无毒紫外吸收剂的脱色及光谱特性分析

用多种脱色剂对从芒果树叶中提取的紫外吸收剂进行脱色,并对脱色后的紫外吸收剂进行光谱特性分析.通过对光谱特性分析结果的比较,探索天然紫外吸收剂的脱色方法.结果显示,以活性炭、过氧化氢、柠檬酸、草酸作为脱色剂,都有较好的脱色效果.以草酸作为脱色剂所得到的脱色产物色泽浅、收率高,脱色后的紫外吸收效果与脱色前差别不大,浓度为0.5%(w/w)的溶液,在200～370nm的范围内相对紫外透射率均小于0.3%,从370 nm开始,透射率有所增加,最大值出现在400 nm处,接近12%.     

纤维素类芒属草本能源植物品质近红外光谱快速检测技术研究

我国生物质能源产业近年来得到快速发展,但对能源草的研究还处于初级阶段,如果能建立全面的能源植物木质素、纤维素、半纤维素的近红外预测模型数据库,将有助于优良品种的筛选、能源植物能用性能的评价及生物质能源产业在线控制。本研究采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱(FT-NIR)技术结合偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立了荻、南荻、奇岗、芒四种芒属能源植物品质指标(纤维素,半纤维素,木质素和灰分)近红外预测模型,并在此基础上研究了样本粒度对模型的影响。研究结果表明：(1)四种芒属能源植物茎秆中纤维素,半纤维素和木质素含量误差均方根(RMSECV)分别为1.35％(R2=0.88),0.39%(R2=0.91)和0.35%(R2=0.80),叶片中纤维素,半纤维素和木质素含量误差均方根(RMSECV)分别为0.72%(R2=0.88),0.85%(R2=0.85)和0.44 (R2=0.87),所建的纤维素,半纤维素和木质素的近红外校准模型在预测未知样品含量时效果较好,但灰分含量预测效果不理想;(2)2和0.5 mm粒度样品所建近红外模型均满足样品检测精度要求,但考虑到时间和人工成本,建议在工厂对能源植物原料品质进行分析时,采用2 mm样品建模。     

基于水稻扫描叶片图像特征的氮素营养诊断研究

选用扫描仪获取水稻叶片的数字图像,运用数字图像处理技术研究不同氮素水平水稻的叶色、纹理和形态特征,尝试建立基于叶色、纹理和形态特征的综合水稻氮素营养诊断模型。研究表明:(1)通过水稻叶绿素a含量和叶片颜色特征之间的相关性分析,得到有效颜色特征参量B,b,b/(r+g),b/r,b/g,同时分析叶绿素a含量随叶位的空间分布特征,选择较为稳定的第三完全展开叶作为指示叶或诊断叶;(2)通过与高光谱遥感数据的相关性分析,从机理上说明基于机器视觉的水稻氮素营养诊断是有理论依据的,是可行的;(3)提取水稻叶片颜色、形态综合特征信息,与YIQ电视信号彩色坐标系统的C_B值建立水稻氮营养水平的识别模型,得到4个氮素水平的正确识别率为:N0:74.9％;N1:52％;N2:84.7％;N3:75％。初步研究结果表明基于扫描图像特征的田间水稻氮素水平诊断方法是有优势和前景的,有可能建立一种新的实时、快速、准确的田间水稻氮素营养诊断的方法。     

重金属锌胁迫的白菜叶片光谱响应研究

在实验室土培条件下,应用白菜(Brassica Campestris L.)叶片红边位(680～740nm)、可见区光谱(460～680nm)、近红外区光谱(750～1000nm)三种特征光谱因子研究了重金属锌对白菜生长的胁迫响应。随土壤中Zn含量增加,白菜叶片金属Zn富集程度逐渐增大,白菜叶片叶绿素含量降低;随白菜叶片Zn含量增加,白菜叶片光谱的可见区反射率变化程度(A₁)增加,白菜叶片光谱近红外区反射率变化程度(A₂)降低,红边“蓝移”(向短波方向飘移)程度(S)逐渐增强。应用A₁,A₂,S作参数对白菜叶片Zn含量对数值(lnC_L,C_L单位为mg·kg-1)进行定量线性相关分析,三模型复相关系数r2分别为0.942,0.981和0.969,三种特征光谱因子能够用来预测白菜叶片金属Zn含量。     

