有限深两层流体中内孤立波造波实验及其理论模型

将置于大尺度密度分层水槽上下层流体中的两块垂直板反方向平推, 以基于 Miyata-Choi-Camassa (MCC)理论解的内孤立波诱导上下层流体中的层平均水平速度作为其运动速度, 发展了一种振幅可控的双推板内孤立波实验室造波方法. 在此基础上, 针对有限深两层流体中定态内孤立波 Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), 扩展KdV (eKdV), MCC和修改的Kdv (mKdV)理论的适用性条件等问题, 开展了系列实验研究.结果表明, 对以水深为基准定义的非线性参数ε 和色散参数μ, 存在一个临界色散参数μ₀, 当μ < μ₀ 时, KdV理论适用于ε ≤μ 的情况, eKdV理论适用于μ < ε ≤√μ 的情况, 而MCC理论适用于ε > √μ 的情况, 而且当μ ≥μ₀ 时MCC理论也是适用的.结果进一步表明, 当上下层流体深度比并不接近其临界值时, mKdV理论主要适用于内孤立波振幅接近其理论极限振幅的情况, 但这时MCC理论同样适用.本项研究定量地表征了四类内孤立波理论的适用性条件, 为采用何种理论来表征实际海洋中的内孤立波特征提供了理论依据. 关键词： 两层流体 内孤立波 双板造波 临界色散参数     

Second-order random wave solutions for interfacial internal waves in N-layer density-stratified fluid

This paper studies the random internal wave equations describing the density interface displacements and the velocity potentials of N-layer stratified fluid contained between two rigid walls at the top and bottom. The density interface displacements and the velocity potentials were solved to the second-order by an expansion approach used by Longuet-Higgins （1963） and Dean （1979） in the study of random surface waves and by Song （2004） in the study of second- order random wave solutions for internal waves in a two-layer fluid. The obtained results indicate that the first-order solutions are a linear superposition of many wave components with different amplitudes, wave numbers and frequencies, and that the amplitudes of first-order wave components with the same wave numbers and frequencies between the adjacent density interfaces are modulated by each other. They also show that the second-order solutions consist of two parts： the first one is the first-order solutions, and the second one is the solutions of the second-order asymptotic equations, which describe the second-order nonlinear modification and the second-order wave-wave interactions not only among the wave components on same density interfaces but also among the wave components between the adjacent density interfaces. Both the first-order and second-order solutions depend on the density and depth of each layer. It is also deduced that the results of the present work include those derived by Song （2004） for second-order random wave solutions for internal waves in a two-layer fluid as a particular case.     

(2+1)-dimensional coupled Boussinesq equations for Rossby waves in two-layer cylindrical fluid*

In this paper, the existence and propagation characteristics of Rossby waves in a two-layer cylindrical fluid are studied. Firstly, based on the dimensionless baroclinic quasi-geostrophic vortex equations including exogenous and dissipative, we derive new (2+1)-dimensional coupled Boussinesq equations describing wave propagation in polar coordinates by employing a multiscale analysis and perturbation method. Then, the Lie symmetries and conservation laws of the coupled Boussinesq equations are analyzed. Subsequently, by using the $(G^{\prime} /G)$-expansion method, the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional coupled Boussinesq equations are obtained. Finally, the effects of coupling term coefficients on the propagation characteristics of Rossby waves are analyzed.     

Second-order solutions for random interfacial waves in N-layer density-stratified fluid with steady uniform currents

In the present paper, the random interfacial waves in N-layer density-stratified fluids moving at different steady uniform speeds are researched by using an expansion technique, and the second-order asymptotic solutions of the random displacements of the density interfaces and the associated velocity potentials in N-layer fluid are presented based on the small amplitude wave theory. The obtained results indicate that the wave-wave second-order nonlinear interactions of the wave components and the second-order nonlinear interactions between the waves and currents are described. As expected, the solutions include those derived by Chen （2006） as a special case where the steady uniform currents of the N-layer fluids are taken as zero, and the solutions also reduce to those obtained by Song （2005） for second-order solutions for random interfacial waves with steady uniform currents if N = 2.     

