Low-field MRI of laser polarized noble gas.

NMR images of laser polarized 3He gas were obtained at 21 G using a simple, homebuilt instrument. At such low fields magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of thermally polarized samples (e.g., water) is not practical. Low-field noble gas MRI has novel scientific, engineering, and medical applications. Examples include portable systems for diagnosis of lung disease, as well as imaging of voids in porous media and within metallic systems.     

Application of the NMR-MOUSE to food emulsions

The application of the NMR-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) to study food systems is evaluated using oil-in-water emulsions, and the results are compared to those obtained using a conventional low-field NMR (LF-NMR) instrument. The NMR-MOUSE is a small and portable LF-NMR system with a one-sided magnet layout that is used to replace the conventional magnet and probe on a LF-NMR instrument. The high magnetic field gradients associated with the one-sided MOUSE magnet result in NMR signal decays being dominated by molecular diffusion effects, which makes it possible to discriminate between the NMR signals from oil and water. Different data acquisition parameters as well as different approaches to the analysis of the NMR data from a range of oil-in-water emulsions are evaluated, and it is demonstrated how the concentration of oil and water can be determined from the NMR-MOUSE signals. From these model systems it is concluded that the NMR-MOUSE has good potential for the quantitative analysis of intact food products.     

Mobile mass spectrometer for determination of heavy metals in sea water: Numerical simulation and experimental verification

A prototype mobile mass spectrometer for direct detection of heavy metal traces in water is proposed. The instrument allows automated dosed injection of liquid samples (2.5–20.0 μl) into the lock vacuum chamber of the instrument, extraction of salts containing target components for their following introduction into the high-vacuum chamber of the instrument, and determination of the component concentrations in the initial sample by means of a portable magnetic mass spectrometer equipped with an original electron-impact ion source. Experimental testing of the spectrometer using aqueous solutions containing Zn, Fe, Cu, As, and Cd shows that the instrument can detect heavy metals in water, including salt water, at concentrations ranging from 1 mg/l to 10 μg/l. The experimental results are discussed.     

近红外光谱分析技术在出口豆粕中的应用

本文研究了用近红外光谱分析法测定豆粕中三种成分,即蛋白质、油和水分的快速方法。在国际贸易中,出口豆粕是走俏商品,出口量全国每年几百万吨,其质量控制,以商品的蛋白质、油、水分、粗纤维等指标来体现。一般地,蛋白质含量在42-46%,油含量在0.3-3%,水分含量在8-13%(以上各指标均指其自然态)。这些成份含量的检验,一直延用传统的化学法来实现,蛋白质以凯氏(Kjeldahl)定氮法,油以索克斯列特(Soxh- let)抽提法,水分以烘箱法。改用近红外仪检验,只需书样品粉碎、混匀、装样、扫描,数十秒钟就可出结果。而且不需化学试剂,对人体无伤害。方法的精密度和准确度均优于传统的三种方法,工作效率提高近几十倍。     

一种新型车载傅里叶变换红外测油仪的研制

水污染监测中,水中有机物含量是水质检测的重要指标。目前广泛使用的基于光栅红外分光光度方法的测油仪存在速度慢、灵敏度低、分辨率和信噪比不高等问题。应用傅里叶变换红外光谱检测技术,可以有效克服传统仪器的不足。文章研制了一种基于特伦结构的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,有效减小仪器的体积并降低成本、提高抗环境干扰能力,使之适用于车载野外监测要求。基于干涉激光波长反馈和DSP控制的音圈电机控制系统实现直线电机运动速度误差低于5%。采用标准油样对仪器性能进行测试,实验结果表明,仪器分辨率最高为2 cm-1,信噪比达到2 000∶1。该方法与传统光栅方法相比,检测速度快,有机物光谱图性能指标显著提高,轻便易携带的特点对水质实时现场检测带来便利。     

