Inversion of visible optical extinction data for spheroid particle size distribution based on PCA

The problem of light scattering properties of spheroid particles is studied, and a general approach is presented for calculating the single particle light scattering of spheroids. In this approach, the extinction efficiency of spheroid particles can be calculated by combining the spline interpolation of T matrix method and ADA (anomalous diffraction approximation) theory. Furthermore, the retrieval of spheroid particle size distribution is performed in the dependent mode and a selection method about the optical extinction data is proposed based on PCA (principle component analysis) of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction. By calculating the contribution rate of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction, the optical extinction with more significant features can be selected as the inversion optical extinction data. In this way, the selected optical extinction has less information redundancy and higher capacity of resisting noise disturbance. Simulation experiments indicate that the spheroid particle size distributions obtained with the proposed method coincide fairly well with the given distributions, which provides a simple, reliable and efficient method to retrieve the spheroid particle size distribution using the optical extinction data.     

金复合纳米微粒的消光特性

基于Mie光散射理论,研究了金壳介质芯的金复合纳米球壳微粒在光散射与吸收中的消光特性.对微粒增大时的多极子特性以及内半径变动时共振峰的移动作了计算和分析,证实了共振峰位置随内外半径比增大而增大的规律.还对纯金纳米微粒的多极子特性作了计算,并讨论了总消光效率中散射和吸收各自的贡献.     

Ultrasonic scattering cross sections of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid: first and second harmonics

The oscillations of gas bubbles, without shell, immersed in viscoelastic liquids and driven by an acoustic wave have been the subject of several investigations. They demonstrate that the viscosity coefficient and the spring constant of the liquid have significant influence on the scattering cross section of the gas bubble. For shell-encapsulated gas bubbles, the investigations have been concentrated to bubbles immersed in a pure viscous liquid. This present work computes the ultrasonic scattering cross section, first and second harmonics, of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid. The theoretical model of the bubble oscillation is based on the generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation of motion of a spherical cavity immersed in a viscoelastic liquid represented by a three-parameter linear Oldroyd model. The scattering cross section is computed for Albunex type of bubble (shell thickness=15 nm, shell shear viscosity=1.77 Pas, shell modulus of rigidity=88.8 MPa) irradiated by a 3.5 MHz ultrasonic pressure wave with an amplitude of 30 kPa. The results demonstrate that encapsulated bubbles respond independently of the surrounding liquid being pure viscous or viscoelastic as long as the surrounding liquid shear viscosity is as low as 10(-3) Pas. Nevertheless, for higher shear viscosities, the bubble responds differently if the surrounding liquid is pure viscous or viscoelastic. In general, the scattering cross sections of first and second harmonics are larger for the viscoelastic liquid.     

激光散射技术对液晶动态变形模式的测定

本文用激光散射的方法来测定向列液晶E7的动力学变形模式,结果表明,E7的动力学行为展示为两个弛豫模式,即展曲和扭曲变形模式.在适宜的散射角范围内及不同的温度下可同时观察测定到展曲和扭曲变形模式,且通过频率和波矢的关系曲线可求出粘弹性系数.     

The integrated extinction for broadband scattering of acoustic waves

In this paper, physical bounds on scattering of acoustic waves over a frequency interval are discussed based on the holomorphic properties of the scattering amplitude in the forward direction. The result is given by a dispersion relation for the extinction cross section which yields an upper bound on the product of the extinction cross section and the associated bandwidth of any frequency interval. The upper bound is shown to depend only on the geometry and the material properties of the scatterer in the static or low-frequency limit. The results are exemplified by permeable and impermeable scatterers with homogeneous and isotropic material properties.     

A method for acoustic parameter measurement of viscoelastic material

A method for acoustic parameters measurement of viscoelastic material, using the directivity pattern of scattering field of spherical sample made by that material, had been presented. Aluminum spheres had been used for verification of the accuracy of this method, and the measurement results of a kind of rubber had been given. It shows that this method can be used to measure parameters of viscoelastic material in sufficient wide frequency range.     

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基于Mie散射理论和方法,研究了航天器尾喷焰等离子体中Al2O3粒子的光学散射特性,分析了复折射率对单个Al2O3粒子消光效率因子、散射效率因子、吸收效率因子、散射相函数以及单次反照率的影响。同时,基于多分散系粒子尺度单峰分布,分析了Al2O3粒子按粒径分布后散射场的有关效应因子及散射相函数的变化,并进行了相应的数值模拟。理论和数值模拟研究表明,航天器尾喷焰等离子体Al2O3粒子复折射率的虚部和实部、粒径的大小与分布对其散射相函数、消光和散射效率因子以及单次反照率均有明显的影响。     

Infrared and microwave radiative properties of metal coated microfibres

Recent experimental investigations have shown that insulations containing metallised glass or polymer fibres are characterised by an extremely high extinction coefficient for infrared radiation and, as a result, by very good heat shielding properties. This may be explained by the unusual optical properties of single fibres. In this paper, the most general theoretical model for the radiation absorption and scattering by metallised fibres is employed. It is based on the rigorous theory of scattering by an arbitrary oriented two-layer cylinder and may be used for calculations in a wide spectral range. The accuracy of some simple models of metallised fibres is analysed. In particular, the range of applicability of the perfectly conducting cylinder approximation is determined. A comparison with published experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated and the experimental values of the equivalent specific extinction coefficients in the spectral range of 2.5 < λ < 27.5 μm. Computational data on the absorption and scattering of microwave radiation by metallised dielectric fibres are presented for the first time. High values of the absorption efficiency factor for single submicron fibres may be of interest for microwave applications.     