Third-order Stokes wave solutions for interfacial internalwaves in three-layer dendity-stratified fluid

<正>Interfacial internal waves in a three-layer density-stratified fluid are investigated using a singular perturbation method,and third-order asymptotic solutions of the velocity potentials and third-order Stokes wave solutions of the associated elevations of the interfacial waves are presented based on the small amplitude wave theory.As expected,the third-order solutions describe the third-order nonlinear modification and the third-order nonlinear interactions between the interfacial waves.The wave velocity depends on not only the wave number and the depth of each layer but also on the wave amplitude.     

线性密度分层流体中半球体运动生成内波的实验研究

在密度线性分布的分层流试验水槽中,对贴近侧壁面的半球体模型运动生成的内波进行了实验研究. 采用多通道电导率阵列,测量分析了拖曳模型产生内波的波形结构、垂向位移场及其相关速度等. 实验结果表明:半球体模型产生的内波可以分为两类,一类是由定常源激发的体积效应内波,另一类是由非定常源激发的尾迹内波,由前者转换为后者的临界内Froude(Fr)数是Fr_s =1.6;与球体模型实验比较,Fr_s约为球体的2/3,转换更迅速,界线更清 关键词： 分层流 半球模型 内波 尾迹     

有限深密度分层流体中运动物体生成内波的一种等效质量源方法

采用一种等效移动质量源来模拟有限深密度分层流体中运动物体生成内波的体积效应和旋涡、湍流尾迹激发源,结合内波本征值问题及Fourier变换等方法,建立了计算运动物体生成内波垂向位移场的一种理论模型,提出了确定移动质量源速度、回转直径及长度的具体方法.利用该理论模型,对一类典型密度分层流体中运动球生成内波的波系与波形结构,以及波高特征等进行了数值模拟与分析,结果与Robey实验结果符合良好,表明了所建立理论模型的合理与有效性. 关键词： 分层流体 内波 等效质量源     

三层流体界面内波的二阶Stokes解

以小振幅波理论为基础，利用摄动方法研究了三层密度成层状态下的界面内波，求得了三层成层状态下各层速度势的二阶渐近解及界面内波波面位移的二阶Stokes解.结果表明：一阶解为正弦波解，与传统线性理论的结果相一致；二阶解描述了界面波的二阶非线性修正及两界面波之间的非线性相互作用；一阶解及二阶解都依赖于各层流体的厚度及密度.Umeyama导出的理论结果为本文的特殊情形. 关键词： 三层密度成层流体 内波 二阶Stokes解 小振幅波理论     

拖曳体激发内波时空特性实验及其理论模型

在具有密度跃层的分层流体中,采用沿水槽中纵剖面对称布置电导率探头阵列的方法,对1个球体和2个不同长径比细长体在拖曳运动下激发内波的时空特性进行了系列实验.结果表明:存在一个与长径比近似为线性关系的临界Froude数Frc,当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均与物体运动速度一致,体积效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而先增大后减小,Lee波峰值对应速度随长径比增大而增大;当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均小于物体运动速度,其相关速度Froude数Fr_(iw)均在0.43—1.18之间的一个条带内变化,尾迹效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而近似线性增大.此外,从波形结构上看,体积效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是对称的,而尾迹效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是不对称的.结合上述实验结果,在已有针对拖曳球产生内波的等效源理论模型基础上,针对体积效应内波,提出了不同长径比模型的等效源移动速度和体积的设置方法;针对尾迹效应内波正对称和反对称这一特性,提出了正对称组合源和反对称组合源理论模型及其参数设置方法.所得计算结果在波高、波形结构和波系分布上与实验结果符合良好,表明了所提出的理论模型及其参数设置方法的合理性和有效性.     

Optical visualization of internal gravity waves in stratified fluid

The refractive index changes associated with flows in salt water systems allow such flows to be visualized by means of optical methods, e.g. schlieren and interferometry. Experiments that have been conducted by our group with internal gravity waves in stratified brine are reviewed. The experiments encompass visualization and quantitative measurement of internal gravity waves generated by a body oscillating around a fixed position and a test body moving with constant speed vertically through the stratified brine. It is also shown that the velocity field of an internal gravity wave can be measured by means of particle image velocimetry. References to respective wave theories are made.     

