共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
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Gordon Mills 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1982,33(6):505-514
Some of the dangers of the sub-optimisation which may arise when governments and private companies enter into joint ventures are illustrated in this study of the financial arrangements for construction and operation of the Channel tunnel (the project abandoned in 1975). The governments wanted the tunnel to be operated as a commercial (profit-motivated) venture, but gave the private company partners financial incentives to adopt policies in conflict with this target. The paper analyses this conflict and suggests a form of contract which retains desirable incentives but avoids the conflict of interest. 相似文献
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Data collected as a part of Ohio's Systemic Initiative suggest that some existing attitudes and practices of principals and teachers may provide a strong foundation for National Science Education Standards implementation. However, some data suggest that reformers have a long way to go before the Standards are fully understood and supported both by teachers and principals. 相似文献
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Sharon P. Hudson 《School science and mathematics》1996,96(3):133-139
The purpose of this study was to describe the supply and potential shortages of science teachers in the United States. Ninety-six percent of the State Science Consultants of the 50 State Boards of Education responded to a 1992 survey to assess the supply of science teachers. This survey was modeled after Howe and Gerlovich's 1982 study to provide an assessment of changes in science teacher supply over the last 10 years. Although there were improvements in the supply of science teachers, shortages were reported in all science subjects and were particularly critical in physics, chemistry, and earth science. In addition to providing a needed update on science teacher supply, this study analyzed 45 previous studies of science teacher supply and found convincing evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a persistent but fluctuating long term shortage of science teachers. This shortage is attributed to competition with business and industry. To alleviate critical shortages of science teachers, it is recommended that salaries be raised to be more competitive with industry and a national database be established to facilitate monitoring the supply of science teachers. 相似文献
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Rúbia Barcelos Amaral 《International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science & Technology》2017,48(8):1166-1184
Three textbooks from Brazil and three textbooks from the United States were analysed with a focus on similarity and context-based tasks. Students’ opportunities to learn similarity were examined by considering whether students were provided context-based tasks of high cognitive demand and whether those tasks included missing or superfluous information. Although books in the United States included more tasks, the proportion of tasks focused on similarity were about the same. Context-based similarity tasks accounted for 9%–29% of the similarity tasks, and many of these contextual tasks were of low cognitive demand. In addition, the types of contexts that were included in the textbooks were critiqued and examples provided. 相似文献
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Sharon P. Hudson 《School science and mathematics》1996,96(6):298-304
Data on broad field science endorsements were collected from the State Science Supervisors in the fifty states. The response rate was 96%. Sixty-one percent of the responding states have one or more broad field science endorsements. The status of broad field science endorsements has changed significantly since Blank and Espenshade's 1988 study. This study reveals tremendous diversity in the grade levels and subjects covered by broad field science endorsements, and the names for these endorsements. 相似文献
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P. Petrushev 《Constructive Approximation》2001,17(1):153-155
No abstract.
March 31, 2000. Date accepted: March 31, 2000. 相似文献
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The recent movement in the United States toward common (national) mathematics standards brings to the fore issues of implementation
which includes how teachers are prepared to teach. The Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M) provide
an international context for an in depth analysis of the US primary future teachers’ TEDS-M results. The US education system
is decentralized with many aspects controlled by the states and many other aspects controlled by over 16,000 local school
districts. Consequently, there is great variation in what secondary mathematics individuals have had before entering teacher
preparation. In addition, as certification is a state regulation, teacher preparation programs also differ in what is provided
to prospective teachers. Analyses reveal significant relationship between both of these to the mathematics content knowledge
and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge of US future primary teachers. A two-stage hierarchical model is used to explore
the relative contribution of these two factors. 相似文献
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Within the field of spatial analysis, filtering has emerged as a powerful modelling technique to retrieve systematic patterns of geographical variation. In this work, spatial filtering is introduced in the context of modelling mortality for the first time in actuarial literature. Specifically, the objective of this research is to identify patterns in the spatial distribution of mortality rates for the sixty-five and older age group at the county level for the contiguous United States. The analysis carried out pertains to the spatial autocorrelation of these rates over time. The spatial filtering methodology is applied to uncover latent spatial patterns. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the extent to which these spatial patterns remained consistent across the years in the study. Results show the existence of spatial dependencies leading to an accompanying spatial filter. Thus, incorporating spatial filters as an exploratory tool in spatial analysis proves of considerable use when it comes to enriching traditional mortality models. 相似文献
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Deborah Hughes-Hallett 《ZDM》1998,30(4):116-118
This paper outlines the need for interdisciplinary efforts in mathematics and science at university level in the US. It summarizes the different types of activities currently taking place. They are spread along a spectrum from Minimal coordination to complete integration; each having different advantages and disadvantages. Examples of each type or activity are briefly described. 相似文献
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Vague集上模糊熵的几点注记 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
V ague集上的不确定性度量有两种途径,一种是度量V ague集是模糊集的程度,一种是度量V ague集具有的模糊性的程度。后者将模糊集的模糊熵作为特例。本文基于“投票模型”分析了V ague集的熵应具有的特征,对国内作者提出的V ague集上的模糊熵进行了评述。 相似文献
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Burhan F. Yavas Swinder Janda George A. Marcoulides 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences》2004,8(1):43-65
This study explores the perceptions of American and Turkish managers with respect to different dimensions of product quality. Survey data on perceptions of product quality were obtained from managers in both countries. Analyses using structural equation modeling and mean comparison tests were performed to evaluate five research hypotheses. Results provided partial support for the hypothesized differences in quality perceptions. The data indicated that although the conceptualization of quality did not differ across the two samples, there were some differences in terms of importance assigned to various aspects of quality. In particular, Turkish managers rated aspects pertaining to communication and shared definition, quality execution, and quality control higher than American managers. Implications for the rationalist and culturalist approaches to international management are discussed. 相似文献
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A. V. Kel’manov A. V. Pyatkin 《Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics》2018,58(5):822-826
Problems of partitioning a finite set of Euclidean points (vectors) into clusters are considered. The criterion is to minimize the sum, over all clusters, of (1) squared norms of the sums of cluster elements normalized by the cardinality, (2) squared norms of the sums of cluster elements, and (3) norms of the sum of cluster elements. It is proved that all these problems are strongly NP-hard if the number of clusters is a part of the input and are NP-hard in the ordinary sense if the number of clusters is not a part of the input (is fixed). Moreover, the problems are NP-hard even in the case of dimension 1 (on a line). 相似文献
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This article provides a status report on discrete mathematics in America's schools, including an overview of publications
and programs that have had major impact. It discusses why discrete mathematics should be introduced in the schools and the
authors' efforts to advocate, facilitate, and support the adoption of discrete mathematics topics in the schools. Their perspective
is that discrete mathematics should be viewed not only as a collection of new and interesting mathematical topics, but, more
importantly, as a vehicle for providing teachers with a new way to think about traditional mathematical topics and new strategies
for engaging their students in the study of mathematics. 相似文献