Mie散射物理量的数值计算

介绍Ｍｉｅ散射物理量，如振幅函数，强度函数，偏振度，散射系数，消光系数和吸收系数等的数值计算法，给出这一算法的计算公式和运行时间，并与其它Ｍｉｅ散射物理量计算算法进行比较。     

红外辐射在水雾中衰减计算的修正方法研究

水雾系统对红外光谱有着强烈的衰减作用,因此在军事目标的各种制导对抗中被予以高度的关注。以Mie散射理论为基础,分析了粒子对红外光谱前向散射的聚集特性,定义了近前向散射比,并确定了在应用朗伯比尔定律时需修正的粒子尺度和散射半角的范围。通过大量计算发现,单独将粒子尺度和散射半角的乘积作为独立变量计算的视消光系数不够精确。在中远红外波段,前向散射附近的小角度内散射强度积分与粒子尺度和散射角都成正比,若红外波长为定值,则与粒子半径成正比。最后根据前向散射规律给出了两个不单独以x.θ为变量的经验计算公式,使得对水雾消光的修正计算更加简便精确。     

Absorption of colloidal silver in KCl

The optical extinction coefficient of colloidal silver formed in KCl in connection with the thermal dissociation of Ag^? centers is investigated. Changes with annealing of the position, half-width, and height of the extinction band are reported. An explanation based on the Mie theory is given in which account is taken of the limitation of electron mean free path by surface scattering in the small colloidal silver particles.     

大气中球形粒子的散射特性研究

从Mie理论出发，得到了不同尺度的球形粒子对激光的散射图像及粒子的消光效率曲线。从得到的散射图像可以看出，随着粒子尺度的逐渐增大，散射光强越来越集中到前向散射方向，并且散射光强集中的角度越来越窄。从消光效率曲线可以看出，随着粒子尺度的增加，消光效率因子变化趋于平缓，并逐渐趋向于常数2。最后分析了散射光的偏振度对粒子尺度和散射角的变化关系。从散射光的偏振度随粒子尺度变化图可以看出，粒子散射光的偏振度随粒子尺度的增大而增加，且变化比较明显，而散射光偏振度大小的峰值逐渐趋向于前向方向，随着粒子尺度的增大，散射光偏振度趋于减小。     

随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子光学特性研究

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由64个球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子。结合离散偶极子近似方法,分别得到了不同入射角和不同尺寸参数情况下气溶胶凝聚粒子的吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的数值结果,并比较分析了四种形状气溶胶凝聚粒子吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的差异。结果显示：对于相同数目原始微粒的气溶胶凝聚粒子,其光学特性明显依赖于入射光的入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子的形状;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,当入射光波长给定时,吸收、散射和消光效率因子最初随尺寸参数增大而快速增大,随后又随尺寸参数增大缓慢变小,但在尺寸参数变化过程中存在一个极大值;不对称因子则随尺寸参数的增大一直呈增大趋势,且随尺寸参数的增大趋近于1。     

基于Mie散射理论的C@H_2O复合粒子散射特性研究

大气中大量存在的复合粒子会对激光传输效率产生很大影响。由于空气中水蒸气含量较高,以C作为凝结核外层包裹以水的核壳结构微粒对光传输具有明显的散射效应。本文应用Mie散射理论对C@H_2O核壳结构微粒的散射特性进行了理论分析和数值计算,首先给出了不同入射波长、核粒子半径以及水膜厚度条件下散射强度分布变化曲线;其次给出了不同入射波长、核粒子半径以及水膜厚度条件下偏振变化情况;最后讨论了光学截面与粒子半径之间的关系。结果表明各参数对前向散射强度影响较大,入射波长越大散射强度越弱,C核半径增大粒子的前向散射增强,水膜厚度增大粒子的前向散射增强,而后向散射无明显影响;入射波长较大时,粒子在多个角度出现线偏振光,入射波长增大、碳核半径变大、水膜厚度增大,偏振度峰值都会增多;随着入射波长的增大,散射截面最大峰值位置向着半径增大的方向移动,并伴随一定的振荡现象,散射和消光截面在碳核半径为0.1μm左右达到最大值。     

Optical extinction of an assembly of spherical particles in an absorbing medium: Application to silver clusters in absorbing organic materials