A Boussinesq system for two-way propagation of interfacial waves

The theory of internal waves between two layers of immiscible fluids is important both for its applications in oceanography and engineering, and as a source of interesting mathematical model equations that exhibit nonlinearity and dispersion. A Boussinesq system for two-way propagation of interfacial waves in a rigid lid configuration is derived. In most cases, the nonlinearity is quadratic. However, when the square of the depth ratio is close to the density ratio, the coefficients of the quadratic nonlinearities become small and cubic nonlinearities must be considered. The propagation as well as the collision of solitary waves and/or fronts is studied numerically.     

A kind of extended Korteweg——de Vries equation and solitary wave solutions for interfacial waves in a two-fluid system

This paper considers interfacial waves propagating along the interface between a two-dimensional two-fluid with a flat bottom and a rigid upper boundary. There is a light fluid layer overlying a heavier one in the system, and a small density difference exists between the two layers. It just focuses on the weakly non-linear small amplitude waves by introducing two small independent parameters: the nonlinearity ratio $\varepsilon $, represented by the ratio of amplitude to depth, and the dispersion ratio $\mu $, represented by the square of the ratio of depth to wave length, which quantify the relative importance of nonlinearity and dispersion. It derives an extended KdV equation of the interfacial waves using the method adopted by Dullin {\it et al} in the study of the surface waves when considering the order up to $O(\mu ^2)$. As expected, the equation derived from the present work includes, as special cases, those obtained by Dullin {\it et al} for surface waves when the surface tension is neglected. The equation derived using an alternative method here is the same as the equation presented by Choi and Camassa. Also it solves the equation by borrowing the method presented by Marchant used for surface waves, and obtains its asymptotic solitary wave solutions when the weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive terms are balanced in the extended KdV equation.     

Over-reflection of travelling internal waves in a rotating stratified fluid

Summary It has been known for many years that waves of different kind propagating in a fluid and incident on a mean flow localized shear layer can exhibit, in the linear theory, a reflection coefficient larger than unity. When this phenomenon takes place the wave is said to be over-reflected at the shear layer. In this paper the over-reflection of inertial-gravity waves in a stratified rotating fluid in horizontal sheared motion is studied by making use of the constancy of the net vertical energy flux associated with the wave field. It is found that over-reflection can take place if some physical conditions, explicitly evaluated, are locally satisfied in the fluid. Such conditions are discussed and a comparison is carried out with the same phenomenon in a nonrotating system.

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Riassunto Si sa da molti anni che la teoria lineare di onde di diversa natura, propagantesi in un fluido ed interagenti con uno strato localizzato di shear, prevede, in alcuni casi, un coefficiente di riflessione maggiore dell'unità. Questo fenomeno prende il nome di super riflessione. In questo articolo si studia la super riflessione delle onde gravito-inerziali in un fluido stratificato in moto orizzontale con la velocità dipendente dalla sola coordinata verticale. Lo studio è portato a termine servendosi della condizione di continuità e costanza del flusso netto verticale di energia associata al campo d'onda. Si trova che la super riflessione avviene se sono soddisfatte alcune condizioni fisiche che sono esplicitamente determinate: tali condizioni sono inoltre discusse in dettaglio ed i risultati sono confrontati con quelli, classici, relativi alla propagazione di onde interne nei fluidi stratificati in assenza di rotazione.

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Резюме В течение многих лет известно, что линейная теория волн различной природы, которые распространяются в жидкости и взаимодействуют с локализованным пограничным слоем, предсказывает, что в некоторых случаях коэффициенты отражения могут превьщать единицу. Зто явление носит название супер-отражения (сверх-отражение) на пограничном слое. В этой статье исследуется супер-отражение инерциальной гравитационной волны в стратифицированной вращающейся жидкости в случаэ горизонтального движения со скоростью, зависящей только от вертикальной координаты. При рассмотрении учитывается постоянство результирующей вертикальной энергии, связанной с полем волны. Получено, что сверх-отражение может иметь место, если локально в жидкости выполняются некоторые физические условия. Проводится обсуждение этих условий и полученные результаты сравниваются с классическими результатами по распространению внутренних волн в стратифицированной жидкости в отсутствии вращения.