大光程差PEM-FTS的快速光谱重建

弹光调制傅里叶变换光谱仪(PEM-FTS)的调制光程差是高速、非线性变化,每秒可产生上万张干涉图。为了实现高速等时间采样干涉信号的快速光谱反演,对大光程差弹光调制干涉信号的特性、加速非均匀快速傅里叶变换算法(NUFFT)进行研究。加速非均匀快速傅里叶变换算法是基于卷积核函数插值的快速傅里叶变换算法,此算法的核函数类型、参数τ、延伸影响因子q、过采样率μ等参数的选择对算法准确度以及复杂度有影响。在分析这些参数对算法影响的基础上,在μ=2,q=10,τ=1×10-6时,将加速的NUFFT算法应用于弹光调制傅里叶变换光谱仪中,重建了632.8 nm的激光和氙灯光谱,复原的632.8 nm激光光谱的频率偏差小于0.013 52,插值时间小于0.267 s。实验表明加速的NUFFT算法有较快的运行速度和小的频率偏差,能快速准确地重建大光程差PEM-FTS的光谱。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱在胃癌淋巴结转移诊断中的应用研究

观察傅里叶变换红外光谱技术无创、原位、快速诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的可行性。联合使用衰减全反射探头及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测量新鲜离体胃周淋巴结红外光谱,发现每条光谱在吸收波长3 000～1 000 cm-1之间循序出现13条谱带,依据病理检测结果将淋巴结分为转移组及非转移组,比较两组淋巴结红外光谱的峰位和相对峰强等指标结果,最后进行标准统计学分析。36例胃癌患者,共检测淋巴结720枚,其中转移性淋巴结180枚,未转移540枚;与非转移淋巴结相比,转移淋巴结红外光谱有如下特征：(1)与核酸相关的峰强比I_{1 240}/I_{1 460}(p=0.015)和I_{1 080}/I_{1 460}(p=0.034)显著升高,提示转移淋巴结细胞的核酸含量增多;(2)与蛋白相关的I_{1 640}/I_{1 460}(p=0.001)和I_{1 546}/I_{1 460}(p=0.027)峰强比值升高,表明转移淋巴结组织的蛋白质含量明显升高;(3)与脂类相关的I_{2 855}/I_{1 460}和I_{1 740}/I_{1 460}显著降低(p＜0.001),提示癌组织脂类含量相对减少;(4)I_{1 160}/I_{1 460}(p=0.023)显著降低,表明恶性细胞糖类物质的减少。研究结果显示,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析技术有望成为术中原位、在体和快速诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的新方法。     

三峡库区柑桔园紫色土光谱特征及其与氮素相关性研究

应用可见光-近红外光谱技术研究了三峡库区柑桔园紫色土的光谱特征及其与土壤氮素营养含量的相关性。结果表明,三峡库区柑桔园土壤光谱反射率在可见光区域随波长增加呈直线上升,在近红外短波区域(780～1 750 nm)基本趋于平稳,波动较小,而在近红外长波区域(1 750～2 400 nm)上波动性和反射率均较大,并且在近红外长波段区域的1 416,1 913,2 209 nm处出现了强的吸收峰。土壤有效氮、全氮含量均与光谱反射率呈正相关,与倒数对数光谱成负相关。在可见光541 nm处,土壤有效氮含量与反射光谱一阶导数微分值达最大正相关,相关系数为0.605**,二者响应的最佳拟合方程为y=2E+09x2-3E+06x+890.49(R2=0.5,x为反射光谱一阶导数值)。在近红外长波段1 909 nm处,土壤全氮含量与反射光谱的倒数对数值的相关性最好,相关系数为-0.612**,二者响应的最佳拟合模型为y=1.372 12-2.107 5x+0.859 2(R2=0.4,x为反射光谱倒数对数值)。     

果皮的紫外吸收剂提取筛选及优化复配研究

本实验对8种天然常见果皮采用索氏提取方法进行紫外吸收剂的提取,并对提取液进行紫外吸收光谱特性分析。选择以橙皮为原料提取天然紫外吸收剂,采用正交法优化其提取条件,并选用姜黄提取液与橙皮进行复配,得到的提取液的透射率均小于3%（250—400nm）。     

