基于超支化聚合物的单分子胶束的研究进展

近年来,单分子胶束/粒子(Unimolecular micelle:UIM)引起了人们的极大兴趣,这是由于通过对核和壳的化学设计,粒子的溶解性、生物相容性、刺激响应性、与基质的相互作用等都可得到改进,粒子还可以包裹多种客体。相对于自组装法而言,超支化聚合物法在合成UIM方面具有某些独有的特征,主要表现在:(1)UIM的尺寸主要由超支化聚合物决定,从而具有相当的可预见性;(2)可以大规模、高浓度合成UIM;(3)对聚合物的亲水性没有要求,可以利用的聚合物非常广泛,核-壳结构更为丰富;(4)产品可以以任何形式存在。本文在简要比较以自组装法和超支化聚合物法合成UIM的基础上,主要介绍了以超支化聚合物(特别是超支化聚甘油醚(PG))为支架合成各种核-壳聚合物及其应用。以长链小分子或聚合物改性的PG可以用作纳米胶囊,也可以作为纳米模板来合成各种无机粒子,而后者显示出量子限制效应和模板效应。特别地,一种全亲水壳交联的、刺激响应的粒子的合成显示了超支化聚合物法在合成复杂UIM方面的优势。总之,超支化聚合物法提供了巨大的核-壳结构分子设计空间,为合成功能集成粒子提供了更多机会。     

温度敏感树形聚合物

温度敏感树形聚合物结合了温敏聚合物对温度具有响应行为的特点以及树形聚合物非线形构造的方式、大尺度、结构易于调节和功能化等特征,在智能材料和生物医药等领域有着重要的研究价值和应用前景。此类聚合物可以通过在树形聚合物表面引入温敏基元、控制聚合物结构的亲疏水比例以及采用温敏基元直接构筑聚合物等方式形成,其温敏性可以通过调控聚合物内部或外部基团的亲疏水性、树枝化基元代数、树形构造方式等得以实现与控制。此外,树形聚合物独特的拓扑结构赋予其与线形聚合物不同的温敏行为及脱水机理。本文综述了包括温敏树枝状大分子、温敏树枝化聚合物、温敏超支化聚合物等不同类型温敏树形聚合物近年来的研究进展,重点介绍这些聚合物的合成方法、温敏行为和拓扑结构对温敏行为的影响,以及在纳米材料、生物医用、分子传感器等方面的应用研究。     

两亲性超支化聚合物的研究进展

两亲性超支化聚合物作为一种新型功能性材料.近年来引起了人们的广泛关注.两亲性超支化聚合物的合成丰要是利用不同亲水性的链段对超支化聚合物端基进行改性,或者首先在超支化聚合物末端产生活性位点,再利用超支化分f作为大分子引发剂引发烯类单体进行斤环聚合、原子转移自由基聚合等得到以超支化聚合物为核的两亲性超支化共聚物;这些分子由...     

氧化还原响应性长链超分子超支化聚合物的构筑及药物控释研究

首先合成了一种同时含有端巯基、端炔基且具有β-环糊精(β-CD)/二茂铁(Fc)超分子主客体作用的AB2型长链大分子单体(MM),再利用其巯基和炔基的点击反应可以合成出氧化还原响应性长链超分子超支化聚合物(SHP).利用一维和二维核磁共振谱对MM和SHP的聚合物结构和超分子作用进行了表征和确认.动态光散射和透射电子显微镜测试结果表明:在水溶液中,SHP可自发地形成支化自组装形貌;而当加入H_2O_2后,由于β-CD/Fc主客体作用的解离,支化自组装体结构被破坏、且进一步二次组装球形胶束.对比于线型超分子聚合物自组装体,SHP具有更高的载药效率.利用紫外分光光度计测试载药SHP自组装体对抗癌药物阿霉素(DOX)的累积释放曲线发现H_2O_2可有效调控SHP自组装体中DOX的释放速率,即:当加入H_2O_2后,DOX的释放速率明显加快.     