     

具有密度跃层分层流体中回转体激发内波特性实验

在具有连续密度跃层的分层流体中,对长径比为7:1的回转体在迎水和背水运动下激发体积效应与尾迹效应内波特性开展了系列实验.结果表明,体积效应激发内波属于一种相对于回转体定常的多模态Lee波结构,而尾迹效应激发主控内波为相对于回转体非定常的拟Lee波结构,这是一类由湍流尾迹中大尺度相干结构作为移动源激发的内波结构,在Lee波与拟Lee波之间存在一个与长径比近似为线性关系的临界转捩Froude数Fr_c,当FrFr_c 时拟Lee波为主控内波,而且拟Lee波相关速度Froude数近似为一个常数0.8,其无因次峰-峰幅值随Fr的增大近似线性增大,其中Fr为回转体特征直径Froude数.结果还表明,回转体头部与尾部几何形式并不影响其激发内波临界转捩Froude数Fr_c、 拟Lee波相关速度Froude数及其峰-峰幅值变化特性.     

有流存在时三层流体界面波的二阶Stokes波解

以小振幅波理论为基础，利用摄动方法研究了有背景流场存在时密度三层成层状态下的界面内波，得到了各层流体速度势的二阶渐近解及界面内波波面位移的二阶Stokes波解，并讨论了界面波的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性.结果表明：有流存在的情况下三层密度成层流体界面内波的一阶渐近解(线性波解)、频散关系及二阶渐近解不仅依赖于各层流体的厚度和密度，也依赖于各层流体的背景流场；界面内波波面位移的二阶Stokes波解不仅描述了界面波之间的二阶非线性相互作用，也描述了背景流与界面波之间的二阶非线性相互作用；当每层流 关键词： 界面波 均匀流 二阶Stokes波解 Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性     

On the localization of 2D nonlinear internal waves in a two-layer fluid

A 2D generalized Gardner equation is used to describe 2D nonlinear internal waves in a two-layer fluid. Unlike the previous model based on the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, the model considered here allows for the instability of a plane internal solitary wave. Such a possibility causes the wave to be localized in any direction. Relationships between the thicknesses and densities of the layers under the instability conditions are obtained.     

Ocean internal waves interpreted as oscillation travelling waves in consideration of ocean dissipation

Most studies of the synthetic aperture radar remote sensing of ocean internal waves are based on the solitary wave solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation, and the dissipative term in the KdV equation is not taken into account. However, the dissipative term is very important, both in the synthetic aperture radar images and in ocean models. In this paper, the traveling-wave structure to characterize the ocean internal wave phenomenon is modeled, the results of numerical experiments are advanced, and a theoretical hypothesis of the traveling wave to retrieve the ocean internal wave parameters in the synthetic aperture radar images is introduced.     

Two-dimensional evolution equation of finite-amplitude internal gravity waves in a uniformly stratified fluid

We derive a fully nonlinear evolution equation that can describe the two-dimensional motion of finite-amplitude long internal waves in a uniformly stratified three-dimensional fluid of finite depth. The derived equation is the two-dimensional counterpart of the evolution equation obtained by Grimshaw and Yi [J. Fluid Mech. 229, 603 (1991)]. In the small-amplitude limit, our equation is reduced to the celebrated Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation.     

On the structure of internal waves excited by buoyant plumes in stratified fluid

Laboratory scale models of sewage disposal from submerged diffusers of the wastewater outfalls was carried out in the Large Thermostratified Tank of IAP RAS. It is shown that intensive interaction of internal waves occurs due to the interaction of turbulent buoyant plumes and a region of temperature bound (thermocline) and a stream propagates under a thermocline. A theoretical model of the field of internal waves is constructed for experimentally obtained velocity and density fields. It is demonstrated that the bimodal regime of internal wave excitation takes place with the first mode localized in the thermocline region and the second one in the stream. The mode excitation coefficients can be described well in the framework of self-induced internalwave generation by buoyant plumes.     

双层材料光热偏转光谱的定量研究

从三线传热方程出发,给出了双层材料的光热偏转光谱的理论模型,讨论了光热偏转信号的特征及其在扫描成象应用中的意义.