纳米硫化锌的制备及光谱分析

采用超重力反应结晶法制备了纳米硫化锌粒子,并通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)和X射线能谱仪(EDX)对纳米硫化锌的形貌、结构、组成和光谱性能进行了细致分析。结果表明：超重力反应结晶法制备的纳米硫化锌粒子为球形,平均粒径为42 nm;XRD图谱表明纳米硫化锌呈现较好的闪锌矿晶型; XPS能谱表明纳米硫化锌的S(2p)的电子结合能为162.6 eV,Zn的2p_3/2,2p_1/2的电子结合能分别为1021.4, 1044.6eV。红外光谱研究表明纳米硫化锌在400～4 000cm-1范围内具有良好的红外透过率。紫外-可见光谱研究发现纳米硫化锌在200～340nm的紫外区域有较强的吸收,其禁带宽度为3.57eV。EDX能谱表明该法制备的纳米硫化锌具有较高的纯度。     

纯天然植物紫外吸收剂的光谱特性研究

纯天然植物紫外吸收剂是一种高安全性、无副作用且有发展前景的化妆品新型紫外吸收添加剂。纯天然植物紫外吸收剂是由对紫外光有吸收作用的草本植物通过干品粉碎,用有机溶剂萃取、真空干燥后获得。新型紫外吸收剂固体呈现暗褐色,用乙醇和水配成溶液(紫外吸收剂原液)呈淡黄色。本文主要用紫外-可见分光光度计测定新型纯天然植物紫外吸收剂的紫外吸收光谱,分析结果发现,紫外吸收剂在UVC区和UVB区其相对透射率均小于0.2%,最大值出现在UVA区约375 nm处也仅为2.1%。说明新型天然植物紫外吸收剂对紫外线有较好的吸收,能屏蔽各种波长的紫外光。     

Synthesis and photochemical properties of zinc–aluminum layered double hydroxide/organic UV ray absorbing molecule/silica nanocomposites

Organic ultraviolet (UV) ray absorbents have been used as sunscreen materials, but may pose a safety problem when used at high concentration. In order to prevent direct contact of organic UV ray absorbent to the human skin several organic UV absorbents such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and urocanic acid were intercalated into Zn₂Al layered double hydroxides (Zn₂Al-LDHs) by anion-exchange and/or co-precipitation reaction. Thereafter, the obtained nanocomposites were coated with amorphous silica. Significant amounts (20–40 mass%) of organic UV absorbers were intercalated as univalent and/or divalent anions. The UV ray absorption ability of the organic UV absorbents increased and their catalytic activity for the air oxidation of castor oil greatly decreased when they were intercalated into the interlayer spaces of the Zn₂Al-LDHs. The deintercalation of organic molecules from LDHs by the anion exchange reaction with carbonate ion could be greatly depressed by coating the nanocomposite powder with amorphous silica.     

Modelling the absorption refrigeration cycle using partially miscible working fluids by group contribution methods

The present study concerns the cycle performance modelling of a particular configuration of an absorption refrigeration machine based on phase separation as well as development of a strategy for computer aided design of absorbents. The model uses predictive methods based on the group contribution concept for the computation of the thermodynamic phase equilibria involved such as liquid–liquid and vapour–liquid as well as enthalpy–concentration diagrams. The proposed absorbents computer-aided design strategy is based on the exploration of a number of structural group combinations obtained from a selected set of functional groups, according to the chemistry laws. The model was tested on four different absorbent–refrigerant pairs reported in the literature, namely (benzyl ethyl amine–glycerol), (water–hexanoic acid), (water–2-hexanone) and (water–ethyl propionate) as well as on pairs where the absorbent compound is generated by the proposed absorbent design strategy and the refrigerant is water. The results show that quite good values of the coefficient of performance (COP) can be obtained, indicating that this cycle configuration is promising and energetically efficient, mainly due to hardware savings, i.e. absence of condenser. However, other working fluid combinations have to be tested using the proposed model.     

