜对镜面变形改善显著。     

Turbulent cooling of the gas and dielectric recovery following a spark discharge

A theoretical model is proposed for performing self-consistent calculations of the entire evolution of a spark discharge and the subsequent cooling of the postdischarge channel and dielectric recovery for a specified aperiodic discharge current pulse, taking into account the generation and dissipation of turbulent motion of the gas. The results are compared with the well-known experiments of E. P. Bel’kov, where it was discovered that the dielectric recovery rate depends on the characteristics of the discharge current pulse, which ultimately determine the intensity of the turbulent motion arising in the cooling channel. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 30–35 (February 1998)     

Theory of cooling by flow through narrow pores

We consider the possibility of adding a stage to a dilution refrigerator to provide additional cooling by "filtering out" hot atoms. Three methods are considered: (1) effusion, where holes having diameters larger than a mean-free path allow atoms to pass through easily; (2) particle waveguidelike motion using very narrow channels that greatly restrict the quantum states of the atoms in a channel; (3) wall-limited diffusion through channels, in which the wall scattering is disordered so that local density equilibrium is established in a channel. We assume that channel dimensions are smaller than the mean-free path for atom-atom interactions. The particle waveguide and the wall-limited diffusion methods using channels on order of the de Broglie wavelength give cooling. Recent advances in nanofilters give this method some hope of being practical.     

Electro-optomechanical cooperative cooling of nanomechanical oscillator beyond resolved sideband regime

We propose a ground-state cooling scheme for a nanomechanical oscillator(NMO)that interacts with an optical cavity via radiation pressure at one side and with a superconducting microwave cavity via a capacitor at the other side.By driving these two cavities on their respective red sidebands with extra laser and microwave fields,the NMO’s dual cooling channel is created through electro-optomechanical cooperation.Differing from the conventional optomechanical system with a single optical cavity wherein ground-state cooling is limited in the resolved sideband,the proposed scheme allows the optical cavity to function in an unresolved sideband regime under the cooperation of a microwave cavity with a high quality factor,or vice versa.In a weak coupling regime we demonstrate that the NMO can be cooled to near its ground-state from a finite temperature with a cooling rate that is significantly faster than that of the single-cavity optomechanical system.The heating process can be completely suppressed by the cooperation of the dual cooling channel by appropriately selecting the system’s parameters.With a decreasing thermal phonon number,the numerical results of final mechanical occupancy gradually approach the analytical cooling limit.     

Effect of defects on the electronic structure of a PbI2/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructure: A first-principles study

PbI2/MoS2,as a typical van der Waals(vdW)heterostructure,has attracted intensive attention owing to its remarkable electronic and optoelectronic properties.In this work,the effect of defects on the electronic structures of a PbI2/MoS2 heterointerface has been systematically investigated.The manner in which the defects modulate the band structure of PbI2/MoS2,including the band gap,band edge,band alignment,and defect energy-level density within the band gap is discussed herein.It is shown that sulfur defects tune the band gaps,iodine defects shift the positions of the band edge and Fermi level,and lead defects realize the conversions between the straddling-gap band alignment and valence-band-aligned gap,thus enhancing the light-absorption ability of the material.     

管道连接装配型ITER增强热负荷第一壁的初步设计

中方承制的ITER第一壁采用大量焊接连接结构,冷却通道焊缝多,冷却水泄漏风险大,且存在焊接装配难以更换缺损部件等关键问题。在全尺寸原型件工艺认证阶段,需基于半原型研发基础,对其进行更改设计。设计重点在于手指部件采用前部燕尾槽和中部螺钉连接的固定结构,手指对采用前部管管连接、中部管连接件与中心梁焊接形成内部冷却通道回路。对初步设计模型进行了结构热及弹塑性分析。分析结果显示其温度、位移、强度均在可接受范围内,可以采用这种结构继续进行整个增强热负荷第一壁的详细设计。     

