染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中的染料敏化剂

简要介绍了化学太阳电池的原理和染料敏化剂的发展历史,将现有染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池(简称DSCs)中的染料敏化剂分为有机和无机两大类,详细介绍了其中的羧酸多吡啶钌、膦酸多吡啶钌、多核联吡啶钌染料和有机染料的研究进展;介绍了其它染料敏化剂和多种染料协同敏化的研究现状;评述了染料敏化剂在染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中应用的研究进展。     

染料敏化太阳能电池用敏化剂

染料敏化太阳能电池是太阳能电池的重要发展方向之一,染料敏化剂是影响电池光电转换效率的重要组分,也一直是太阳能电池材料的研究热点.经过20多年的研究,现已开发的光敏染料主要有金属配合物染料和纯有机染料两大类.本文依据染料结构特征,将金属配合物染料分为钌的多吡啶配合物、其它金属(如Os、Pt)的多吡啶配合物、卟啉及酞菁类配...     

染料敏化太阳电池电解质

染料敏化太阳电池是新一代的太阳电池,有着巨大的应用前景。其中电解质体系是电池组成的主要部分,对电池的性能有着重要的影响。本文介绍了染料敏化太阳电池的基本原理,详细评述了近几年国内外学者对染料敏化太阳电池用电解质体系的研究进展情况,根据电解质的存在状态将其分为液态、准固态和固态三大类并逐一进行介绍,最后对该领域的前景进行了展望。     

染料敏化可见光催化制氢研究进展

染料敏化是拓展宽禁带光催化剂激发波长范围、有效利用太阳光中可见光部分的重要手段. 本文介绍了染料敏化分解水制氢的基本原理, 综述了染料敏化剂、基质或载体、染料与基质的相互作用、产氢助催化剂以及电子牺牲剂的研究进展. 并对光敏化体系中电荷转移途径及稳定性问题进行了讨论.     

染料敏化太阳能电池中的敏化剂

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）是一种新型的太阳能电池。染料敏化剂的性能对DSSC的光电转换效率有重要的影响,要获得高的光电转换效率需要有高效、稳定的染料敏化剂。本文介绍了近年来染料敏化剂的设计合成,并讨论了各种敏化剂的优缺点及发展方向。     

近红外菁染料敏化的准固态太阳电池的光电化学研究

一个新型的近红外五甲川菁染料敏化剂(Cy)通过3,3-二甲基-1-乙基-2-[4-(N-苯乙酰氨基]-1,3-丁二烯-1-基]-3H-苯并[e]吲哚碘盐和5-羧基-1-丁基-2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚碘盐的Knoevenagel缩合反应合成, 其结构用核磁、质谱和紫外等方法进行了确定; 使用疏水性气相法纳米SiO2 R974固化1-丁基-3-丙基咪唑碘离子液体制备了一种新的准固态电解质, 将其应用于菁染料(Cy)敏化的太阳电池, 对该染料敏化的准固态太阳电池的光电化学性能进行了研究. 在AM1.5G标准光源下, 得到1.49%的光电转换效率. 此方法对拓展准固态染料敏化太阳电池的研究具有一定的意义.     

以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A有机光敏染料——染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

不含金属的有机染料在染料敏化太阳电池（DSC）中的应用愈加广泛,以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A分子是其中重要的一类。本文依据芳香胺的结构,将近5年来应用于DSC中一百多个D-π-A分子分成四类,包括：基于N-烷基-苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,基于三苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,由包含芴基团的三芳胺构建的D-π-A光敏染料,包含芳胺基团的其它结构类型的D-π-A光敏染料。评述了它们的光电转换性能。     

有机染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池

本文综述了有机染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池的研究现状,简要介绍了有机染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池的结构和工作原理以及氧化物电极、对电极和电解质的设计思路和制备情况。重点介绍了有机染料的研究现状,包括香豆素类染料、多烯类染料、噻吩类染料、天然染料、半花菁类染料、卟啉类染料、三苯胺类染料、苝类染料等。同时讨论了若干影响有机染料敏化太阳能电池性能的因素,提出了提高光电转换效率的设想与对策,对未来的发展进行了展望。     

以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A有机光敏染料———— 染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

不含金属的有机染料在染料敏化太阳电池（DSC）中的应用愈加广泛,以芳胺为电子给体的D-π-A分子是其中重要的一类。本文依据芳香胺的结构,将近5年来应用于DSC中一百多个D-π-A分子分成四类,包括：基于N-烷基-苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,基于三苯胺的D-π-A光敏染料,由包含芴基团的三芳胺构建的D-π-A光敏染料,包含芳胺基团的其它结构类型的D-π-A光敏染料。评述了它们的光电转换性能。     