The theory presented by Gerardy and Ausloos for the calculation of the linear optical response of aggregates of spherical particles is analytically continued for absorbing embedding media. The method is based on the calculation of the extinction rate by a single particle embedded in an absorbing matrix. Explicit expressions for the extinction and scattering cross-sections are given. The method is applied to calculate the energy losses in several organic matrices with embedded silver clusters. Comparison with experimental data shows a very good agreement. Received: 21 December 1998     

膨胀石墨 3 mm波消光数值计算

为探讨膨胀石墨作为3 mm波干扰材料的消光、散射特性及其影响因素, 基于有限长度、有限电导率圆柱状导体的电磁散射, 利用矩量法建立了膨胀石墨的消光、散射、吸收及后向散射截面(雷达散射截面RCS)的计算式. 运用Mathematica编程计算并分析了膨胀石墨长度、半径、电导率、磁导率等因素与膨胀石墨消光、散射、吸收截面及RCS的关系. 结果表明: 当膨胀石墨的长度为1.5 mm、半径为0.05 mm时, 具有较好的消光、散射效果; 适当增大膨胀石墨的电导率、磁导率, 有利于提高其消光、散射能力. 本研究为探索增强膨胀石墨干扰3 mm波效果的技术途径提供了有价值的参考. 关键词： 膨胀石墨 石墨层间化合物 消光截面 矩量法     

Scattering and propagation of terahertz pulses in random soot aggregate systems

Scattering and propagation of terahertz pulses in random soot aggregate systems are studied by using the generalized multi-particle Mie-solution(GMM) and the pulse propagation theory. Soot aggregates are obtained by the diffusion-limited aggregation(DLA) model. For a soot aggregate in soot aggregate systems, scattering characteristics are analyzed by using the GMM. Scattering intensities versus scattering angles are given. The effects of different positions of the aggregate on the scattering intensities, scattering cross sections, extinction cross sections, and absorption cross sections are computed and compared. Based on pulse propagation in random media, the transmission of terahertz pulses in random soot aggregate systems is determined by the two-frequency mutual coherence function. Numerical simulations and analysis are given for terahertz pulses(0.7956 THz).     

暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统

共焦布里渊光谱技术因其具有无创、无标记、高空间分辨等优点,被广泛应用在物理化学、材料科学、矿物学等领域。但自发布里渊散射强度弱,在探测系统消光比不足的情况下,布里渊信号光谱容易与弹性背景光发生交叠甚至是被湮没,因而无法实现对布里渊频移的精确测量。尤其在生物医学等前沿领域,浑浊介质粘弹性探测需求的日益增加对布里渊光谱探测系统的抗弹性背景光性能提出了更高的要求,解决共焦布里渊光谱探测系统消光比不足这一问题刻不容缓。为了提高共焦布里渊光谱探测系统的消光比,本文构建了一种暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统,将暗场照明应用于共焦布里渊探测中,利用光阑实现了中心遮挡的环形照明、中心通光的圆形收集的光路配置。照明光路与收集光路非交叉的特殊配置,保证了激发光强的同时避免了系统对镜面反射光的收集,因而使得弹性背景光被削弱,布里渊信号光谱显露,提高了系统的消光比。实验表明：相较于传统明场照明配置,暗场共焦布里渊探测系统的抗弹性背景光性能提升,消光比提高了20 dB;0.001%浓度的脂肪乳溶液在暗场配置下背景光得到明显压制,布里渊信号光谱显露,实现了对浑浊介质的布里渊频移数据的精确测量;选取蒸馏水、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、二氧化硅玻璃三个标准样品验证暗场配置下的非严格背向散射角,理论分析与实验相吻合,保证了后续轴向声速、纵向弹性模量等参数的计算结果的准确有效。暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统综合暗场照明与共焦探测的优点,既拥有共焦探测的高空间分辨率,又借助暗场光路配置提升了系统的抗弹性背景光性能,实现了高消光比、高空间分辨的布里渊光谱探测,为生物医学、材料科学等前沿领域实现对物质机械性能的实时无损探测提供了新的思路。     

Ultraviolet Raman lidar for high-accuracy profiling of aerosol extinction coefficient

An ultraviolet （UV） Raman lidar system at 354.7 nm has been developed for accurately measuring the aerosol extinction profiles. A spectroscopic filter combining a high-spectral-resolution grating with two narrowband mirrors is used to separate the vibrational Raman scattering signal of N2 at a central wavelength of 386.7 nm and the elastic scattering signal at 354.7 nm. The aerosol extinction is derived from the Raman scattering of N2 and the elastic scattering by the use of Raman method and Klett method, respectively. The derived results of aerosol extinction are used to compare the difference of two retrieval methods, and the preliminary experiment shows that the Raman lidar system operated in analog detection mode has the capability of measuring aerosol profiles up to a height of 3 km with a laser energy of 250 mJ and an integration time of 8 min.