几种常用油品拉曼光谱的检测及分析

采用拉曼光谱技术检测不同种类油品,探索汽油、柴油、石脑油等常用油品的拉曼光谱图的规律性。方法:利用自行研制的785nm激发波长便携式拉曼光谱仪检测150例种类不同的油品,并对这些油品的拉曼光谱图进行拉平及归一法处理。结果:汽油、柴油、石脑油、航煤这四大类油品的拉曼谱图具有各类的特点及规律,根据其中烯烃峰的拉曼位移及对应峰的强度可以对汽油及石脑油进行鉴别,并且可以筛查出一部分不合格汽油。利用拉曼光谱法检测不同种油品其操作简便,无需前处理,需要的样本量小,不同种油品的拉曼位移和强度上存在着差异,拉曼光谱法在建立油品现场快速筛查、检测及鉴别方法上具有很大潜力。     

Detection of sulphur dioxide at,and below,the part per billion level using a tunable diode laser

A laser absorption spectrometer is described which employs a wavelength tunable diode laser in conjunction with a multipass White cell. The instrument uses absorption lines in the ₃ band of SO₂ to monitor atmospheric SO₂ concentrations with sensitivities as high as 0.2 parts per billion (ppb) in a laboratory system. A portable instrument with a fast response time and a sensitivity of 1 ppb is described, and the development of a highly practical field instrument, based on pyroelectric detectors, is discussed.Work supported by the Department of National Health and Welfare, Environment Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and Atmospheric Service, Environment Canada.     

Trace elemental determination by portable total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer with low wattage X‐ray tube

A specimen containing nanograms of Sb, rare earth elements, Pb, and Bi and a specimen containing a few nanograms each of As and Pb were measured using a portable total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. Nanograms of Sb, rare earth elements, Pb, and Bi were detected. Although the As Kα line (10.54 keV) overlapped with the Pb Lα line (10.55 keV) in a spectrum of the specimen containing nanograms of As and Pb, the Pb Lβ line was detected. Therefore, the net intensity of the As Kα line was calculated using the Pb Lα/Lβ intensity ratio in a spectrum of a Pb standard solution and the net intensity of the Pb Lβ line in the spectrum of the specimen containing As and Pb. This result indicates that these two elements can be quantified by using the portable spectrometer. Commercially available bottled drinking water was also measured. The portable spectrometer detected several tens of ppb of V in the drinking water sample. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance for cultural heritage

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) portable devices are now being used for nondestructive in situ analysis of water content, pore space structure and protective treatment performance in porous media in the field of cultural heritage. It is a standard procedure to invert T(1) and T(2) relaxation data of fully water-saturated samples to get "pore size" distributions, but the use of T(2) requires great caution. It is well known that dephasing effects due to water molecule diffusion in a magnetic field gradient can affect transverse relaxation data, even if the smallest experimentally available half echo time tau is used in Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiments. When a portable single-sided NMR apparatus is used, large field gradients due to the instrument, at the scale of the sample, are thought to be the dominant dephasing cause. In this paper, T(1) and T(2) (at different tau values) distributions were measured in natural (Lecce stone) and artificial (brick samples coming from the Greek-Roman Theatre of Taormina) porous media of interest for cultural heritage by a standard laboratory instrument and a portable device. While T(1) distributions do not show any appreciable effect from inhomogeneous fields, T(2) distributions can show strong effects, and a procedure is presented based on the dependence of 1/T(2) on tau to separate pore-scale gradient effects from sample-scale gradient effects. Unexpectedly, the gradient at the pore scale can be, in some cases, strong enough to make negligible the effects of gradients at the sample scale of the single-sided device.     

次生作用对原油和油包裹体荧光颜色及光谱参数的影响

在采集多个含油气盆地油样和岩样基础上,利用显微荧光光谱和有机地化参数研究了次生作用对原油和油包裹体荧光颜色及光谱参数的影响。结果表明,原油次生蚀变主要通过改变原油中饱/芳比来影响荧光参数,其中生物降解和水洗作用使原油荧光颜色、谱形发生改变,并使荧光参数发生红移,气侵分馏和裂解作用使得原油荧光参数发生蓝移,混源作用则使两端元油分别发生红移和蓝移。通过原油和油包裹体的QF-535频率直方图可以定性识别研究区的次生作用或主成藏期。建立研究区衡量次生变化的参数与QF-535的关系式,可半定量判别原油遭受次生蚀变的程度。在显微荧光测试中应该剔除遭受过拉伸或渗漏、热裂解和光氧化作用的油包裹体。     