染料敏化太阳电池中的电子传输及复合*

电子传输与复合是染料敏化太阳电池中仍然存在争议的基本物理过程,解决这些争议对于进一步提高染料敏化太阳电池的光伏性能及稳定性是至关重要的。多缺陷理论模型用扩散系数及电子寿命这两个基本物理量准确地描述了染料敏化太阳电池中的电子传输及复合。为了对扩散系数及电子寿命等物理参数进行实验测量,近年来,人们发展出了频域、时域以及稳态等多种实验方法和技术手段,本文对这些方法进行了综述,并分别从纳晶半导体光阳极、电解质以及敏化染料等方面评述了近年来电子传输及复合的相关研究进展。     

Light-induced rearrangements of chemisorbed dyes on anatase(101)

Photoinduced molecular rearrangements are important in daily events essential for life such as visual perception and photo-protection of light harvesting complexes in plants. In this study we demonstrate that similar photoarrangements appear in an analogous technological application where the device performance is controlled by chromophores in sensitized anatase TiO(2), one of the main components for light-harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC). STM reveals that illumination leads to distortions of organic dyes containing conjugated backbones and of cis-bis(isothiocyanate)-bis-(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II)-bis(tetrabutylammonium), known as N719. The dyes were adsorbed in a closed-packed mode on an anatase(101) single crystal surface and imaged in the dark and under white light illumination in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV). STM images of N719 clearly suggest rearrangements caused by rotation of the dye. Conversely, organic dyes rearrange by photoisomerization depending on the number of double bonds, their position in the molecular structure and on the ligand modifications.     

Energy and hole transfer between dyes attached to titania in cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells

Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.     

Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties,and Molecular Structures of Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes, such as TiO₂, ZnO, or NiO, which have emerged as a new generation of sustainable photovoltaic devices, have attracted much attention from chemists, physicists, and engineers because of enormous scientific interest in not only their construction and operational principles, but also in their high incident‐solar‐light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. To develop high‐performance DSSCs, it is important to create efficient organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes themselves, with molecular structures that provide good light‐harvesting features, good electron communication between the dye and semiconductor electrode and between the dye and electrolyte, and to control the molecular orientation and arrangement of the dyes on a semiconductor surface. The aim of this Review is not to make a list of a number of organic dye sensitizers developed so far, but to provide a new direction in the epoch‐making molecular design of organic dyes for high photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability of DSSCs, based on the accumulated knowledge of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of the organic dye sensitizers developed so far.     

Organic dye-based photoinitiating systems for visible-light-induced photopolymerization

Even though many organic dyes have been reported as photoinitiators/photosensitizers for free radical polymerization in the literature, the design and development of novel photoinitiating systems based on organic dyes adaptable for visible light irradiation, for example, 405 nm LED and sunlight still remains challenging. Recently, major achievements in the development of high-performance photoinitiating systems based on organic dyes as light-harvesting compounds and their uses as photoinitiators for photopolymerization under visible-light irradiation have clearly emerged, giving rise to abundant literature. In this review, an overview of the recently synthesized chromophores belonging to various families of organic dyes and used as photoinitiators of polymerization during the 2018–2021 period are presented and classified. Recent works have resulted in the development of new chromophores exhibiting remarkable visible light absorption properties and excellent photoinitiation abilities upon irradiation with LEDs and/or sunlight in free radical photopolymerization processes. These developments notably indicate that sunlight has the advantages of being a cheap, unlimited, broad emission spectrum, and energy-saving light source capable to be an efficient substitute to artificial light sources. The newly developed dye-based photoinitiating systems designed to initiate visible-light-induced photopolymerization processes are likely to expand the scope of application of photopolymerization in modern sciences and technologies.     

Efficient Nonlinear Optical Properties of Dyes Confined in Interlayer Nanospaces of Clay Minerals

Nonlinear optical (NLO) responses from organic dyes can be maximized when the dyes are aligned in appropriate manners in bulk materials. The use of restricted nanospaces provided by interlayer spacing of inorganic layered materials is a promising strategy for imposing suitable molecular alignments for NLO materials on dyes. The hybrid materials thus obtained exhibit salient NLO responses owing to the improved molecular orientation. In some cases, extension of the π‐electron system as a consequence of improved molecular planarity, obtained by the intercalation of a dye into the 2‐dimensional interlayer space of an inorganic layered material, is also observed as a factor that enhances NLO responses of chromophores at the molecular level. This review focuses on recent progress in the strategies for controlling the molecular orientation of NLO‐phores by employing clay minerals, which are one of the typical inorganic layered materials. In addition, development of a means for fabricating composites that satisfy the properties of an optical material, such as a sufficient size and thickness, a flat surface, and low light‐scattering characteristics is required to utilize the superior NLO properties observed for clay/dye hybrid materials for practical applications. A novel means for obtaining such a hybrid material is also outlined.     