基于含苯硼酸聚合物的双响应性胶束

分别合成了苯硼酸修饰的嵌段聚合物聚乙二醇-b-聚(天冬氨酸-co-天冬酰氨基苯硼酸)[PEG-b-P(Asp-co-AspPBA)]和含有二硫键及多元二醇的小分子3,3'-二硫代二[1,2(S)-丙二醇](DTBPD). 以DTBPD为小分子交联剂, 通过二醇单元与苯硼酸之间的共价酯化作用, 诱导PEG-b-P(Asp-co-AspPBA)自组装形成以苯硼酸环酯为核、 PEG为壳的交联胶束. 利用核磁共振氢谱和激光光散射对胶束的结构进行了表征, 并分别测定了该胶束在葡萄糖和氧化-还原试剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT)刺激下的响应行为. 结果表明, DTBPD可与聚合物链上的苯硼酸形成苯硼酸环酯, 通过交联作用诱导聚合物形成胶束. 交联度不同时, 胶束对于外界刺激(葡萄糖和DTT的响应行为也不同: 随着DTT和葡萄糖浓度的增加, 交联度高的胶束只发生响应性溶胀, 交联度低的胶束则先溶胀, 之后溶胀程度较大的部分胶束则发生解体, 导致胶束的平均粒径减小.     

刺激响应性聚合物载药纳米胶束研究进展

刺激响应性聚合物纳米胶束是目前药物控制释放体系的研究热点之一,其原理是将疏水性药物以物理或化学方法包覆在具有核/壳结构的纳米微球中,通过环境刺激响应控制药物的包覆与释放,可增加疏水性药物溶解度、提高药物利用率、降低药物毒副作用,具有显著的研究价值和应用前景.本文中我们主要介绍了不同类型刺激响应性聚合物纳米胶束在药物控制释放体系的研究进展.     

单分子胶束的制备及应用研究进展

单分子胶束由单个分子构成且有核-壳结构的胶束,这种独特的结构,使其显示出优异的稳定性,在稀释的条件下,不会发生解离。单分子胶束因其在复杂多变的微环境中具有良好的热力学稳定性和尺寸分布均匀性,使得单分子胶束在药物运输、靶向释放、染料去除、荧光标记、无机纳米颗粒模板的制备、能量收集和储存等方面都有重要应用。本文从不同聚合物结构及功能方向,综述了单分子胶束制备及应用的研究进展。     

基于超支化聚合物制备单分子纳米胶囊及对其包裹客体能力的研究

采用十六酰氯将商品超支化聚甘油醇部分酯化,再将残留的羟基转化为丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯基,得到了两亲性超支化聚合物。通过1H NMR求得羟基的酯化度和所得两亲性超支化聚合物的数均分子量。此聚合物作为反相胶束型的单分子纳米胶囊,可用来包裹亲水性染料。用紫外光谱评价了纳米胶囊对染料的包裹能力。结果表明,与不含功能基的单分子纳米胶囊相比,带有少量丙烯酸酯基的纳米胶囊可以包裹更多的亲水性染料,且含丙烯酸酯基比含甲基丙烯酸酯基的纳米胶囊包裹效果更明显。     

Janus超支化超分子聚合物的构筑及电化学响应性自组装行为研究

本工作报道了第一例具有电化学氧化还原刺激响应性的Janus超支化超分子聚合物,研究了其自组装及响应性解组装的行为.通过阴离子开环聚合和阳离子开环聚合的方法,分别合成了以β-环糊精为中心的亲水超支化聚缩水甘油醚CD-g-HPG和末端为二茂铁的疏水超支化聚(3-乙基-3-羟甲基环氧丁烷)Fc-g-HBPO.两者通过Fc/CD之间的主客体包结络合作用,构筑了两亲性Janus超支化超分子聚合物HBPO-b-HPG.该聚合物在水中可以自组装形成囊泡.通过动态光散射(DLS)跟踪、2D-NOESY和循环伏安曲线表征了CD-g-HPG和Fc-g-HBPO之间的主客体包结络合作用,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征了囊泡结构.最后,研究了囊泡在电化学刺激下的解组装行为,同时也验证了囊泡在加热、加入主客体竞争分子和化学氧化下的稳定性.     

光响应超分子聚合物

超分子聚合物是超分子化学、高分子化学和材料化学领域的研究热点.将光响应的功能基团以非共价作用构筑到超分子聚合物体系中,得到光响应型超分子聚合物,从而能够将超分子聚合物的独特性质与光化学反应的优势有效地结合起来,从而构筑新型的光功能材料.本文总结了近年来本课题组有关光响应超分子聚合物方面的研究工作:介绍了主链型的光响应超分子聚合物的光调控组装和解离,超分子聚合物和共价聚合物的光控可逆切换和光调控组装形貌;另外还举例介绍了具有自修复和室温磷光发射等功能的侧链型光响应超分子聚合物,并对刺激-响应的超分子聚合物领域的发展做了展望.     