白簕叶总皂苷提取工艺和含量测定研究

采用微波辅助法提取白簕叶中的皂苷类化合物,通过正交实验确定了最佳提取工艺。以齐墩果酸为对照,采用紫外分光光度法在500nm处测定白簕叶中的总皂苷。最佳工艺条件：乙醇浓度70%,微波辐射30s,微波功率160W,固液比1∶10,间歇提取2次。按最佳工艺条件提取总皂苷含量为84.36mg/g。回归方程为：y=1.0167C＋0.0006,相关系数r=0.9998,精密度和稳定性试验RSD分别为0.033%和0.034%（n≥6）,平均加标回收率为99%,RSD=1.76%（n=6）。用齐墩果酸标准品,采用紫外分光光度法,操作简便,结果准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,为白簕叶中总皂苷含量测定的一种切实可行的方法。     

正常、缺素和黄龙病柑桔叶片高光谱成像快速诊断

应用高光谱成像技术,结合峰值比判别法和偏最小二乘判别法,探讨快速无损诊断正常、缺素和黄龙病柑桔叶片的可行性。在374.28~1 016.89nm可见近红外光谱范围内,采集了正常、缺素和黄龙病柑桔叶片的高光谱数据。以主叶脉为轴线,两侧各选一个长约60像素、宽约30像素的椭圆形感兴趣区域。提取两个感兴趣区域的平均反射率光谱,经相关分析,筛选出502.79和374.28nm一对特征波长,建立了正常叶片的峰值比判别模型,模型误判率为1.7%,但该模型无法区分缺素和黄龙病叶片。采用二阶导数结合平滑光谱预处理方法,处理反射率光谱,建立了缺素和黄龙病叶片偏最小二乘判别模型。采用留一法交互验证确定最佳主成分因子数为17,建模相关系数为0.96,建模标准差为0.13,模型对两类叶片分类正确率都达到了100%。在此基础上,提出了峰值比判别模型和偏最小二乘判别模型相结合的不同类别叶片二步快速诊断法。采用未参与建模的正常、缺素和黄龙病叶片各10片,评价模型的分类能力,模型分类正确率达到了96.7%。实验结果表明:应用高光谱成像技术,结合由峰值比判别模型和偏最小二乘判别模型构成的二步判别法,快速识别正常、缺素和黄龙病柑桔叶片是可行的。     

活性氧化铝吸附法测定蜂蜡中碳氢化合物含量

本文阐述了用活性氧化铝做吸附剂,成功地选择了各种条件来提取组成复杂的天然产物－蜡中的碳氢化合物,从而同碳氢化合物含量。用石蜡进行验证实验,准确度可达９９．５％以上。     

Determining factors for high performance silicone rubber microwave absorbing materials

Silicone rubber microwave absorbing materials (RMAMs) based on ferrite as the major absorbent were prepared by the mechanical blending method. The determining factors for the complex permittivity, complex permeability, and reflectivity of RMAM were thoroughly investigated with various samples including different crystal structures of Ba-ferrite (M-type, W-type, and Y-type), the ferrite with doped elements (Ba, Sr), the materials' thickness, the combination ratio of ferrite and carbonyl iron. The effects of surface modification and loading amount of ferrite on the mechanical properties, processing performance, and absorbing property of RMAM were also assessed. The results show that W-type Ba-ferrite based RMAM exhibits better absorbing property at high frequencies (8-18 GHz) than the other two barium ferrites (M-type and Y-type) based ones, and the absorbing property of RMAM based on Sr-ferrite is best. As the thickness of RMAM and the amount of absorbents increase, the absorption peak moves toward low frequency, the absorption frequency bandwidth is narrowed, and the reflectivity first decreases and later increases. The optimum thickness is 1.5-1.7 mm, and the amount of ferrite is 450 parts per hundreds of rubber (phr). Surface modification of the absorbent with silane coupling agent could improve the mechanical properties and processing performance of RMAM. It is concluded that there will be a synergistic effect when carbonyl iron (CI) is used in combination with Sr-ferrite (Sr-W) in an appropriate proportion. When the total volume fraction of absorbents is 51%, the optimum ratio of Cl to Sr-W is 17:34, the absorption frequency bandwidth (<−10 dB) is about 8 GHz, and the absorption area is −99 dB.     

"包络法"在Ba(ZrTi)O3铁电薄膜中的应用

采用溶胶一凝胶法在石英衬底上制备Ba(ZrTi)O3铁电薄膜,U-3010紫外光谱仪测量BZT薄膜的透射光谱,光谱表明制备的BZT薄膜样品厚度均匀,利用“包络法”计算出薄膜的厚度约为301.3nm,并得到薄膜的复折射率随入射光频率的变化曲线,进一步拟和出BZT薄膜的透射谱。研究表明在紫外光区到近红外光区“包络法”计算精度高。