Structure–Performance Correlations of Organic Dyes with an Electron‐Deficient Diphenylquinoxaline Moiety for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

The high performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on seven new dyes are disclosed. Herein, the synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical properties of a series of intentionally designed dipolar organic dyes and their application in DSSCs are reported. The molecular structures of the seven organic dyes are composed of a triphenylamine group as an electron donor, a cyanoacrylic acid as an electron acceptor, and an electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline moiety integrated in the π‐conjugated spacer between the electron donor and acceptor moieties. The DSSCs based on the dye DJ104 gave the best overall cell performance of 8.06 %; the efficiency of the DSSC based on the standard N719 dye under the same experimental conditions was 8.82 %. The spectral coverage of incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiencies extends to the onset at the near‐infrared region due to strong internal charge‐transfer transition as well as the effect of electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline to lower the energy gap in these organic dyes. A combined tetraphenyl segment as a hydrophobic barrier in these organic dyes effectively slows down the charge recombination from TiO₂ to the electrolyte and boosts the photovoltage, comparable to their Ru^II counterparts. Detailed spectroscopic studies have revealed the dye structure–cell performance correlations, to allow future design of efficient light‐harvesting organic dyes.     

Electron-rich heteroaromatic conjugated polypyridine ruthenium sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Ru(II) heteroleptic complexes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are presented. The article outlines design strategies, synthetic routes, optical and photovoltaic properties of ruthenium dyes based on polypyridines as ancillary ligands containing π-conjugated electron-rich heteroaromatic groups. The integration of donor heteroaromatic substituents, typically thiophene-based moieties, strongly improves the optical properties of the sensitizers in terms of bathochromic and hyperchromic shift compared to prototypical dyes N3 and N719. These favorable properties in turn yield DSCs with superior light harvesting abilities, higher external quantum efficiencies, improved device photocurrents, and top-ranked power conversion efficiencies. In combination with excellent stabilities under thermal stress and light soaking, this class of DSC photosensitizer has great potential for practical applications.     

New Synthetic Routes towards Soluble and Dissymmetric Triphenodioxazine Dyes Designed for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

New π‐conjugated structures are constantly the subject of research in dyes and pigments industry and electronic organic field. In this context, the triphenodioxazine (TPDO) core has often been used as efficient photostable pigments and once integrated in air stable n‐type organic field‐effect transistor (OFET). However, little attention has been paid to the TPDO core as soluble materials for optoelectronic devices, possibly due to the harsh synthetic conditions and the insolubility of many compounds. To benefit from the photostability of TPDO in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs), an original synthetic pathway has been established to provide soluble and dissymmetric molecules applied to a suitable design for the sensitizers of DSC. The study has been pursued by the theoretical modeling of opto‐electronic properties, the optical and electronic characterizations of dyes and elaboration of efficient devices. The discovery of new synthetic pathways opens the way to innovative designs of TPDO for materials used in organic electronics.     

Influence of processing method and components molecular structure on the phase behaviour of polyethylenes/dye blends

The phase dispersion of terthiophene alkyl derivatives on different polyethylene matrices was investigated. The PE affinity toward dichroic dyes with different structure, the effect of blending process and the influence of a polyolefinic compatibilizer on the homogeneity of host-guest blends were comparatively investigated by calorimetry, DSC and SEM analyses. For these purposes, polyethylenes with different molecular weights and densities and EVAc were used as host matrices. The polymeric compatibilizer was prepared by radical functionalization of a commercial low density polyethylene. The dichroic nature of the guest phase allowed to perform UV-Vis measurements in polarized light on oriented blend film samples. The dyes affinity toward PE is one of the key factor in obtaining oriented polyolefinic films with high optical performances for several applications.     

Molecular design of novel indacenodithiophene-based organic dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells applications

Indacenodithiophene (IDT)-based high-efficiency photovoltaics have received increasing attention recently. This paper reports a density functional theory investigation of the electronic and optical properties of three IDT-based organic dyes together with the dye/(TiO₂)₄₆ interface. In order to enhance the photoelectric properties of IDT dyes, this paper considers two methods for the structure modification of the experimentally reported dye DPInDT (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 8977): the extension of the conjugation length by dithienothiophene as well as the heteroatom substitution of the bridging atoms by electron-rich nitrogen atoms. Our calculations show that both methods obviously affect the distributions of the molecular orbitals and notably red shift the absorption peaks of around 20 nm, with the former method demonstrating enhanced light harvesting efficiency. The structure modifications proposed also enhance the emission spectrum properties for IDT-based organic dyes. The calculated ultrafast injection time of electrons from the excited state of IDT dyes to the (TiO₂)₄₆ belongs to the femtosecond order of magnitude, and is ideal for efficient photoelectric conversion process in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications. The IDT dyes designed in this paper have good electronic and spectroscopic properties. This study is expected to provide useful guidance for the development of novel IDT dyes for applications in DSSCs.