Polymeric Micelles in Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapies have generated some miracles in the clinic by orchestrating our immune system to combat cancer cells. However, the safety and efficacy concerns of the systemic delivery of these immunostimulatory agents has limited their application. Nanomedicine-based delivery strategies (e.g., liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, silico, etc.) play an essential role in improving cancer immunotherapies, either by enhancing the anti-tumor immune response, or reducing their systemic adverse effects. The versatility of working with biocompatible polymers helps these polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key carrier to improve bioavailability and achieve specific delivery at the site of action. This review provides a summary of the latest advancements in the use of polymeric micelles for cancer immunotherapy, including their application in delivering immunological checkpoint inhibitors, immunostimulatory molecules, engineered T cells, and cancer vaccines.     

Thermoresponsive,Hydrolytically Degradable Polymer Micelles Intended for Radionuclide Delivery

Novel polymer micelles, prepared by self‐assembling thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐graft‐poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymers with hydrolytically degradable N‐glycosylamine groups between the polymer blocks are proposed for delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides into solid tumors. The micelles are formed by fast heating of an aqueous solution of the copolymer to 37 °C. They have a hydrodynamic diameter of 128 nm (measured using dynamic light scattering) and slowly degrade during incubation in aqueous buffer at pH = 7.4. Labeling with both ¹³¹I and ⁹⁰Y proceeds with high yields (>85%). The unlabeled polymers are not cytotoxic for any of the tested murine and human cell lines.

     

Comparison of Hyperbranched and Linear Polyglycidol Unimolecular Reverse Micelles as Nanoreactors and Nanocapsules

Summary: Amphiphilic‐hyperbranched polyglycidols and a linear analogue were tested for their ability to act as nanoreactors for the unimolecular elimination (E1) reactions of tert‐alkyl iodides. Their encapsulation properties were also compared. The linear polymer was found to have very good “unimolecular reverse micellar” characteristics as well, even though the results showed the advantages of a hyperbranched nature over a linear one. Our results stress the need for a direct comparison of branched and linear polymers for any application.

Amphiphilic polyglycidol unimolecular reverse micelles.     

Unimolecular micelles and reverse micelles based on hyperbranched polyethers—Comparative study of AB2 + A‐R and A2 + B3 + A‐R type strategies

Core‐shell type hyperbranched polymers that are capable of forming unimolecular micelles and reverse micelles in aqueous and hydrocarbon medium, respectively, were synthesized via two approaches, namely AB₂ + A‐R and A₂ + B₃ + A‐R type copolymerizations. In case of micelle‐forming polymers, an AB₂ monomer carrying a decamethylene spacer was used along with heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether (HPEG) as the A‐R type comonomer. One the other hand, for the preparation of reverse micelle‐forming polymers, an AB₂ monomer containing an oligo(oxyethylene) spacer was used along with cetyl alcohol as the A‐R type comonomer. The former was readily soluble in water while the latter was soluble in hydrocarbon solvents like hexane. NMR spectral studies confirmed that both the approaches generated highly branched structures wherein about 65–70% of the terminal B groups were capped by the A‐R comonomer. Dye‐uptake measurements revealed that the polymers prepared via the AB₂ + A‐R approach exhibited a significantly larger uptake compared with those prepared via the A₂ + B₃ + A‐R approach. This suggests that the AB₂ + A‐R approach generates hyperbranched polymers with better defined core‐shell topology when compared with polymers prepared via the A₂ + B₃ + A‐R approach, which is in accordance with previous studies that suggest that A₂ + B₃ approach yields polymers with significantly lower branching levels and consequently less compact structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 80–91, 2009     

Acid‐Cleavable Unimolecular Micelles from Amphiphilic Star Copolymers for Triggered Release of Anticancer Drugs