内嵌微流道低温共烧陶瓷基板传热性能（英）

随着系统级封装（SIP）所容纳的电子元器件和集成密度迅速增加,传统的散热方法（热通孔、风冷散热等）越来越难以满足系统级封装的热管理需求。低温共烧陶瓷（LTCC）作为常见的封装基板材料之一,设计并研制了三种内嵌于LTCC基板的微流道,其中包括直排型、蛇型和螺旋型微流道（高度为0.3 mm,宽度分别为0.4, 0.5和0.8 mm）。通过数值仿真和红外热像仪测试相结合的方式分析了微流道网络结构、流体质量流量、雷诺数、材料热导率对内嵌微流道LTCC基板换热性能的影响,实验结果表明:当去离子水的流量为10 mL/min,热源等效功率为2 W/cm2时,直排型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在3.1 kPa输入泵压差下能降低75.4 ℃,蛇型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在85.8 kPa输入泵压差下能降低80.2 ℃,螺旋型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在103.1 kPa输入泵压差下能降低86.7 ℃。在三种微流道中,直排型微流道具有最小的雷诺数,在相同的输入泵压差下有最好的散热性能。窄的直排型微流道（0.4 mm）在相同的流道排布密度和流体流量时比宽的微流道（0.8 mm）能多降低基板温度10 ℃。此外,提高封装材料的热导率有助于提高微流道的换热性能。     

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of conjugate heat transfer on film cooling

Combined convection heat transfer and thermal conduction for film cooling of a flat plate with 45° ribs on one wall was investigated experimentally and numerically. The flat plate surface temperature was measured using thermochromic liquid crystals. The results show that the film cooling is the main mechanism for the local cooling with a very low thermal conductivity while the convection heat transfer of the coolant in the coolant channel is the dominant heat transfer mechanism for the high thermal conductivity plate, with both film cooling and convection heat transfer by the coolant being important with medium thermal conductivity walls.     

影响HL-2M 偏滤器靶板冷却性能的结构参数研究

在石墨瓦和热沉板可达到的最高温度的优化目标下,基于热传导和对流换热方程,利用CFX软件采用单一参数分析的方法对HL-2M偏滤器石墨瓦厚度、热沉板内管道中心位置、管道直径、石墨瓦与热沉板接触热阻等关键结构设计变量进行了数值仿真及分析。研究结果表明：石墨瓦厚度为25mm时,HL-2M偏滤器冷却性能最佳;热沉板内管道中心离靶板表面越远,其热交换性能越差,且近似呈线性关系;热沉板内管道直径增大,对偏滤器冷却性能略有提高;石墨瓦与热沉板之间传热系数越大,偏滤器冷却性能有所改善,但对热沉板的热冲击越大。     

压力管嵌入式燃料部件入口堵流事故多尺度热工模拟

压力管嵌入式燃料部件内冷却剂管道间不存在横向交混,若燃料辐照肿胀或碎片进入冷却管道内,容易引发堵流事故,造成局部冷却条件恶化,使燃料烧毁。考虑到次临界能源包层流动路径长、方向弯曲等特点,针对入口堵流事故提出一种多尺度热工模拟方法,通过RELAP5程序给计算流体力学(CFD)软件提供边界条件,对核功率密度最高的燃料部件入口处第一排单根流道部分堵塞和全部堵塞工况进行数值模拟,分析事故条件下燃料热工安全特性。结果表明:第一排单根流道部分堵塞时燃料温度仍满足安全限值,而全部堵塞时峰值温度将超过燃料相变温度限值。     

翼前缘层板对流冷却结构的防热效果分析

针对飞行器高超声速飞行时严重的气动加热环境, 设计一种层板对流冷却结构对翼前缘进行热防护. 提出一种壁面冷却效率参数η, 并运用流固耦合的分析方法, 研究了对流冷却结构在特定条件下的冷却效果, 其中采用水冷时头部冷却效率η 值最低为0.25. 研究表明, 对流结构冷却效果与内部冷却槽道深宽比γ 有重要关系, η值随γ 的增大而增大至一个稳定值, 此时冷却效果达到饱和, 若此时γ 继续增加则可能出现不利于冷却的现象. 冷却效果η随着前缘头部半径的减小而减弱. 研究还表明, 当层板对流冷却结构和材料固定时, η 值随冷却剂流量增加而增大, 并逐渐趋近至一个稳定值, 而冷却槽道进出口压差急剧增大. 因此需要综合考虑提高流量给供给系统带来的压力, 选取最佳流量值以达到相对较好的冷却效果. 对于材料而言, 内部冷却通道和外部耐热层都应选择导热系数较高的材料, 能够强化结构传热增强冷却效果.     