有气流扰动下管流油水混合物粘度实验测量与计算模型

采用局部即时取样方法对水平管内油气水三相流动情况下各种混合比例的复杂混合物的流动粘度进行了实验研究,实验工质采用46号机械油、自来水和空气。以实验数据为基础提出了考虑流动参数变化影响的反相点预测关联式。考虑到管内油水两相的混合发展过程,以局部即时取样的实验数据为基础,提出了一个气流扰动下管内流动条件下油水混合物粘度的预测关系式,该模型考虑了油水两相本身的物性以及流动因素的影响。指出考虑流动参数影响的粘度预测模型能大大提高油气水三相流动情况下油水混合物实测粘度的预测精度。     

Determination of Uranium in Natural Waters by Laser-Excited Fluorescence for Uranium Exploration

The uranium concentrations of the natural water samples collected from Northern Aegean Region, were measured by laser-excited fluorescence technique for hydrogeochemical prospecting. The reconnaissance survey measurements were made using external standards and detailed analysis realised with internal standard method to correct the quenching. Uranium concentrations for waters of all types range from below the detection limit of 0.05 ppb to 309.09 ppb and have a mean of 16.07 ppb. The precision of the method as shown by standard deviation is satisfactory. The laser-induced fluorescence method was applied easily and successfully in the uranium prospecting program and the data might indicate a uranium deposite in Saricaoglu Region.     

一种便携式快速等离激元增强拉曼光谱检测前处理仪的研制与在食品安全中的应用

便携式拉曼光谱仪在现场快速分析中往往由于现场样品比较复杂,需要处理后才能采用光谱仪进行测定,因此一定程度上限制它的使用。常规实验室前处理虽然行之有效,但是过程繁琐费时,不适合现场使用。本课题组开发了一种便携式快速PERS前处理仪器,具有便携、功耗低、操作简便,提取时间短以及重复性好等特点,能满足现场快速检测的前处理需求。该仪器由超声波提取单元、加热抽气挥发单元、尾气净化与吸收单元以及控制系统四个功能模块组成,并且设有LED控制面板和报警装置。整个工作流程主要包括超声提取、液液萃取和溶剂加热抽气挥发三个环节。以三种实际样品(辣椒粉、辣椒油、豆瓣酱)中的违禁添加剂罗丹明B检测为例,结果表明：与常规实验室前处理方法相比,两种前处理方法对于PERS谱图影响不大,但是检测时间缩短一半。另外,重复性实验检测结果的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)小于±5%。     

Detection of formaldehyde using mid-infrared difference-frequency generation

3 (PPLN) is reported. Minimum detectable concentration of 30 ppb was achieved with a compact, portable room-temperature gas sensor configured for formaldehyde (H₂CO) detection. This sensitivity, coupled with high selectivity and long term stability, is sufficient for various environmental applications. Received: 29 September 1997     

Uranium concentration in drinking water samples using the SSNTDs

Uranium concentrations in the drinking water samples collected mainly from hand pumps along the Amritsar to Bathinda track are presented. Uranium concentration values in these samples show a wide range of variation depending upon different factors like source, location, depth and local geology etc. The observed uranium content in water samples has been found to be varying from 0.9 ± 0.08 to 63 ± 0.21 ppb and even the radon activity in ground water observed in our earlier survey carried out in this area has been found to be increasing from Amritsar towards Bathinda. The higher values were observed from the ground water samples particularly of the areas falling in belt from Zira to Maur towards the Haryana border. The values observed at certain locations are found to be higher than the highest recommended value of 15 ppb [1]. The high uranium concentration observed particularly in certain areas along this track can be attributed due to interaction of ground water with the soil formation of this region and the local subsurface geology of the region.      