In this contribution, amphiphilic star copolymers (H40‐star‐PCL‐a‐PEG) with an H40 hyperbranched polyester core and poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐a‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer arms linked with acetal groups are synthesized using ring‐opening polymerization and a copper (I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition click reaction. The acid‐cleavable acetal groups between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments of the arms endow the amphiphilic star copolymers with pH responsiveness. In aqueous solution, unimolecular micelles can be formed with good stability and a unique acid degradability, as is desirable for anticancer drug carriers. For the model drug of doxorubicin, the in vitro release behavior, intracellular release, and inhibition of proliferation of HeLa cells show that the acid‐cleavable unimolecular micelles with anticancer activity can be dissociated in an acidic environment and efficiently internalized by HeLa cells. Due to the acid‐cleavable and biodegradable nature, unimolecular micelles from amphiphilic star copolymers are promising for applications in intracellular drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy.

     

Programed Thermoresponsive Polymers with Cleavage-Induced Phase Transition

A new programed upper critical solution temperature-type thermoresponsive polymer was developed using water-soluble anionic polymer conjugates derived from polyallylamine and phthalic acid with cleavage-induced phase transition property. Intrinsic charge inversion from anion to cation of the polymer side chain is induced through a side chain cleavage reaction in acidic aqueous media. With the progress of side chain cleavage under fixed external conditions, the polymer conjugates express a thermoresponsive property, followed by shifting a phase boundary due to the change in polymer composition. When the phase transition boundary eventually reached the examined temperature, phase transition occurs under fixed external conditions. Such new insight obtained in this study opens up the new concept of time-programed stimuli-responsive polymer possessing a cleavage-induced phase transition.     

In vitro Evaluation of Hexagonal Polymeric Micelles in Macrophage Phagocytosis

This paper develops a non‐spherical polymeric micelle using an amphiphilic block copolymer and a porphyrin crystalline structure. The nanoscale polymer micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealing particle sizes of approximately 150 nm with a particular shape in the hexagonal lattice. The shape shows the selective uptake efficacy for the HeLa and macrophage cells, and inhibits phagocytosis against the macrophage.

     

Transport of Guest Molecules by Unimolecular Micelles Evidenced in Analytical Ultracentrifugation Experiments

The ability of star‐shaped, block copolymer‐based unimolecular micelles to encapsulate and transport guest molecules was studied. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies clearly showed that methyl‐orange guest molecules could be encapsulated and transported, together with unimolecular micelles consisting of 5‐arm, star‐shaped block copolymers with a poly(ethylene glycol) core and a poly(ε‐caprolactone) corona. Sedimentation‐velocity and equilibrium measurements were performed to determine the sedimentation coefficients, molar masses, and diffusion coefficients of the loaded, unimolecular micelles. It was observed that the transport of guest molecules by unimolecular micelles was a function of the molecular weight of the star‐shaped block copolymers and therefore also of their size.

     

RAFT聚合法制备聚合物胶束及其应用前景

聚合物胶束由于具有优良的组织渗透性、增容效果好、结构多样性和热稳定性等特点,成为国内外研究的热点之一。本文综述了近几年发展起来的一些具有特殊结构和特殊性能的双亲性嵌段聚合物胶束的研究进展,详细阐述了RAFT聚合法合成聚合物胶束的机理和优势,表明了RAFT聚合法可直接在水溶液中方便快捷地制备出温度和pH双响应性聚合物胶束。然而,当聚合物胶束的浓度低于其临界胶束浓度时,胶束的稀释效应大大影响了其实际应用,为提高聚合物胶束的稳定性,文章归纳总结了一系列有关壳交联聚合物胶束的制备方法及研究进展。最后,文章展望了聚合物胶束在药物可控释放、靶向、生物成像、催化剂负载及其他领域的应用前景。     

Co-assembly of Patchy Polymeric Micelles and Protein Molecules

The development in the synthesis and self-assembly of patchy nanoparticles has resulted in the creation of complex hierarchical structures. Co-assembly of polymeric nanoparticles and protein molecules combines the advantages of polymeric materials and biomolecules, and will produce new functional materials. Co-assembly of positively charged patchy micelles and negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules is investigated. The patchy micelles, which were synthesized using block copolymer brushes as templates, leads to co-assembly with protein molecules into vesicular structures. The average size of the assembled structures can be controlled by the molar ratio of BSA to patchy micelles. The assembled structures are dissociated in the presence of trypsin. The protein–polymer hybrid vesicles could find potential applications in medicine.