涡轮叶片前缘阵列冲击冷却流动及传热特性数值研究

本文采用SST湍流模型模拟了类前缘通道内蒸汽射流阵列冲击冷却的流动与传热特性,分析了雷诺数(Re =10000～50000)、孔径比(d/H= 0.5?0.9)和孔间距比(S/H = 2～6)对流动及传热性能的影响规律,得到了相应的传热和摩擦关联式.结果表明:在不同雷诺数下,d/H从0.5到0.9变化时,通道压力损失系...     

A novel fluid–wall heat transfer model for molecular dynamics simulations

The ‘fluid–wall thermal equilibrium model’, to numerically simulate heating/cooling of fluid atoms by wall atoms, is used to compare molecular dynamics simulation results to the analytical solution of 1-D heat equation. Liquid argon atoms are placed between two platinum walls and simultaneous heating and cooling is simulated at the walls. Temperature gradient in liquid argon is evaluated and the results are found to match well with the analytical solution showing the physical soundness of the proposed model. Additional simulations are done where liquid argon atoms are heated by both the walls for two different channel heights and it is shown that in such cases, heat transfer occurs at a faster rate than predicted by heat equation with decreasing channel heights.     

Temperature mapping in a two-phase water-steam horizontal flow

This experimental study focuses on the investigation of a flow boiling that occurs during the cooling process of a high temperature heated horizontal channel. Unpressurized water is used as working fluid. An intrusive thermally instrumented cell enables the phase change to be detected at different positions inside the channel. Alongside, welded thermocouples on the external wall of the channel give information about the influence of the phase change. Several cooling flowrates are tested in order to study their influence on the phase change duration. Finally, experimental results are compared to numerical simulations to determine some characteristic parameters as bulk temperature and heat transfer coefficient.     

������ɢ�����йܵ����εij����������

提出了一种利用ANSYS软件模拟单轴扩散焊过程的仿真计算方法,主要研究采用单轴扩散焊工艺制备聚变实验包层模块冷却管板中的管道变形问题,同时采用低活性马氏体钢进行了相关实验研究,并将实验结果与仿真结果进行对比以验证计算方法的可靠性。结果表明,在单轴扩散焊过程中,管道出现较大变形;仿真计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。这表明本方法将有助于单轴扩散焊制造冷却板的工艺改进。     

Cooling electrons by magnetic-field tuning of Andreev reflection

A solid-state cooling principle based on magnetic-field-driven tunable suppression of Andreev reflection in superconductor/two-dimensional electron gas nanostructures is proposed. This cooling mechanism can lead to very large heat fluxes per channel up to 10;{4} times greater than currently achieved with superconducting tunnel junctions. This efficacy and its availability in a two-dimensional electron system make this method of particular relevance for the implementation of quantum nanostructures operating at cryogenic temperatures.     

高温涡轮叶片三种内冷通道冷却性能的实验研究

本文用实验方法研究了高温涡轮叶片三种内冷通道的压力分布、冷热态流阻及局部换热系数分布．叶片前部分别采用径向光滑通道、集中冲击冷却和分散冲击冷却三种结构，叶片后部则分别采用三排φ3扰流柱和五排φ2扰流柱稠密布置两种结构．对这三种结构进行了冷却性能比较，提出了该类冷却通道的最佳结构．     

高平均功率面阵二极管激光器散热分析

 采用三维有限元法分析了面阵二极管激光器背冷式封装结构的散热效率,对次热沉厚度,冷却器结构参数进行了优化设计,计算结果表明,优化设计后的封装结构,可满足面功率密度为500W/cm²,占空比为20％的高平均功率面阵二极管激光器的散热要求。