Crude oil analysis by X-ray scattering technique

Composed of hydrocarbons and other substances, petroleum is classified as a nonrenewable source of energy. In its unrefined form, it is called crude oil. Currently, its derivates are widely used in domestic and industrial environments, with the greatest exponent being motor fuels and lubricating oils. Due to the overwhelming demand, new oil wells in the presalt region of Brazil are going to be drilled, which will, in its turn, increase the demand for analysis and require the use of less costly technologies. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental method that aims at characterizing crude oil samples through their X-ray scattering profiles without the need for any chemical preparation to be performed in advance, which will enable this method to be used for analyzing samples immediately after their extraction. For the experiment, a portable X-ray scattering system composed by an X-ray tube (silver anode) and a Si-PIN detector was used in order to analyze samples from different wells. The process consisted in establishing a linear relationship between the effective atomic number and the ratio between peak intensities of Compton and Rayleigh scattering from known samples. The linear function, verified experimentally, was then applied to samples of crude oil, and the results showed that it is possible to characterize them on the basis of the Rayleigh to Compton scattering ratio. After the analysis, a multiple comparison test performed on the samples proved that this methodology indeed allows to differentiate samples of different origins and to verify the compatibility of samples extracted from the same well.     

NMR imaging of fluid dynamics in reservoir core

A medical NMR imaging instrument has been modified to image water and oil in reservoir rocks by the construction of a new receiving coil. Both oil and water inside the core produced readily detectable proton NMR signals, while the rock matrix produced no signal. Because of similar T2 NMR relaxation times, the water was doped with a paramagnetic ion, Mn+2, to reduce its T2 relaxation time. This procedure enhanced the separation between the oil and water phases in the resulting images. Sequential measurements, as water imbibed into one end and oil was expelled from the other end of a core plug, produced a series of images which showed the dynamics of the fluids. For water-wet Berea Sandstone a flood front was readily observed, but some of the oil was apparently left behind in small, isolated pockets which were larger than individual pores. After several additional pore volumes of water flowed through the plug the NMR image indicated a homogeneous distribution of oil. The amount of residual oil, as determined from the ratio of NMR intensities, closely approximated the residual oil saturation of fully flooded Berea samples measured by Dean-Stark extraction. A Berea sandstone core treated to make it partially oil-wet, did not show a definitive flood front, but appeared to channel the water around the perimeter of the core plug. The relative ease with which these images were made indicates that NMR imaging can be a useful technique to follow the dynamics of oil and water through a core plug for a variety of production processes.     

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于实际大气亚硝酸的测量

介绍了基于紫外发光二极管光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术, 并用于实际大气亚硝酸(HONO)和二氧化氮(NO₂)的同时测量. 分析了腔内气体的瑞利散射对测量的影响, 测试了紫外发光二极管光源的稳定性, 使用氦气和氮气的瑞利散射差异性标定了镜片反射率随波长的变化曲线, 在HONO吸收峰(368.2 nm)处镜片反射率约为0.99965. 应用Allan方差统计方法确定出测量光谱最佳采集时间为320 s, 对应的HONO和NO₂的探测限(1σ)分别为0.22 ppb 和0.45 ppb. 使用非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱测量装置对大气HONO和NO₂进行了连续三日的实际观测, 将测量得到的HONO浓度变化与差分吸收光谱测量装置的测量结果进行对比, 线性相关系数R²为0.917.     

The effect of interaction time and saturation of rock on specific energy in ND:YAG laser perforating

Laser perforating in oil and gas wells is a new scientific approach to the generation of uniform holes at a selected pitch to increasing the permeability of rocks. The influence of laser irradiation time and rock saturation by water and heavy oil on the specific energy, the energy required to remove the unit weight of rock, used during Nd:YAG laser perforating. The results show that an increase in the laser irradiation time increases the depth of the rock hole as well as the specific energy used, with a nonlinear relationship. Here, the estimated equation of rate of penetration as a function of the specific energy (SE) is free from saturation effects. The type of saturation influences the specific energy; the amount of SE required for water saturated samples is more than that required for the heavy oil saturated samples, and heavy oil saturated samples needed more SE than the dry samples.     

储油岩芯二相液体吸附特性的NMR研究及应用

为研究储油岩芯对液体的吸附机理,我们特地用同一岩芯制成以下几种样品:(1)吸附不同量的煤油;(2)吸附不同量的水;(3)先吸附一定量的水再吸附一定量的煤油.对以上三组样品,做了NMR自旋—晶格弛豫时间测定;考查了岩芯样品中各弛豫成分量与液体吸附量的变化规律;得出了岩芯内水和煤油受束缚越紧其弛豫时间越短的结论.并依据大量石油地质学的结论建立了砂岩孔隙中油水二相系统的核磁共振模型.